This study aims to investigate the management of human resources based on Islamic principles as implemented at Phatna Witya School in Yala, Southern Thailand. HR management that aligns with Islamic teachings not only focuses on skills and professionalism but also emphasizes spiritual aspects, ethics, and moral responsibilities derived from Islamic teachings. This research employs a qualitative methodology through a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document gathering. Participants in this study included the school principal, vice principal, teachers, and other educational staff. The findings reveal that the Islamic-based HR management approach at Phatna Witya School in Yala includes HR planning that adheres to Islamic values, a recruitment and selection process that pays attention to both competency and Islamic ethics, development of employees in spiritual and professional dimensions, and a performance assessment system that balances worldly and spiritual matters. This approach is seen as effective in shaping individuals with integrity, discipline, and a strong emphasis on Islamic values.
Redithya Ega Fernanda, Eko Handayanto, Yulist Rima Fiandari
Purpose – This study analyzes the influence of animosity and religiosity on brand switching among Pizza Hut consumers in Indonesia, with boycott intention as a mediating variable. It seeks to understand how negative sentiments and religious values shape consumers’ decisions to switch brands in the context of geopolitical and social conflicts.
Methodology – A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a survey distributed to 190 Pizza Hut consumers in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) via SmartPLS 4.0 to test the direct and indirect effects among variables.
Findings – The results confirmed that both animosity (β = 0.174, p < 0.05) and religiosity (β = 0.240, p < 0.05) significantly influenced brand switching. Boycott intention also mediated these relationships, with animosity (β = 0.126, p < 0.05) and religiosity (β = 0.149, p < 0.05) exerting indirect effects. Additionally, boycott intention directly affects brand switching (β = 0.402, p < 0.05).
Implications – Practically, Pizza Hut must address consumer animosity rooted in political conflict and align marketing strategies with religious values to retain customers. Theoretically, this study enriches the literature on ethical consumption by integrating social, political, and religious factors into emerging markets.
Originality – This study is among the first to explore the combined effects of animosity and religiosity on brand switching in Indonesia, particularly within the fast-food industry. It highlights boycott intention as a critical mediator, offering novel insights into consumer behavior amid sociopolitical tensions.
Tugas akhir mahasiswa merupakan kewajiban untuk memenuhi persyaratan gelar sarjana. Namun Prodi PAI UII belum memiliki pemetaan topik penelitian tugas akhir mahasiswa angkatan 2017-2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kecenderungan topik penelitian tugas akhir mahasiswa PAI angkatan 2017-2019 serta keselarasannya dengan Roadmap Penelitian. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan jenis penelitian kualitatif. Subjek penelitian adalah topik tugas akhir mahasiswa PAI angkatan 2017-2019. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik dokumentasi berdasarkan database pada dspace.uii.ac.id. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa PAI UII angkatan 2017-2019 lebih cenderung memilih topik pengembangan metode pembelajaran (18,68%), pendidikan karakter (16,78%), dan Evaluasi Pendidikan (15,13%). Adapun topik penelitian yang tak diminati oleh mahasiswa PAI ialah politik ekonomi pendidikan (0,00%), pendidikan seks (0,24%), dan artificial intelligenct (0,24%).
Duck viral enteritis (DVE) also known as duck plague (DP) is a fatal viral disease of ducks globally that causes huge economic losses in the duck industries. The main objectives of the current study were: the isolation of the circulating duck viral enteritis virus (DVEV) from clinical specimens of field outbreaks, molecular identification of the virus and genetic characterization of DVEVThe natural outbreaks of duck plague (DP) were reported between February and June 2018 on three commercial duck farms located at Netrokona, Mymensingh and Nilphamari districts of Bangladesh. A total of 42 dead ducks were collected from the three farms. Postmortem examination of dead ducks was carried out and gross lesions of the visceral organs were recorded.Liver and spleen samples were collected aseptically and 10% viral inoculum was prepared from liver and spleen. Isolation of DVEV was done by injecting viral inoculum into 9-13 days old embryonated duck eggs through the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route.Molecular detection of DVEV in liver, spleen and CAM homogenate was performed by PCR targeting 446 bp fragment of DNA polymerase gene of DVEV. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by comparing the amino acid sequence of field isolatesof DVEV with the amino acid sequence of global isolates of DVEV deposited in the GenBank. Enlargement of the liver and spleen, abdominal haemorrhage, and annular rings of the trachea were seen in the affected ducks which were characteristics gross lesions in DVE.18of 42 samples (42.85%) were found positive for DVEV by PCR assays. Embryos of duck experimentally inoculated with DVEV were found dead at 3-5 days post infection.Degenerated blood vessels of the CAM, dwarfism of the embryos was observed. The phylogenetic study revealed that the DVEV isolates causing disease outbreak in ducks in the current study were 100% similar to the isolates of DVEV thatpreviously reported from Bangladesh, Vietnam and China.
Di era globalisasi tantangan kehidupan manusia menjadi semakin kompleks. Kerja sama antar disiplin ilmu menjadi suatu keniscayaan bagi manusia untuk mempertahankan peradabanya. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan upaya pengembangan pola hubungan antara sains dan agama menuju ke arah integrasi. Dewasa ini, perguruan tinggi islam di Indonesia terutama Universitas Islam Negeri mulai mengembangkan konsep integrasi ilmu yang sesuai dengan ruh yang dimiliki masing-masing universitas. Universitas Islam Indonesia (UII) yang merupakan pergurun tinggi berbasis islam tertua dan besar di Indonesia juga mengembangkan paradigma integrasi ilmunya sendiri. Keberhasilan pengembangan paradigma integrasi ilmu pada suatu universitas akan melibatkan semua pihak yang ada di dalamnya. Tidak hanya stakeholders dan guru besar, peran dosen juga tidak kalah penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya inovatif dosen dalam membangun iklim integrasi ilmu di Fakultas Ilmu Agama Islam UII. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah dengan pendekatan kualitatif, teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pengembangan integrasi keilmuan di UII adalah paradigma wasathiyah di mana perspektif tentang hubungan ilmu dan agama adalah bersifat objektif dan proporsional. Adapun upaya yang dilakukan dosen mencakup 3 bidang yaitu bidang pendidikan dan pengajaran, penelitian dan pengembangan, serta pengabdian pada masyarakat. Kata kunci : Upaya Inovatif, Dosen, Harmoni Ilmu, Integrasi Ilmu, Fakultas Ilmu Agama Islam UII
Md. Touhidul Islam, Md. Mahadi Hasan, Md. Redwanuzzaman
et al.
This research paper explores the practices of artificial intelligence (AI) and its impact on improving businesses in Bangladesh through the review of existing literature and primary data analysis. Additionally, a conceptual analysis has been conducted on key AI concepts and their potential applications in the Bangladeshi business context. The study's objectives include providing a detailed understanding of specific AI technologies, measuring the benefits of AI, assessing the challenges faced by the industry in implementing AI and finding probable solutions to overcome these challenges. Data were collected from 120 respondents from 10 types of businesses in Bangladesh and analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS (V. 25). According to the results, using AI in enterprises may have a significant positive impact on efficiency, decision-making, production, cost, fraud detection, and supply chain optimization. However, obstacles to AI deployment include a lack of qualified personnel, poor data quality, money, infrastructure, and legal frameworks. Businesses should raise employee understanding of AI, look for diversified financing and qualified personnel, work with the government on infrastructure support and legislation, address concerns about job displacement through training, and encourage employee acceptance of change in order to overcome these challenges. Businesses in Bangladesh may improve operations and competitiveness by using these techniques. Business executives, decision-makers, and academics interested in maximizing the potential of AI and enhancing business outcomes in Bangladesh might learn from this study.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social sciences (General)
Raisa Muthia Syahrani Hasibuan, Tuti Anggraini, Khairina Tambunan
One of the indicators of the viability of a bank is its profit. Profitability is an important indicator for the long-term survival of the operation of Islamic institutions. The formulation of this research problem is whether DPK and murabahah margin have a partial and simultaneous effect on CSR. Is there a simultaneous and partial influence of deposits, murabahah margins, and CSR on Bank Sumut Syariah's profits? Can CSR mitigate the impact of deposits and murabahah margins on Bank Sumut Syariah's profits? The research method used is the quantitative research method with a purposive sampling technique. Secondary data in the form of quarterly financial statements of Bank Sumut Syariah is used for the 2019-2022 period. Classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-tests, F tests, coefficients of determination, and path analysis are used for data analysis. The results of this study show that: (1) Deposit margin and murabahah affect CSR, as shown by the findings of this study (2) Deposit and murabahah margin affect Bank Sumut Syariah's profit (3) CSR does not have an impact on Bank Sumut Syariah's income. The effect of deposits and murabahah margins on Bank Sumut Syariah's profit cannot be mediated by CSR as an intervening variable. Islamic banking is expected to increase profit generation so as to maintain bank operational stability by increasing fund collection and optimizing incoming revenue, based on research results.
Pendidikan berlangsung seumur hidup dari buayan hingga liang lahat,keteranganini menguatkan asumsi bahwa pendidikan Nabi Muhammad saw berlangsung mulai ketika beliaulahir hingga wafat. Pendidikan Islam yang biasa dikenal hanya ketika Nabi Muhammad saw mendeklarasikan dirinya utusan Allah swt. Padahal pendidikan Islam sudah mulai semenjak Nabi Muhammad saw dilahirkan sampai ketika beliau mendeklarasikan dirinya rasul hingga wafatnya. Dari ini dapat difahami bahwa pendidikan Islam berlangsung sepanjang hayatnya. Hanya saja, pendidikan yang dilewati oleh Nabi Muhammad saw sebelum turun wahyu pertama bertitik tolak dalam ranah pendidikan “rasa”. Yang mana rasa ini adalah jalinan aqal pada manusia, karena konsentrasi pendidikan Islam mengacu sepenuhnya pada pendidikan aqal. Sebab hanya orang yang beraqallah yang mampu beragama Islam dengan baik.
Nabilla Anasty Fahzaria, Neni Yulianita, Anne Ratnasari
Indonesia is a multicultural country that every year has reports of increasing rates of intolerance and a high potential for conflict. So that peace education is needed to prevent it. Peace Generation Indonesia or PeaceGen is a Non-Government Organization (NGO) working in the field of peace based in Bandung. The activities they do include the development of peace training through creative media and game-based learning, creating peace learning media, and activating peace content. PeaceGen has also produced more than forty thousand Agents of Peace (AoP) to spread peace. This study aims to find out the social marketing communication activities carried out by Peace Generation by reviewing and analyzing program design, promotion mix implementation, utilization of the “AoP Journey” digital platform, and the role and ability of the Agent of Peace Coordinator in fostering relationships with the Agents of Peace. This research uses qualitative methods and a case study approach. The results of the study show that the marketing communication carried out by Peace Generation seeks to produce peace education using collaborative programs and collective actions to create a peace-loving society. However, the use of digital platforms in their activities still allows for technological gaps.
Abstract
Trading activities are increasing rapidly in society, particularly in the age of globalization, and everything is becoming easier as technology advances. This also has an impact on community trading activities, which no longer take place conventionally but only through internet-connected mobile phones; this type of trade is commonly referred to as e-commerce. The benefits of buying and selling transactions are numerous, but with the availability of buying and selling online, it is inevitable that consumer rights will be violated. The current regulations are clearly different from how buying and selling transactions are now conducted over the internet. The goal of this research is to discover how to regulate online trading laws and regulations, as well as to solve legal problems in online trading. This study employs a qualitative approach with a normative legal approach. According to the findings of this study, e-commerce transactions are governed by Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE), which was then amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, among other regulations. Problems in e-commerce transactions can be resolved through legal or litigation, non-litigation, or out of court.
Keywords: : Online Trading; Legal protection; Consumer
Abstrak
Kegiatan Perdagangan meningkat pesat di masyarakat, terlebih di era globalisasi segala sesuatunya menjadi semakin mudah karena telah berkembangnya teknologi yang semakin maju. Hal itu juga berdampak pada kegiatan perdagangan di masyarakat yang tidak lagi terjadi secara konvensional melainkan hanya melalui handphone berbasis internet, jenis perdagangan ini lazim disebut sebagai e-commerce. Keuntungan dari transaksi perdagangan ini memang sangat banyak, tetapi dengan adanya perdagangan secara online tentu akan sangat berisiko kepada hak-hak bagi konsumen yang tidak dipenuhi. Peraturan yang telah ada jelas berbeda dengan cara transaksi jual-beli itu dilakukan sekarang melalui internet. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah guna mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan mengenai perdagangan online di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dan penyelesaian masalah dalam perdagangan online secara hukum. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normative. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa transaksi e-commerce telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE) yang diperbarui dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, serta berbagai Peraturan lainnya. Mengenai penyelesaian permasalahan dalam transaksi e-commerce dapat melalui jalur hukum atau litigasi maupun non litigasi atau jalur diluar pengadilan.
Faez Ahmmed, Anis Ul Islam, Yousef E. Mukhrish
et al.
The chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrate esters are essential parts of biochemical and medicinal research. A group of methyl β-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-galactopyranoside (β-MGP, <b>1</b>) derivatives was acylated with 3-bromobenzoyl chloride and 4-bromobenzoyl chloride in anhydrous <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylformamide/triethylamine to obtain 6-<i>O</i>-substitution products, which were subsequently converted into 2,3,4-tri-<i>O</i>-acyl derivatives with different aliphatic and aromatic substituents. Spectroscopic and elemental data exploration of these derivatives confirmed their chemical structures. In vitro biological experiments against five bacteria and two fungi and the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) revealed ascending antifungal and antibacterial activities compared with their antiviral activities. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) experiments were performed for two derivatives, <b>3</b> and <b>9,</b> based on their antibacterial activities. Most of these derivatives showed >780% inhibition of fungal mycelial growth. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate the chemical descriptors and thermodynamic properties, whereas molecular docking was performed against antibacterial drug targets, including PDB: 4QDI, 5A5E, 7D27, 1ZJI, 3K8E, and 2MRW, and antifungal drug targets, such as PDB: 1EA1 and 1AI9, to identify potential drug candidates for microbial pathogens. A 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation study revealed stable conformation and binding patterns in a stimulating environment by their uniform RMSD, RMSF, SASA, H-bond, and RoG profiles. In silico pharmacokinetic and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) calculations (pIC<sub>50</sub> values 3.67~8.15) suggested that all the designed β-MGP derivatives exhibited promising results due to their improved kinetic properties with low aquatic and non-aquatic toxicities. These biological, structure–activity relationship (SAR) [lauroyl-(CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>10</sub>CO-) group was found to have potential], and in silico computational studies revealed that the newly synthesized MGP derivatives are potential antibacterial/antifungal candidates and can serve as therapeutic targets for human and plant pathogens.
Changjun Zheng, Md Nazmul Islam, Najmul Hasan
et al.
The aim of this study is to investigate whether a bank’s intellectual capital (IC) efficiency impacts its performance and risk-taking behavior in an emerging economic country. The study used panel data (unbalanced) of 30 commercial banks in Bangladesh during 2002–2019. Data were analyzed through the use of the generalized method of moments (GMM) by Eviews-10. The pragmatic results demonstrate that IC efficiency (HCE), RCE and SCE have significant positive (negative) impacts both on the bank’s performance and risk-taking behavior, this finding is similar to resource-based theory. Moreover, adequate capital and liquidity position improves bank performance, but leverage, size, and non-performing loans to total loan have a significant negative impact on bank performance. In addition, the macro-economic variable growth (i.e., gross domestic product) rate of inflation and financial crisis year negatively impacts both bank performance and risk-taking behavior. The panel dataset in this research is restricted to the Bangladeshi banking sector, which restricts the study’s generalizability. Bank performance in Bangladesh is unaffected by leverage, loan size, and the proportion of non-performing loans to total loans. Regulatory authorities, managers and policymakers should step up their surveillance of banks and other financial institutions when the GDP inflation rate and financial crisis year have a negative impact on both bank performance and risk-taking behavior.
Hadisler İslam’ın ikinci temel kaynağıdır. Bu kaynaklık sebebiyle hadislerin sahihliği, Peygamberimize aidiyetinin gerçekliği ve bunun tespiti büyük önem arz etmektedir. En başta muhaddisler bu konuda çok büyük gayret göstermişler bu bağlamda çeşitli kriterler geliştirmişlerdir. Sözgelimi râvinin adalet ve zabt sıfatlarına sahipliği, hadis senedinde kopukluklar yaşanmaması, rivayetin şâz ve muallel olmaması gibi. Fakat bu kriterlerin temel olarak ortaya çıkmasında muhaddislerden önce ilk dönem sahabelerinin payı yadsınamayacak kadar önem teşkil etmektedir.
Md. Kausar Alam, Hasrina Mustafa, Md. Salah Uddin
et al.
The study aims to explore the problems of the existing Shariah Governance Framework (SGF) and its concerned authorities in the context of Bangladesh. Thus, according to responses from 17 respondents, this study outlines that Bangladesh has an absence of a shortage of experts, experienced, knowledgeable, and qualified Shariah people at all levels (i.e., the central bank, Islamic banks, Shariah Supervisory Boards (SSBs), and regulators). Therefore, Bangladesh does not have a separate Islamic banking act, Shariah audit firm, Shariah index institutions, and comprehensive SGF. The existing guideline has a limitation concerning its comprehensiveness, accountability, responsibility, and structure of SSBs. Islamic banks do not follow the instruction of the central bank in the formation of SSBs. As a result, there is an absence of competent and qualified SSB, which also results in the functions of Shariah departments as well as Shariah applications. Usually, the Board of Directors (BOD), management, executives, customers, and the public also have the conceptual gap about Islamic banks, SGF, and banking system compared to the regular prayers, faith, and belief. Concisely, Bangladesh requisites a comprehensive SGF, Islamic banking act, a standard accounting system, and a robust Shariah audit system for the overall development of Islamic banks and SGF.
Dwi Setiowati, Peggy Rianti Kurnia Sukma, Rasdiyanah Rahim
<p class="abstrak">This research focuses on describing the implementation of Islamic spiritual care of the clinical nursing students at the State Islamic University (UIN). The implementation of Islamic spiritual care has not been done well by nurses. Clinical nursing students are the forerunners of nurses, but no one has examined the description of the application of Islamic spiritual care carried out by clinical nursing students in State Islamic University (UIN). This research method was descriptive quantitative. Samples were students of the clinical nursing students of UIN Jakarta and UIN Alauddin Makassar, 40 respondents. The results showed that most respondents applied Islamic spiritual care well (52.5%). The most well-implemented component is instilling optimism for healing that comes from God (60%). Students need to improve their self-competence in Islamic religious knowledge to become more competent in providing Islamic care to patients. The head of the clinical nursing program needs to emphasize efforts to increase Islamic spiritual competence in the clinical practice setting of learning guidelines through the guidance process and learning achievement targets.</p><p><em>Penelitian ini berfokus untuk mengetahui penerapan perawatan spiritual Islam mahasiswa Ners di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN). Penerapan asuhan keperawatan secara holistik khususnya dalam aspek spiritual karena masih sangat minim </em><em>dilakukan oleh perawat di tatanan pelayanan keperawatan.</em><em> Mahasiswa merupakan cikal bakal perawat dan peneliti belum menemukan penelitian tentang penerapan perawatan Islam oleh mahasiswa Ners di lingkungan UIN.</em><em> </em><em>Metode yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu mahasiswa Ners UIN Jakarta dan UIN Makassar masing-masing 40 responden. Hasil menunjukkan sebagian responden menerapkan perawatan spiritual Islam dengan baik (52,5%). Komponen yang paling banyak diterapkan dengan baik yaitu menanamkan optimisme kesembuhan yang datang dari Allah (60%). Mahasiswa perlu meningkatkan kompetensi diri dalam ilmu agama islam sehingga menjadi lebih kompeten dalam mebrikan perawatah islam kepada paeien, program studi Ners perlu lebih menekankan pada upaya peningkatan kompetensi spiritual islam pada tatanan praktik klini pedoman pembelajaran, melalui proses bimbingan maupu target capaian pembelajaran.</em></p>
This paper discusses the expansion of the mosque of the Prophet (œ) in Madinah by Caliph ‘Umar b. al-KhaÏÏÉb (A.S.). The paper concludes that the undertaking was in full consonance both with the spiritual benchmarks of the Islamic message and the emerging socio-cultural Traditions and norms of the nascent Muslim community. So significant was the expansion and at such a critical juncture in the Muslim history, that it set some high standards for the future development and nurturing of the spiritual as well as human dimensions in the sphere of Muslim architecture. The main discussion of the paper focuses on three vital dimensions of the Mosque expansion which proved significant for the early development of the authentic identity of Muslim architecture: the role of consultation and mutual agreements, which is tantamount to what is today called public participation in architecture; the significance and impact of the dynamic process of institutionalization of the mosque of the Prophet (œ) myriad religious, educational, social, cultural and political activities; and the austere, yet judicious, views of ‘Umar b. al-KhaÏÏÉb (A.S.) on architecture which, by and large, reverberated the core of the Islamic attitude towards the prospect of erecting buildings. The three dimensions are dealt with after the main physical features of the Mosque’s expansion have been expounded. The paper also shows that so interwoven were the evolution of Muslim architectural identity and the community development processes in Islam, that successfully investigating the former without systematically referring to the latter can never be complete. Thus, the orb of Muslim architecture, both as a concept and sensory reality, should always be seen as a multidimensional, universal, fluid, vibrant, expressive and as much scientific, technological and applied, as spiritual, educational and ethical, phenomenon.
Vunjia Tiong, Pouya Hassandarvish, Sazaly Abu Bakar
et al.
Abstract The COVID-19 is difficult to contain due to its high transmissibility rate and a long incubation period of 5 to 14 days. Moreover, more than half of the infected patients were young and asymptomatic. Virus transmission through asymptomatic patients is a major challenge to disease containment. Due to limited treatment options, preventive measures play major role in controlling the disease spread. Gargling with antiseptic formulation may have potential role in eliminating the virus in the throat. Four commercially available mouthwash/gargle formulations were tested for virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both clean (0.3 g/l BSA) and dirty (0.3 g/l BSA + 3 mL/L human erythrocytes) conditions at time points 30 and 60 s. The virus was isolated and propagated in Vero E6 cells. The cytotoxicity of the products to the Vero E6 was evaluated by kill time assay based on the European Standard EN14476:2013/FprA1:2015 protocol. Virus titres were calculated as 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50/mL) using the Spearman-Karber method. A reduction in virus titer of 4 log10 corresponds to an inactivation of ≥ 99.99%. Formulations with cetylperidinium chloride, chlorhexidine and hexitidine achieved > 4 log10 reduction in viral titres when exposed within 30 s under both clean and dirty conditions. Thymol formulations achieved only 0.5 log10 reduction in viral titres. In addition, salt water was not proven effective. Gargle formulations with cetylperidinium chloride, chlorhexidine and hexetidine have great potential in reducing SAR-CoV-2 at the source of entry into the body, thus minimizing risk of transmission of COVID-19.
This study aimed to analyze the meaning of fundamentalist-radical Islam, its relationship with the Islamic formalization movement, and the political motives behind embodying fundamentalist-radical Islam. Through a literature review, this study found that the term of fundamentalist-radical was not a term that emerged from the treasury of Muslim thought but came from the West, associated with church conflict. Furthermore, this term was used to intimidate the Muslims who want to formalize Islam in the order of state constitution. However, historically, Islamic thought and formalization movements have historical roots that are quite strong in Indonesia and globally capable of creating tolerant civilizations, maintaining security, and creating prosperity.