Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Amadou Keita, Ilya Shapiro

We investigate MacNeish's conjecture (known to be false in general) in the setting of what we call "transitive" Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares (MOLS). When we restrict our attention to "simply transitive" MOLS, we find that the conjecture holds. We provide some partial results towards the transitive case, as well as the outcome of a computer search, which introduces a new construction of MOLS. In particular, we were unable to find any transitive large (conjecture-violating) sets of MOLS in the literature.

Paulo Montini de Assis Souza Júnior

RESUMO Em 22 de junho de 1834 foi celebrado, no Teatro Nacional do Recife, o espetáculo A Rusga da Praia Grande ou o Quixotismo do General das Massas. Naquela ocasião, a atração fez parte de uma celebração ao presidente da província de Pernambuco, Manoel de Carvalho Paes de Andrade, que retornava do interior da província com vitória sobre insurretos conhecidos por cabanos, que ameaçavam a ordem imperial. A apresentação desta peça na capital pernambucana naquele momento teve um amplo significado político no Brasil do Período Regencial. O artigo analisa como o apelido que intitula o espetáculo foi criado para desprestigiar José Ignacio de Abreu e Lima, general da Colômbia bolivarista que retornou ao Brasil em 1832 defendendo a restauração de Pedro I ao trono do país. Para isso, abordo a circulação e os usos políticos do epíteto “General das Massas” entre alguns dos impressos periódicos no Rio de Janeiro e no Recife neste cenário das Regências, em meio ao vazamento das correspondências privadas de Abreu e Lima que, para escândalo da classe política fluminense e pernambucana, o colocavam como agente organizador de insurreições armadas próximas ao Rio de Janeiro e em Pernambuco, em articulação inclusive com os cabanos. Concluo apresentando como a referência de “General das Massas”, originalmente pensada para depreciar Abreu e Lima e utilizada posteriormente de forma positiva pela historiografia que abordou a sua trajetória política e intelectual, foi uma dentre tantas outras formas de insultos e provocações mobilizadas no calor das tensões políticas regenciais na década de 1830.

Stefan Joka

In this paper, we prove that the existence of a complete set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in N-dimensional Hilbert space implies the existence of a complete set of mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLSs) of order N. In particular, we prove that a complete set of MUBs does not exist in dimension six (the first dimension which is not a power of prime).

Guokan Shang, Hadi Abdine, Ahmad Chamma et al.

We introduce Nile-Chat-4B, 3x4B-A6B, and 12B, a collection of LLMs for Egyptian dialect, uniquely designed to understand and generate texts written in both Arabic and Latin scripts. Specifically, with Nile-Chat-3x4B-A6B, we introduce a novel language adaptation approach by leveraging the Branch-Train-MiX strategy to merge script-specialized experts, into a single MoE model. Our Nile-Chat models significantly outperform leading multilingual and Arabic LLMs, such as LLaMa, Jais, and ALLaM, on our newly introduced Egyptian evaluation benchmarks, which span both understanding and generative tasks. Notably, our 12B model yields a 14.4% performance gain over Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct on Latin-script benchmarks. All our resources are publicly available. We believe this work presents a comprehensive methodology for adapting LLMs to dual-script languages, addressing an often overlooked aspect in modern LLM development.

Miguel Angel Peñaloza Perez, Bruno Lopez Orozco, Jesus Tadeo Cruz Soto et al.

Existing mathematical reasoning benchmarks are predominantly English only or translation-based, which can introduce semantic drift and mask languagespecific reasoning errors. To address this, we present AI4Math, a benchmark of 105 original university level math problems natively authored in Spanish. The dataset spans seven advanced domains (Algebra, Calculus, Geometry, Probability, Number Theory, Combinatorics, and Logic), and each problem is accompanied by a step by step human solution. We evaluate six large language models GPT 4o, GPT 4o mini, o3 mini, LLaMA 3.3 70B, DeepSeek R1 685B, and DeepSeek V3 685B under four configurations: zero shot and chain of thought, each in Spanish and English. The top models (o3 mini, DeepSeek R1 685B, DeepSeek V3 685B) achieve over 70% accuracy, whereas LLaMA 3.3 70B and GPT-4o mini remain below 40%. Most models show no significant performance drop between languages, with GPT 4o even performing better on Spanish problems in the zero shot setting. Geometry, Combinatorics, and Probability questions remain persistently challenging for all models. These results highlight the need for native-language benchmarks and domain-specific evaluations to reveal reasoning failures not captured by standard metrics.

Iván López-Espejo

This article examines the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall in the Spanish economy between 1960 and 2024, considering the organic composition of capital and the rate of surplus value as central variables. Its aim is to determine whether this law, formulated by Marx in Capital (Vol. III), continues to operate in the contemporary context. The methodology consists of transforming orthodox macroeconomic categories derived from the Spanish National Accounts (CNE), available in BDMACRO, into Marxist variables: constant capital ($c$), variable capital ($v$), and surplus value ($pv$). Based on these, historical series of the organic composition of capital ($q$), the rate of surplus value ($pv'$), and the rate of profit ($g'$) are constructed, adjusted to constant prices to ensure temporal coherence and comparability. The results show a sustained increase in $q$ and a slight decrease in $pv'$, generating a tendential decline in $g'$ with cyclical fluctuations associated with specific crises. The conclusions empirically confirm the validity of the law in Spain, highlighting the historical limits of capitalism and providing quantitative evidence on the structural dynamics of profitability.

Maite Heredia, Jeremy Barnes, Aitor Soroa

Code-switching (CS) remains a significant challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP), mainly due a lack of relevant data. In the context of the contact between the Basque and Spanish languages in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, CS frequently occurs in both formal and informal spontaneous interactions. However, resources to analyse this phenomenon and support the development and evaluation of models capable of understanding and generating code-switched language for this language pair are almost non-existent. We introduce a first approach to develop a naturally sourced corpus for Basque-Spanish code-switching. Our methodology consists of identifying CS texts from previously available corpora using language identification models, which are then manually validated to obtain a reliable subset of CS instances. We present the properties of our corpus and make it available under the name EuskañolDS.

Rafael Pedemonte

The commemoration of the 50 years since the coup d’état in Chile was accompanied by a debate over the necessity of better understanding the distinct facets of the government of Salvador Allende (1970-1973). For decades, inevitable political considerations blocked a multidimensional comprehension of the Unidad Popular (UP), feeding binary narratives and mythological accounts. Traditional historiography has adopted an institutional perspective, focused on the system of political parties and the role of the most visible protagonists. In the international sphere, a key dimension of UP foreign policy, closer to third worldism than to adherence to the Socialist block, has been overshadowed. Fortunately, over the past decade access to new sources (including oral history) has opened up new interpretations that have complicated the portrayal of the "Chilean route". This essay centers on two new tendencies: the “revolution from below”, that has allowed us to recover the roll of actors and structures neglected by institutional histories. Through relatively autonomous actions, such as industrial cordons, indigenous communities and peasant organizations, among others, were able to deploy a mobilization parallel to official actions, radicalizing the program of the “Chilean revolution”. The second paradigm is the “inter-American” dimension of the international insertion of the UP, an approach that invites us to rethink the model of the Cold War and demystify functional narratives accounts that seek to ascribe each political experience to one of the two powers in dispute.

Lynn Stephen

Ana Laura Teresa Ceballos Martínez

Daniel Esteban Unigarro Caguasango

El descubrimiento del río Amazonas implicó la incorporación de una vasta región a los intereses coloniales y la necesidad de contar con descripciones geográficas. Emergió entonces la idea e imagen del río y su cuenca como escenario de conquista e inserción en el sistema de dominación colonial. Con base en las perspectivas de la historia de la cartografía y la historiografía amazónica, se analizan cinco mapas y se proponen dos momentos que evidencian una evolución en la representación de la región: uno imaginativo-mítico y otro científico-pragmático. De esta forma, la cartografía del siglo XVI, que proyectaba un imaginario fantástico, se superó en el XVII para incorporar un método científico preilustrado que moldeó la imagen y la representación colonial de la Amazonia disputada entre los imperios ibéricos y europeos.

Nicholas Deas, Elsbeth Turcan, Iván Pérez Mejía et al.

In the field of emotion analysis, much NLP research focuses on identifying a limited number of discrete emotion categories, often applied across languages. These basic sets, however, are rarely designed with textual data in mind, and culture, language, and dialect can influence how particular emotions are interpreted. In this work, we broaden our scope to a practically unbounded set of \textit{affective states}, which includes any terms that humans use to describe their experiences of feeling. We collect and publish MASIVE, a dataset of Reddit posts in English and Spanish containing over 1,000 unique affective states each. We then define the new problem of \textit{affective state identification} for language generation models framed as a masked span prediction task. On this task, we find that smaller finetuned multilingual models outperform much larger LLMs, even on region-specific Spanish affective states. Additionally, we show that pretraining on MASIVE improves model performance on existing emotion benchmarks. Finally, through machine translation experiments, we find that native speaker-written data is vital to good performance on this task.

Pablo Ortega, Jordi Luque, Luis Lamiable et al.

Human language, while aimed at conveying meaning, inherently carries ambiguity. It poses challenges for speech and language processing, but also serves crucial communicative functions. Efficiently solve ambiguity is both a desired and a necessary characteristic. The lexical meaning of a word in context can be determined automatically by Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) algorithms that rely on external knowledge often limited and biased toward English. When adapting content to other languages, automated translations are frequently inaccurate and a high degree of expert human validation is necessary to ensure both accuracy and understanding. The current study addresses previous limitations by introducing a new resource for Spanish WSD. It includes a sense inventory and a lexical dataset sourced from the Diccionario de la Lengua Española which is maintained by the Real Academia Española. We also review current resources for Spanish and report metrics on them by a state-of-the-art system.

Fernando García Naharro

Introducción al dossier.

Hugo Beck

Daniel Gutiérrez Ardila, Erika Pani, Sol Serrano et al.

Debate sobre el libro de Hilda Sábato (2021). Repúblicas del Nuevo Mundo. El experimento político latinoamericano del siglo XIX. Buenos Aires: Penguin Random House. El debate se compone de cuatro ensayos analíticos, a cargos Daniel Gutiérrez Ardila, Sol Serrano, Erika Pani y Darío Roldán, y un balance de respuestas a cargo de la autora del libro.

Sanjana Gunna, Rohit Saluja, C. V. Jawahar

Scene-text recognition is remarkably better in Latin languages than the non-Latin languages due to several factors like multiple fonts, simplistic vocabulary statistics, updated data generation tools, and writing systems. This paper examines the possible reasons for low accuracy by comparing English datasets with non-Latin languages. We compare various features like the size (width and height) of the word images and word length statistics. Over the last decade, generating synthetic datasets with powerful deep learning techniques has tremendously improved scene-text recognition. Several controlled experiments are performed on English, by varying the number of (i) fonts to create the synthetic data and (ii) created word images. We discover that these factors are critical for the scene-text recognition systems. The English synthetic datasets utilize over 1400 fonts while Arabic and other non-Latin datasets utilize less than 100 fonts for data generation. Since some of these languages are a part of different regions, we garner additional fonts through a region-based search to improve the scene-text recognition models in Arabic and Devanagari. We improve the Word Recognition Rates (WRRs) on Arabic MLT-17 and MLT-19 datasets by 24.54% and 2.32% compared to previous works or baselines. We achieve WRR gains of 7.88% and 3.72% for IIIT-ILST and MLT-19 Devanagari datasets.

Juan J. Marfil, Antonio Sanchez-Esguevillas, Belen Carro

Bundling is a pervasive strategy in telecommunications markets. Due to the great success obtained at Spanish Telco market, this article analyzes the impacts of the introduction of convergent bundling on that market. This commercial strategy has caused major changes in the market, both from the point of view of demand and its own structure. From the demand-side, we analyze how product bundling has produced a substantial reduction on effective prices in the sector, and by means of technological diffusion models, we show that bundling is the main factor of Fixed Broadband development, along with FTTH networks deployments, in contrast with stand-alone product marketing scenarios. Pay TV inclusion and hard-bundling strategies at communications packages has motivated the greatest growth of this product in the history of this market. Regarding market structure, the introduction of convergent bundling has led to a consolidation in the market, increasing the concentration around the main convergent players

Alimzhan Amanov, Damir Yeliussizov

We study polynomial SL-invariants of tensors, mainly focusing on fundamental invariants which are of smallest degrees. In particular, we prove that certain 3-dimensional analogue of the Alon--Tarsi conjecture on Latin cubes considered previously by Bürgisser and Ikenmeyer, implies positivity of (generalized) Kronecker coefficients at rectangular partitions and as a result provides values for degree sequences of fundamental invariants.

W. Sepulveda, R. Cruz‐Martínez, A. Etchegaray et al.

To determine the historical aspects, current availability, and clinical outcomes of open intrauterine repair of spina bifida aperta (IRSBA) in Spanish‐speaking Latin American countries.