В статье рассматриваются представления народов Сибири о мамонте, среди которых выделяется образ мамонта-рогатой рыбы, известный кетам, селькупам, обских уграм и эвенкам. Надежно реконструируется праенисейкое *čer ‘мамонт-рыба’, заимствованное из енисейских языков в языки тюрков юга Сибири и в эвенкийский, и его более глубокая этимология на прасино-кавказском уровне в связи с названиями червя, ящерицы, улитки и др. Кроме того, в мифологии отдаленно родственных енисейцам по языку народов сино-кавказского круга (китайцы, бурушаски и их соседи и др.) присутствует мифологема о превращении животного класса рыбы-ящерицы-змеи в драконоподобное существо. На основании этих данных реконструируется возникновение образа мамонта-рыбы в среде носителей енисейского праязыка после их проникновения в Сибирь на базе более древних сино-кавказских мифологических представлений. В иконографии окуневской культуры обнаруживаются изображения ихтиоморфов, которые структурно, композиционно и в деталях сходны с изображениями мамонта-рыбы у народов Сибири и представляют собой параллели к указанной мифологеме и эволюции образа мамонта-рыбы в духовной культуре носителей праенисейского языка. Кроме того, общая композиция окуневских стел обнаруживает разительное структурное сходство с композицией кетской сакральной иконографии, в том числе с образами ящерицы, надгробными сооружениями и шаманской символикой. Указанные параллели не имеют аналогов в культуре других народов Сибири и должны объясняться в контексте эволюции праенисейской и доенисейской мифологии. Имеются некоторые иконографические параллели в кетской традиции и в искусстве других близких к окуневской культур Сибири (прежде всего самусьской). В связи с этим есть основания предполагать, что в генезисе окуневской культуры принимали участие носители раннего енисейского праязыка. Последний тезис находит подтверждение в данных физической антропологии и генетики. The article examines the ideas of the mammoth in the traditions of the Siberian peoples, with special attention to the image of the mammoth-horned fish known to the Kets, Selkups, Ob-Ugrians, and Evenkis. The word for ‘mammoth fish’ has been reliably reconstructed for the Yenician proto-language (*čer), and the Yeniseian name of this mythological being has been borrowed into the Turkic languages of Southern Siberia and the Evenks. This root has a deeper Proto-Sino-Caucasian etymology with parallels in the meaning ‘worm,’ ‘lizard,’ ‘snail,’ etc. In the mythology of the Sino-Caucasian peoples who are linguistically distantly related to Yeniseian (Chinese, Burish, and their neighbors, etc.), a mythologeme is known about the transformation of an animal from the fish-lizard-snake class into a dragon-like creature. These data are used to reconstruct the appearance of the mammoth-fish image among the speakers of the Proto-Yeniseian language after their advance into Siberia on the basis of older Sino-Caucasian mythological traditions. In the iconography of the Okunev archeological culture, there are images of ichthyomorphs that are structurally, compositionally, and in detail similar to the images of the mammoth fish among the peoples of Siberia, which shows parallels with the above-mentioned mythologems and the development of the image of the mammoth fish in the spiritual culture of the speakers of the Proto-Yeniseian language. In addition, the overall composition of Okunev’s stelae shows striking structural similarities with the composition of the sacred iconography of Ket, including images of lizards, grave signs, and shamanistic symbols. These parallels have no equivalent in the culture of other peoples of Siberia and should be explained in the context of the development of the Proto-Yeniseian language and mythology. Some iconographic parallels exist in the Ket tradition and in the art of other Siberian cultures in the Okunevo region (especially the Samuś culture). In this respect, there is reason to believe that speakers of the early Proto-Yeniseian language were involved in the formation of the Okunevo culture. The data from physical anthropology and genetics confirm the latter thesis.
The “sinker, line and hook” of my title is a lyric from a country song on Gram Parsons’ first solo album, GP.1 it’s an artful variation of “hook, line, and sinker,” an american idiomatic expression meaning completely, without hesitation or reservation. For example, “i bought their story hook, line, and sinker,” meaning that i was completely taken in or deceived. in this particular song, it means to have fallen completely in love. When this title came to mind, i saw it as a way to say completely that would foreground process and connectedness, rather than wholeness or integration. The love song part barely registered. But i now admit that i’ve come to profess my love for holism as a habit of mind and rule of thumb that distinguishes the perspective and practice of anthropology. Holism as i know it is at once sorely needed, often misunderstood and widely challenged. it is a heuristic counter to the order of the day—that is, to bracketing off all but the target or problem, the surgical strike, alongside all the reductive logics of speed, specialism and global economics. no one was talking about holism in my graduate seminars. not in the 1990s before i began fieldwork, nor in the aughts when i returned from the field. i learned holism through two apprenticeships: the first as a teaching assistant, the second as a board member of the General anthropology division (Gad) for more than a decade. it was as a teaching assistant that i learned about holism as distinguishing of the anthropological perspective. my first anthropology class as a college freshman had been “Culture and illness” taught by the medical anthropologist arthur Kleinman. Thus, when i encountered holism later as a teaching assistant, i looked at it as analogous to holistic healing in the sense that, in contrast to biomedicine, which focuses on the physical aspects of health and illness, holistic healing also considers social, psychological, familial and spiritual dimensions. i think this must be at least part of the reason i did not make the connection between holism with an “h” and wholes with a “w.” But, of course, that connection is indisputable. it is a legacy of modern sociology from Comte and durkheim in the model of society as a living organism whose parts—the organs—work together to sustain the whole, the body. Holism is also connected to organic wholes in anthropology’s origin story where malinowski and radcliffe-Brown drove out the darkness of armchair
T. M. Savenkova, E. S. Reis, I. V. Averchenko
et al.
The article presents the results of an interdisciplinary study of the burial from Vsekhsvyatskii Orthodox necropolis (Krasnoyarsk, 18th–19th centuries). The excavations of the necropolis were carried out by Yu. A. Grevtsov in 2021.The buried individual had a pathological curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, more than 90 degrees. The purpose of this work is to study the burial using the methods of archaeology, anthropology, forensic medicine, and forensic science. Observations during the archaeological work allowed the author of the excavations to attribute the burial to the 20–30s of the 19th century. The skeletal remains from the burial belonged to a woman whose age at the time of death was 20–25 years. According to morphological features, the woman's skull belongs to a large Caucasoid race with slight signs of miscegenation. Facial reconstruction of the woman was made on the basis of a multi-angle images of the cerebral and facial parts of the skull. In accordance with the recommendations of forensic identification of a person on the basis of appearance, her verbal portrait was compiled. Osteometric studies showed that the longitudinal dimensions of the long tubular bones were large. The bones of the postcranial skeleton of the examined woman were gracile. As a result of the forensic medical examination and X-ray examination of the skeleton, a late stage of spondylitis was discovered, which is confirmed by the age characteristic of this disease. The woman suffered tuberculosis in childhood, as a result was formed a hump. A significant absence of narrowing of the spinal canal throughout the deformed area of the spine indicates incomplete formation of the Pott triad. The development of the bones of the upper and lower extremities indicates the absence of limb paralysis of this woman. Sufficiently developed areas of muscle attachment sites on long tubular bones allow us to speak of active physical activity. Compensatory changes in the cervical spine and the structure of the chest allowed this individual to keep his head relatively straight. The woman died at a young age. The cause of death could be both tuberculosis damage to other organs, and disruption of the cardiovascular or other systems associated with chest deformity.
Previous studies have suggested that human impulsivity is an adaptive response to childhood environmental harshness: individuals from families of low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to be more impulsive. However, no studies have tested the evolvability of this reaction norm. This study examined whether (a) impulsivity is associated with higher fitness among individuals from low SES families, while (b) it is associated with lower fitness among individuals from high SES families. We assessed three indices of impulsivity (temporal discounting, risk taking and fast/slow life history strategy), childhood SES and five proxy indices of fitness (number of children, lifelong singlehood, annual household income, subjective SES and life satisfaction) of 692 middle-aged participants (40–45 years old). None of the results supported the evolvability of the impulsivity reaction norm, although low childhood SES was associated with lower fitness on every proxy measure. Impulsivity (operationalised as the fast life history strategy) was associated with lower fitness regardless of childhood SES.
Kai Joo Lim, Jecelyn Leaslie John, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
et al.
Abstract Background Children are at higher risk of influenza virus infection, and it is difficult to diagnose. They are also responsible for the transmission of influenza because of their longer viral shedding compared to adults. In Malaysia, studies on influenza in children are scarce, and as a result, policy decisions cannot be formulated to control the infection. Hence, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of influenza among children with upper respiratory symptoms in the Sabah state of Malaysia. Methods A cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling was conducted among children with upper respiratory symptoms in Sabah from 1 March 2019 to 29 February 2020. Patients admitted to a pediatric ward of Sabah Women and Children’s Hospital who presented with a fever >38 °C and cough within 48 h of admission were enrolled in this study. A nasopharyngeal swab was taken, and influenza was diagnosed by lateral flow test. Clinical features of influenza-positive children were compared with children whose results were negative. Results A total of 323 nasopharyngeal samples were collected, and 66 (20.4%) of them were positive for influenza. Fifty-six (85%) were infected by influenza A whereas ten (15%) were by influenza B virus. Higher temperature (aOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.296–3.181), less activity (aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.158–3.693), and seizure (aOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.614–10.978) on admission were significant risk factors associated with influenza in children. Meteorology parameters such as humidity and rainfall amount were statistically significant at 95% CI [1.133 (1.024–1.255)] and 95% CI [0.946 (0.907–0.986)]. Conclusion The prevalence of influenza was high among children with upper respiratory symptoms, and they were infected predominantly with the influenza A virus. Children presented with seizures, less activity, and fever were the significant risk factors for influenza. Influenza vaccination should be prioritized as preventive measures for children.
Leandro Martín Pérez, Diego Brandoni, Sergio Martínez
The freshwater mussels of the family Hyriidae (Bivalvia) are widespread in the Neotropical region, including several fossil and living species of the genus Diplodon Spix. A specimen assigned to Diplodon sp., recovered from the “Conglomerado osífero” (late Miocene) at La Toma Vieja, north of Paraná City (Entre Ríos Province, Argentina), is described herein. The report of Diplodon sp. in the “Conglomerado osífero” would support the traditional interpretation of a fluvial paleoenvironment for this horizon. This is the first accurate fossil record of the genus for the Entre Ríos Province, extending the occurrence of the family Hyriidae to the late Miocene of the Mesopotamian region.
The article presents a unique set of 18th century apothecary vessels related to the Warsaw court of the Electors of Saxony. The stoneware jars were excavated at the site of the former Saxon Palace in Warsaw between 2006 and 2008. The collection, consisting of seven intact or almost completely-reconstructable specimens, is a unique find in Warsaw and in Poland. The article describes the vessels (their form, decoration and dimensions) and discusses their possible function (storing medicines used by the Saxon court). The study enlarges our limited knowledge about the material aspects of medicine in the Polish capital in the Modern period.
Culturally transmitted traits that have deleterious effects on health-related traits can be regarded as cultural pathogens. A cultural pathogen can produce coupled dynamics with its associated health-related traits, so that understanding the dynamics of a health-related trait benefits from consideration of the dynamics of the associated cultural pathogen. Here, we treat anti-vaccine sentiment as a cultural pathogen, modelling its ‘infection’ dynamics with the infection dynamics of the associated vaccine-preventable disease. In a coupled susceptible–infected–resistant (SIR) model, consisting of an SIR model for the anti-vaccine sentiment and an interacting SIR model for the infectious disease, we explore the effect of anti-vaccine sentiment on disease dynamics. We find that disease endemism is contingent on the presence of the sentiment, and that presence of sentiment can enable diseases to become endemic when they would otherwise have disappeared. Furthermore, the sentiment dynamics can create situations in which the disease suddenly returns after a long period of dormancy. We study the effect of assortative sentiment-based interactions on the dynamics of sentiment and disease, identifying a tradeoff whereby assortative meeting aids the spread of a disease but hinders the spread of sentiment. Our results can contribute to finding strategies that reduce the impact of a cultural pathogen on disease, illuminating the value of cultural evolutionary modelling in the analysis of disease dynamics.
Heyo Van Iten, Juliana De Moraes Leme, Marcello G. Simões
et al.
The fossil record of polypoid cnidarians includes a number of taxa that were incorrectly identified as either tubiculous worms or plants. The holotype of the putative alga Euzebiola clarkei (Ponta Grossa Formation, Lower Devonian, Brazil), originally described under the name Serpulites sica, is re-described and re-figured as a species of Sphenothallus, a medusozoan cnidarian. Unlike Sphenothallus from other localities, the black, organic-walled Ponta Grossa specimen consists of a single parent tube that is confluent with the apical ends of at least 18 daughter tubes. The pattern of arrangement of the daughter tubes, which are arrayed in single file along the exposed face and the two thickened margins of the parent tube, partly resembles the whorl-like pattern of arrangement of colonial polyps of certain scyphozoan cnidarians. For these reasons, the Ponta Grossa Formation material figures prominently in the argument that Sphenothallus was a medusozoan cnidarian capable (in at least one species) of clonal budding.
Sarianna Salminen, Saija Saarni, Mira Tammelin
et al.
We investigated 34 sediment cores to reconstruct spatiotemporal variations in hypolimnetic hypoxia for the past 200 years in Lehmilampi, a small lake in Eastern Finland. As hypoxia is essential for varve preservation, spatiotemporal changes in varve distribution were used as an indicator for hypolimnetic hypoxia oscillations. The hypoxic water volume was used as a variable reflecting hypolimnetic hypoxia and determined for each year by estimating the water volume beneath the water depth where shallowest varves were preserved. As a result, seven hypoxia periods, highlighting the variations in hypolimnetic hypoxia, are established. These periods may be influenced by bioturbation, lake infill, and lake level changes. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between hypolimnetic hypoxia oscillations and climatic factors. Diatom assemblage changes were also analyzed to estimate whether the hypoxia periods could be related to anthropogenic eutrophication. The diatom analyses suggest relatively stable nutrient conditions for the past 200 years in Lake Lehmilampi. Climate, on the other hand, seems to be an important driver of hypoxia oscillations based on correlation analysis. The role of individual forcing factors and their interaction with hypolimnetic hypoxia would benefit from further investigations. Understanding climatic and anthropogenic forcing behind hypolimnetic hypoxia oscillations is essential when assessing the fate of boreal lakes in a multi-stressor world.
Linus Girdland-Flink, Ebru Albayrak, Adrian M. Lister
The current range of the Asian elephant is fragmented and restricted to southern Asia. Its historical range was far wider and extended from Anatolia and the Levant to Central China. The fossil record from these peripheral populations is scant and we know little of their relationship to modern Asian elephants. To gain a first insight to the genetic affinity of an E. maximus population that once inhabited Turkey we sequenced ca. 570 bp mtDNA from four individuals dating to ~3500 cal. BP. We show that these elephants carried a rare haplotype previously only observed in one modern elephant from Thailand. These results clarify the taxonomic identity of specimens with indeterminate morphologies and show that this ancient population groups within extant genetic variation. By placing the age of the common ancestor of this haplotype in the interval 3.7–58.7 kya (mean = 23.5 kya) we show that range-wide connectivity occurred at some time or times since the start of MIS 3, ~57 kya, probably reflecting range and population expansion during a favourable climatic episode. The genetic data do not distinguish natural versus anthropogenic origin of the Near Eastern Bronze Age population, but together with archaeological and paleoclimatic data they allow the possibility of a natural westward expansion around that time.
Carbonate blocks with silicified fossils were recovered from a newly recognized cold seep deposit, the Satsop Weatherwax site, in the basal Humptulips Formation, along the West Fork of Satsop River in Washington State, USA. The petrography and the stable carbon isotope signature of the carbonate, with values as low as -43.5‰, indicate that these carbonate blocks formed at an ancient methane seep. The fossils recovered from this block include five vesicomyid specimens, two fragments of a thyasirid, five specimens of the peltospirid Depressigyra, two specimens of the hyalogyrinid Hyalogyrina, 25 specimens of the neritimorph Thalassonerita eocenica, and three limpet specimens of two different species. Five species can be described as new: Nuculana acutilineata (Nuculanoidea), Desbruyeresia belliatus (Provannidae), Provanna fortis (Provannidae), Orbitestella dioi (Orbitestellidae), and Leptochiton terryiverseni (Polyplacophora). Other fossils recovered from this site are numerous serpulid tubes, echinoid spines, one brachiopod fragment and two neogastropods. Almost all species recovered belong to extant genera and the fauna has a modern character, but are different from species found in younger seeps in Washington State. This is the first record of an orbitestellid from an ancient cold seep deposit, the first fossil provannids from the Humptulips Formation, and the first fossil record of Desbruyeresia from North America.
Hitoshi Wakabayashi, Titis Wijayanto, Y. Tochihara
BackgroundHuman adaptability to cold environment has been focused on in the physiological anthropology and related research area. Concerning the human acclimatization process in the natural climate, it is necessary to conduct a research assessing comprehensive effect of cold environment and physical activities in cold. This study investigated the effect of cold water immersion on the exercise performance and neuromuscular function during maximal and submaximal isometric knee extension.MethodsNine healthy males participated in this study. They performed maximal and submaximal (20, 40, and 60% maximal load) isometric knee extension pre- and post-immersion in 23, 26, and 34 °C water. The muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was measured using surface electromyography (EMG). The percentages of the maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) and mean power frequency (MPF) of EMG data were analyzed.ResultsThe post-immersion maximal force was significantly lower in 23 °C than in 26 and 34 °C conditions (P < 0.05). The post-immersion %MVC of RF was significantly higher than pre-immersion during 60% maximal exercise in 23 and 26 °C conditions (P < 0.05). In the VL, the post-immersion %MVC was significantly higher than pre-immersion in 23 and 26 °C conditions during 20% maximal exercise and in 26 °C at 40 and 60% maximal intensities (P < 0.05). The post-immersion %MVC of VL was significantly higher in 26 °C than in 34 °C at 20 and 60% maximal load (P < 0.05). The post-immersion MPF of RF during 20% maximal intensity was significantly lower in 23 °C than in 26 and 34 °C conditions (P < 0.05), and significantly different between three water temperature conditions at 40 and 60% maximal intensities (P < 0.05). The post-immersion MPF of VL during three submaximal trials were significantly lower in 23 and 26 °C than in 34 °C conditions (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe lower shift of EMG frequency would be connected with the decrease in the nerve and muscle fibers conduction velocity. To compensate for the impairment of each muscle fibers function, more muscle fibers might be recruited to maintain the working load. This might result in the greater amplitude of EMG after the cold immersion.
The megamouth shark (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae) has sporadic occurrences both in the present-day oceans
and in the fossil record. In this paper, we describe a new megachasmid, Megachasma alisonae sp. nov., on the basis
of a morphologically distinct tooth collected from the Pyt Member of the late Eocene Søvind Marl Formation at
Moesgård Strand in Denmark, that represents the geologically oldest known Megachasma. The tooth likely came
from an individual that measured somewhere between 1.3 and 3.5 m long, and its morphology and chipped cusp
tips suggest that it possibly fed on macro-zooplankton and small fishes that had hard skeletal components. Its occurrence in the mid-Priabonian Pyt Member at least suggests that the shark inhabited a relatively deep, open marine environment about 36 Ma ago. This Eocene specimen is significant because it illustrates the dental condition of early
megachasmids, which is distinctively odontaspidid-like morphologically.