Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

أمل بنت عبد الله بن علي الهويريني

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تتبع آليات القارئ الضمني في رسالة الجاحظ، وفق إجراءات نظرية التلقي، وقد تم تقسيمه إلى مقدمة وتمهيد، كان التمهيد تعريفًا بفكرة الرسالة، وتعريفًا موجزا لمفهوم القارئ الضمني كما وضحه إيزر، وقد فصل النقاد بعده في آليات القارئ الضمني، فاختار هذا البحث بعضا من الآليات المهتمة بالشكل في النص: الأساليب اللغوية والبلاغية البديعية والبيانية وما ينتج عنها من فراغات يعمل القارئ الضمني على ملئها بعد تتبعه لأفكار النص، ومن الآليات المتعلقة بالمعنى: الأبعاد الدينية والاجتماعية والنفسية، التي تعين القارئ الضمني على فهم النص والتجاوب معه إلى أن يصل مع الكاتب للمعاني المراد إيصالها؛ وفق إجراءات نظرية التلقي. ثم وصل البحث إلى نتائج منها احترام الكاتب (الجاحظ) للمتلقي (القارئ الضمني) بالتنويع باستخدام الأساليب اللغوية والبلاغية بكثرة، كالسجع والتعريض ونحوه، كما وقف البحث على الآليات المعنوية، مثل الأبعاد الدينية والاجتماعية والنفسية لتجلية اهتمام الجاحظ بالمتلقي، وحرصه على تقديم المادة بأسلوب مؤثر يضمن استمرار تفاعل المتلقي مع النص، وتوجيهه للفكرة المعروضة بالرسالة.

Ali Aldelfi, Hadi Nazari Monazam, Faramarz Mirzaei et al.

This study aims to reveal the function of the main fictional character according to the method of Vladimir Prov, and to analyze her fictional role in the two novels (The Tanki) by Alia Mamdouh and (The casual Vacancy) by J.K. The novel expresses the main idea intended by the writer in his literary work. Then we compare all this to reveal the similarities and differences between the functions of the characters in both novels, based on a descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. The study seeks to identify the points of similarity and difference in a novel that sheds light on the social reality of Iraq, and another English novel that sheds light on the reality of British society. Despite the geographical distance between the Iraqi and British societies, and the environmental, cultural, linguistic, religious and historical differences, the human nature and feelings remain the same, but they differ in the way of thinking and the way of dealing; therefore, it is necessary to know all of this by analyzing the functions of the fictional characters. These similarities and differences depended on the nature of the social conditions resulting from the environment of both novelists, who employed them according to the nature of their reality and depending on the nature of the scenes they intended, under the mold of the nature of their specialization, which paved the way for them to enable them to diversify the characters and accurately chart their behavior.

Seher Doğancı

Language is a living phenomenon and consists of many components, including phonemes, part phonemes, which are vowel and consonant phonemes, syllables, supravocal stress, and morphemes which are the ways of inflection and derivation of words. A language, which develops and changes in terms of sound, composition, syntax, consumption, and meaning in time and space, shows a difference between the age in which it was spoken and the previous age. Since Arabic is the language of the Qur’an, the language used in Quranic Arabic (classical Arabic) is protected within the framework of grammatical rules. However, the local (regional) elements used in daily life in the dialect dimension called Ammiyyah (Colloquial Arabic) differ from both Quranic Arabic and the dialects that vary based on geography. In this study, distinctions aremade between the concepts of language, dialect, and accent. Then, sound changes, consumable changes, and local word usages in the Modern Jordanian dialect, which is a dialect of Arabic, are emphasized. What is more, it is aimed at explaining with examples how the sound changes that occur in the Jordanian dialect differ from the Quranic Arabic are between vowels and consonants. In addition, the explain of words and compositions with regard to local usage areas by focusing on the special usage areas of the Jordanian dialect, which differs from morphological prosody in the Arabic of the Qur’an, is done by using document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods.

Melanya Balayan

In 552, Partav, the administrative center of Ałuank (Caucasian Albania, Aran) marzpanate, became the first episcopal residence of the finally established Patriar-chate of Ałuank. However, in 789, the Catholicos of Ałuank had to leave the seat because the Arab vostikan residence was moved from Dvin to Partav. The patriarchal seat was settled for a short time at the fortress of Berdakur in Artsakh, and later, at the beginning of the 9th century, it was moved to Gandzak. So, in the 9th-12th centuries the city of Gandzak became the center of the Ałuank Patriarchate. In the 12th century, due to some political circumstances, the Ałuank patriarchal seat was moved to Charek, the Monastery of Khamshi, then to the Monastery of Metsa-ranits, Gandzasar (at the same time also to Tshalet), and then again to Gandzak. Because it was a patriarchal and important spiritual center, at different periods of time there were constructed and function a number of churches. According to the documents of 1849, the following Armenian Apostolic churches are mentioned in Gandzak: the Mother Church of St. Hovhannes, St. Gevorg, St. Astvatsatsin (St. Virgin), St. Gregory the Illuminator, St. Sargis, and in 1885 the number of Armeni-an Apostolic churches in the city was six. Historical documents state that even after the establishment of Soviet rule and the annexation of the territory to Soviet Azer-baijan, Gandzak continued to be one of the main spiritual and cultural centers for Armenians, a fact that was refuted after 1921.

Anush Harutyunyan

The article is devoted to the investigation of the ethnic structure of Soviet Azerbaijan based on the materials of the agricultural census, which conducted in summer of 1921. The data of the census published in the pages of “Izvestiya” of Az․ CSD from 1921 to 1924 and in publications dedicated to each uezd (administrative unit). The articles published in these magazine and books deal with different issues of Azerbaijan’s society: branches of agriculture, cargo transportation, trade, education and schools, but we are interested in that information, which introduce the ethnicity of the republic. The importance of these materials is essentially high. It shows how many ethnic and subethnic groups had been living in the current territory of Azerbaijan, what language they spoke, what kind of ethno consolidation processes had been fixed, thus, how they expressed their ethnic identification and what kind of theoretical and practical problems arose during the identification process.

Dashkovskiy Petr K., Mongush Aylaana V.

Introduction. The government’s turn toward relative liberalization of religious life and somewhat moderated positions on religious freedom witnessed since 1943 were replaced by a new trend in the late 1940s. The new vector implied an increased state control over activities of religious communities, and would introduce a variety of deterrent mechanisms aimed at reducing religiosity, limiting possibilities for official registration, increasing taxation of clergy, intensifying atheistic propaganda, etc. Goals. The article attempts an insight into the situation resulting from the Soviet religious policy of the late 1940s / early 1950s ― and faced by Tuva’s religious communities. Materials and methods. The study focuses on documents housed at the State Archive of Russia. The employed research methods include the retrospective, comparative historical, and chronological ones. Results. Since the late 1940s, religious communities of Tuva came under strict control and limitations. The paper reveals the actual Soviet post-war religious policy in Tuvan Autonomous Oblast was specifically characterized by that only Russian Orthodox Christians would enjoy somewhat relatively official status and activities, while other faiths and their groups remained as illegal regardless of the central government’s proclaimed agenda and changing sentiments. Local authorities and the Commissioner of the Soviet Council for Religious Cults in the region would turn to various excuses to avoid any legal registration of such communities. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the intensified restrictive measures (heavy taxation) finally undermined the once intensive activities of Buddhists. Furthermore, Evangelical Baptist Christians failed to reopen their prayer house in Kyzyl, while Old Believers of Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy never resolved the issue of a prayer building in Medvedevka (Kaa-Khemsky District).

A. Kudriavtceva

Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of Russian Academy of Sciences holds four collections of watercolours, photographs and material culture items, related to Persia of the 1920s and gathered there by Yuriy and Sophia Marr. Yuriy Marr (1893—1935), the son of Academician Nikolai Marr (1865—1934), who had an unprecedented impact on the development of the humanities in the early Soviet period, devoted his short life to Iranian studies and was among the best experts in the Persian language, literature and daily life of contemporary Persia. In recent decades, Yuriy Marr gained new recognition as a futurist poet due to a series of publications of his literary heritage, carefully preserved for many years by his wife Sophia Marr (1890—1980). In 1925—1926 Yuriy Marr was on mission in Persia to establish cultural ties and collect data on librarianship and publishing activities. The article briefly highlights the features of three collections representing some ethnographic realities of Persia on the eve of comprehensive modernization of the country. Emphasis is made on the collection that was received from Sophia Marr in 1978. The collection includes a woolen cloak (‘aba’) brought by Yuriy Marr from his student trip to Lebanon and Syria in 1914, and 15 watercolour portraits on plywood sheets, copied from the original photographs that were found in the Archives of Orientalists at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Nur Thoyibatin Agustina

Reading skill is one of the important points of the four skills that often students have difficulty in Arabic learning. Among the factors that support the achievement of goals are methods, medias, learning model, strategies, curriculums, and students' backgrounds. In this study, the researchers used cooperative learning of Jigsaw model. Jigsaw model is the students’ way to share knowledge and experience with other groups. The aimed is making fast and easy of the learning process to be understood. The objectives of this study were 1) Knowing how the Jigsaw model of cooperative learning process in learning reading skill (maharah qiro'ah) at Islamic Junior High School of As Sathi’ Sedan Rembang. 2) Measuring the extent of the influence of the Jigsaw model in learning reading skill (maharah qiro'ah) in Islamic Junior High School of As Sathi’ Sedan Rembang. The research method was an experimental method with a quantitative approach consisting of two groups. The first group is the non-experimental class (control). The second group is the experimental class. The instruments which used in data collection in this study were documentation, observation and tests in the form of pre-test and post-test. The results of this study shown that: 1) The cooperative learning of Jigsaw model in learning reading skill (maharah qiro'ah) can improve students' reading skill, apply appropriate vocabulary usage, and make the students easy to understand the reading text and also made students are motivated, understood, and enthusiastic in learning reading skill, because the learning process was felt more fun by students. 2) The t-test = 6.78 were greater than the t-table (significant list) 1% = 2.39 and 5% = 1.67. Its means that H1 was accepted.

H. Fischer-Tiné

This article reconstructs the history of the Indian YMCA's Orientalist knowledge production in an attempt to capture a significant, if forgotten, transitional moment in the production and dissemination of scholarship on the religions and cultures of the Indian subcontinent. The YMCA's three Orientalist book series examined here flourished from the 1910s to the 1930s and represent a kind of third-stream approach to the study of South Asia. Inspired by the Christian fulfillment theory, “Y Orientalism” was at pains to differentiate itself from older polemical missionary writings. It also distanced itself from the popular “spiritual Orientalism” advocated by the Theosophical Society and from the philologically inclined “academic Orientalism” pursued in the Sanskrit departments of Western universities. The interest of the series’ authors in the region's present and the multifarious facets of its “little traditions,” living languages, arts, and cultures, as well as their privileging of knowledge that was generated “in the field” rather than in distant Western libraries, was unusual. Arguably, it anticipated important elements of the “area studies” approach to the Indian subcontinent that became dominant in Anglophone academia after the Second World War.

Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska

This article presents various layers of vocabulary constituting lexis of the Tatar tefsir, i.e. the translation of the Quran to the Polish language of the northern borderland, performed in the 16th century by Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Most emphasis was put on the northern borderland, separated on the basis of criteria adopted in the literature of the subject. Selected vocabulary was arranged alphabetically. A context was given in which it occurs and a semantic characteristic was provided on the basis of lexicographic sources – Polish and the East Slavic Languages. It was found that Tatar tefsir contains words previously not described or present in other historic assets of north-eastern borderland. This is particularly true with respect to forms borrowed from the East Slavic Languages, including hybrid forms. What is more, it is characterised by the existence of Old Polish lexis, including names of people performing activities which were not recorded in dictionaries, and other, words used infrequently and in specific text types. Tatar tefsir is also a perfect source for historical studies of Slavic-Oriental relations.

Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf, Yuyun Nailufar, Raja Nor Safinas Raja Harun et al.

This study explored the motivational types of English and Arabic language major students at one of the state Islamic universities in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. A questionnaire was given to 30 English and 30 Arabic major students to measure the level and type of students' learning motivation. A five-point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire, and the data were analyzed quantitatively using SPSS software. The results revealed that the English major students had a high integrative motivation in choosing English as their major compared to instrumental motivation (M=3.15˂M=4.19). Similarly, the Arabic major students dominantly had integrative motivation in learning Arabic compared to instrumental motivation (M=3.09˂M=4.29). The results further showed that integrative motivation could bring positive learning outcomes to the students because their goal of learning was to be accepted, and or be part of the language community they were learning. To conclude, English major students were enthused to study English because they wanted to be knowledgeable in English and used it to interact with other speakers of this language. In the same way, Arabic major students were also driven to learn Arabic for the sake of being knowledgeable in Arabic, to use it to interact with other people who use this language and to increase their appreciation towards the Arabic arts and literature. Finally, the findings of this study can increase awareness among students, teachers, researchers, and policymakers who work on enhancing motivation to increase students' interest in learning foreign languages at Indonesian universities.

Stefania Mazzoni, Anacleto D’Agostino, Valentina Orsi

The investigations started in 2008 by the University of Florence at the site of U?akl? Höyük and in its territory have revealed a long local sequence of occupation from the Late Chalcolithic and Bronze and Iron Ages to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. The presence of a stable network of settlements over this long duration attests to the strategic role of the area east of Yozgat for both the control of the routes across the Anatolian plateau and the exploitation of its favourable environment. U?akl? Höyük was the main urban centre here, flourishing in the Middle-Late Bronze and Iron Ages, corresponding to the Hittite and Phrygian periods. In 2013-2015 the excavations brought to light sectors of two monumental Hittite buildings, a temple in the lower town and a palace on the acropolis. They show similar architectural elements, the extensive use of stones and monoliths and the regular organization of the plans, which belong to a common Hittite imperial tradition dating to the 15th-12th cent. In the late Iron Age, the acropolis was fortified by an artificial, sloping earthen rampart protected at its base by a stone glacis. In the late Roman period the lower town was rebuilt and the acropolis probably again fortified.

Екатерина Сергеевна Кованова, Ноган Вячеславовна Бадмаева, Руслан Артемович Удаев et al.

Язык является одним из факторов этнокультурной безопасности. Он выступает как одно из важнейших объективных свойств этноса, а также как символ этнической принадлежности. Язык формирует и развивает культуру, выполняет важнейшие этносоциальные функции. Однако в последние десятилетия одной из актуальных мировых проблем стала проблема его сохранения в условиях глобализации. Все это актуализирует проблему титульных языков и языков малочисленных народов. Проблема сохранения этнической идентичности достаточно остро стоит как в Калмыкии, так и в Бурятии. Связано это с потерей языка и прерванной за годы советской власти религиозной традицией. Цель данной статьи — выявление общих и отличительных признаков современных этноязыковых процессов в Калмыкии и Бурятии. Методы. Использованы сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, анализ статистической информации, экспертный опрос. Результаты. Проведенное исследование проблемы сохранения языка в Калмыкии и Бурятии выявило преимущественно схожие черты развития этноязыковых процессов в данных регионах. Калмыцкий и бурятский языки находятся под угрозой исчезновения. Численность населения, владеющего родным языком, стремительно сокращается. При этом знание языка молодым поколением также снижается. Язык из разряда реального этнодифференцирующего признака становится лишь символическим признаком народа. Однако опрос экспертов показал, что современное калмыцкое, бурятское общество транслирует возрастающий интерес к традиционной культуре и языку. Они отмечают популярность курсов по изучению калмыцкого и бурятского языков. В целом эксперты положительно оценивают государственные меры по развитию языка в этих республиках. Выводы. Таким образом, несмотря на глобальные угрозы и факторы, негативно влияющие на этническую идентичность, существуют позитивные тенденции и условия для развития культуры, языка в рассматриваемых нами республиках.

E. Ayyzhy, A. Kongu

The article is devoted to Tuvans of the Khovd aimak of Mongolia. On the basis of field materials the authors consider such questions, as tribal groups and subgroups, tribal structure and various aspects of live activity and culture of Tuvans of one of the aimaks of Western Mongolia at the present stage.

Nadezhda Dulina, Daria Moiseeva, Vera Paramonova

The article provides a brief overview of approaches to the issue of social well-being and shows the 2011–2016 trend data of social well-being of Volgograd Oblast’s urban population. The paper aims to study the aspects of interplay between social well-being and financial literacy of urban residents. To accomplish the identified goal the authors had to tackle the tasks as follows: clarification of the notions “social well-being” and “financial literacy”; analysis and selection of methods for the measurement of both social well-being and financial literacy; implementation of the sociological survey — “Volgograd Omnibus”; evaluation of social well-being among the diverse social groups that differ in the level of financial literacy. The research study included both theoretical methods (investigation, generalization, analysis, synthesis) and empirical ones (interrogation, collation). When it came to the analysis of the notions “social well-being” and “financial literacy”, emphasis was laid on certain subjective indicators that are of great value for the identification of the actual state of modern society. The sociological monitoring survey “Volgograd Omnibus” was conducted for the confirmation of the proposed hypothesis on the interplay between social well-being and financial literacy. The study subjects were residents of Volgograd and other towns of the region aged 16 and older. The data analysis testifies that negative assessments of social well-being have prevailed among the Volgograd Oblast’s population between 2011 and 2016. The 2014–2016 economic crisis has also aggravated the situation. Residents of Volgograd consider their financial literacy poor enough: half of the respondents designated their skills and knowledge as ‘satisfactory’ while a fifth part declared they had no financial literacy at all. To test the hypothesis a typology of social groups by levels of financial literacy self assessment was introduced. The analysis of social well-being indicators of the outlined groups has revealed a number of differences. Increase in the level of financial literacy is accompanied by 1) downward change in the index of interregional comparisons, 2) growth in the level of personal optimism (‘unadapted’ individuals give primarily negative assessments while ‘perfectly adapted’ ones, as a rule, have positive expectations), 3) growth in the index of purchasing power. The discovered differences in the indicators of social well-being among the social groups that give varying assessments of their financial literacy prompt the suggestion that there is actually some interplay between the considered phenomena. Further studies of the interplay between social well-being and financial literacy shall contribute to the efficiency improvement of financial literacy enhancement oriented arrangements.

A. A. Kurapov

The article examines participation of the Buddhist clergy in social and political life of the Kalmyk uluses and interaction with the government of Russia and regional authorities after 1771. The exodus of a considerable part of Kalmyks to China determined creation of a new system of social and political contacts between the Russian government and Kalmyk secular and clerical elites, a new structure of interaction between Buddhist monastic complexes of the Kalmyk uluses. The measures implemented by the government for isolation of the Kalmyk Buddhist clergy from their coreligionists in China and Tibet and those of the regional authorities aimed at isolation of politically dangerous lamas to prevent further decampment are analyzed in the article. Specific changes in missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Kalmyk uluses in the 1770-1780s are investigated. Defined are the main directions of restrictive policies imposed upon the Kalmyk Buddhist clergy by the Russian government at the same time striving to retain constructive bilateral contact in the context of the social and political crises in the Kalmyk uluses. Using a set of unpublished historical records (correspondence between Astrakhan governor N. Y. Arshenevskiy and Sobing-bagshi) formation of the new interaction system between the Kalmyk clerical elites and Astrakhan governors in the 80-90s of the 18th century has been described.

Ludmila Namrueva

The Mass media, being one of the main mechanism of youth socializations, greatly infl uence upon lifestyle, behavior of the young people. In the article are analyzed results of the study, called on by author of the article, which allow to defi ne the attitude of the young people to republican Mass media (the press, radio, television, Internet).

V. Balzhinimaeva

This article considers the influence of economic processes on criminal law. Economic development leads to the fact that a legal entity becomes the main participant of the market relations. As a result, due to market economy it receives more freedom and independence in decision-making process. The financial crisis, also resulted in social changes, provoked companies into taking cost cutting measures which, in their turn, quite often border on crimes. Following the policy of cost cutting measures, companies are not oftentimes conscious of its possible negative consequences. For instance, saving money on installing pollution control technology can have dramatic effect. Criminal liability of corporations has become one of the most debated topics not only in Russia but also in countries that represent different legal families. Thus, to resolve the issue of corporate criminal liability it is necessary to take into account not only theoretical questions (such as to what extent is the basis of Russian criminal law, where the offender is recognized individual, touched upon; should we focus on the legislation of other countries and consider it more progressive) but also practical ones (whether to impose responsibility on a legal entity or an individual; what kind of punishment is more effective etc.).

Nabil Nabil

This article examines the character of angels and demons in the Qur'an. Angels and demons are two different human beings. angels are created from light. Demon were created from fire. al quran lot of communicating both in the form of a conversation. This study is the literature, the author chekcs some verses on Quran about this topic. This study proves that angels and demons are real although not viewable