Hasil untuk "History of France"

L. Lunsky

J. Bayart

Paul K. Kazaba, Lars Kulik, Ghislain B. Beukou Choumbou et al.

ABSTRACT Ongoing ecosystem change and biodiversity decline across the Afrotropics call for tools to monitor the state of biodiversity or ecosystem elements across extensive spatial and temporal scales. We assessed relationships in the co‐occurrence patterns between great apes and other medium to large‐bodied mammals to evaluate whether ape abundance serves as a proxy for mammal diversity across broad spatial scales. We used camera trap footage recorded at 22 research sites, each known to harbor a population of chimpanzees, and some additionally a population of gorillas, across 12 sub‐Saharan African countries. From ~350,000 1‐min camera trap videos recorded between 2010 and 2016, we estimated mammalian community metrics, including species richness, Shannon diversity, and mean animal mass. We then fitted Bayesian Regression Models to assess potential relationships between ape detection rates (as proxy for ape abundance) and these metrics. We included site‐level protection status, human footprint, and precipitation variance as control variables. We found that relationships between detection rates of great apes and other mammal species, as well as animal mass were largely positive. In contrast, relationships between ape detection rate and mammal species richness were less clear and differed according to site protection and human impact context. We found no clear association between ape detection rate and mammal diversity. Our findings suggest that chimpanzees hold potential as indicators of specific elements of mammalian communities, especially population‐level and composition‐related characteristics. Declines in chimpanzee populations may indicate associated declines of sympatric medium to large‐bodied mammal species and highlight the need for improved conservation interventions.Changes in chimpanzee abundance likely precede extirpation of sympatric mammals.

Tomás Ramos Mejía

In this article I examine the problem of technique in Georges Bataille's social ontology by means of a counterpoint with Bernard Stiegler's philosophy. I will defend the following theses: 1. Bataille's concept of imperative of exclusion, defined as the foundation of the social, is, at the same time, the condition of technique. Moreover, technical objects are conditions of the social because they are ways of the contagion of this imperative. 2. Bataille's concept of society, illustrated by the figure of the whirlwinds, can be thought of as a form of neganthropy, as Stiegler understands it. I affirm therefore that Bataillean social ontology deserves a place in the history of the philosophy of technology in France.

Theresa Wagner

Mingzhou Bai, Xin Yang, David H. Lorence et al.

Abstract The genus Polyscias, part of the Araliaceae family, is known for its significant ornamental and medicinal value, as well as its rich variety of metabolites. These plants are primarily found in tropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands. The diverse geographical environments have led to the emergence of many unique and endangered species, although there is limited genomic information available about them. In this study, we generated high‐quality reference genomes for three endangered species: two that are endemic to Hawaiʻi, Polyscias cf. bisattenuata and Polyscias lallanii, and one more widespread species, Polyscias macgillivrayi. We identified a total of 51,083, 60,881, and 29,060 genes in these three species, respectively. Whole‐genome duplication analysis indicated that all three species underwent a common duplication event. By examining the phylogenetic and structural characteristics of the terpene synthase gene family in these species and closely related species, we identified several gene clusters that play crucial roles in metabolite synthesis. A variety of mono‐ and sesquiterpenoids were detected, with several of these compounds having been validated in previous studies. Our findings provide a foundation for further genetic and biochemical investigations of Polyscias, which may aid in the conservation of these endangered species.

Simeon Edosomwan, Sitalaskshmi Kalangot Prakasan, D. Kouamé et al.

Ian Brooks, Laura Harrison, Mark Reeves et al.

This research explores the use of History to enhance education in the field of ICT For Sustainability ICT4S in response to a challenge from the ICT4S 2023 conference. No previous studies were found in ICT4S but the literature on History and Education for Sustainable Development is reviewed. An ICT4S lecturer collaborated with History lecturers to add an historic parallel to each weeks teaching on a Sustainable Business and Computing unit for final year undergraduate BSc Business Computing students. A list of the topics and rationale is provided. Student perceptions were surveyed before and after the teaching and semi-structured interviews carried out. A majority of students saw relevance to their degree and career. There was an increase in the proportion of students with interest in History. The paper explores the lessons learned from the interdisciplinary collaboration, including topic choice, format and perceived value. The project has enhanced the way we approach our subjects as computing and history educators. We believe this is the first empirical, survey-based study of the use of history to enhance ICT4S education. The team will extend the research to a larger unit covering a wider range of computing degrees.

Julio Urizarna-Carasa, Daniel Ruprecht, Alexandra von Kameke et al.

The movement of small but finite spherical particles in a fluid can be described by the Maxey-Riley equation (MRE) if they are too large to be considered passive tracers. The MRE contains an integral "history term" modeling wake effects, which causes the force acting on a particle at some given time to depend on its full past trajectory. The history term causes complications in the numerical solution of the MRE and is therefore often neglected, despite both numerical and experimental evidence that its effects are generally not negligible. By numerically computing trajectories with and without the history term of a large number of particles in different flow fields, we investigate its impact on the large-scale Lagrangian dynamics of simulated particles. We show that for moderate to large Stokes numbers, ignoring the history term leads to significant differences in clustering patterns. Furthermore, we compute finite-time Lyapunov exponents and show that, even for small particles, the differences in the resulting scalar field from ignoring the BHT can be significant, in particular if the underlying flow is turbulent.

Jaan Janno

Inverse problems for a diffusion equation containing a generalized fractional derivative are studied. The equation holds in a time interval $(0,T)$ and it is assumed that a state $u$ (solution of diffusion equation) and a source $f$ are known for $t\in (t_0,T)$ where $t_0$ is some number in $(0,T)$. Provided that $f$ satisfies certain restrictions, it is proved that product of a kernel of the derivative with an elliptic operator as well as the history of $f$ for $t\in (0,t_0)$ are uniquely recovered. In case of less restrictions on $f$ the uniqueness of the kernel and the history of $f$ is shown. Moreover, in a case when a functional of $u$ for $t\in (t_0,T)$ is given the uniqueness of the kernel is proved under unknown history of $f$.

Sébastien Rouquette, Fateh Chemerik, Thomas Bihay

As a result of climate change and the construction of new housing estates in flood-prone areas, the risk of flooding has risen sharply in France in recent decades. And yet, since law no. 87-565 of 1987, the communes most exposed to this risk have been obliged to inform their residents of the danger, its potential consequences and the instructions to be followed in the event of a hazard. Is it better for communes to communicate on the history of local hazards, the dangers, the means of warning, the actions undertaken by the commune, or on the behavior to adopt in the event of a hazard? Are DICRIMs written in such a way as to help create a local risk culture? Two surveys – one in-depth with 50 respondents, the other by questionnaire with 120 other local residents – showed that none of the three communes studied has yet succeeded in raising awareness among its population. Awareness of the local risk is very low. This study therefore examines how, from the point of view of the residents surveyed, local authorities can draw up prevention documents that genuinely raise awareness of this hazard in a way that is both understandable, clear and legible.

Yves Déloye

The investigation carried out intends to contribute to a social history of political science through the critical study of the particular institution that is the Revue française de science politique (RFSP): it is a question here, through the prism of the latter, of questioning the reasons for a late feminization of political science in France. Three points of analysis are proposed: a first investigation concerns the relative and for a long time unbalanced place of women and men in the internal functioning of the journal; a second investigation concerns the evolution of the gender ratio among the signatories of the different sections of the RFSP (articles, research notes, bibliographic notes...) and a third point of observation is provided by a brief analysis of the themes privileged by the journal to give an account of the study of women and gender in politics from 1951 to the present day.

Mourad Bouzar

In Algeria, where the dispersed nature of sources from the colonial period is compounded by the difficulties of accessing archives and areas of research in the post-independence period, architects’ archives are an essential resource. Studying them broadens our understanding of the evolution of cities and buildings, and exploring the ideas and influences that have shaped their development. This article is based on a PhD thesis entitled Jean-Jacques Deluz (1930–2009): itinéraire d’un architecte suisse à Alger. Du tout au fragment (Bouzar, 2022). It focuses on the journey of an architect between Switzerland, Algeria and France, and was largely based on his personal archives deposited in 2014 at the Algiers Diocesan Study Center, known as the “Glycines”. Deluz was a key contributor to the urban and architectural history of Algiers in the twentieth-century. He remained in Algeria after Independence and turned, from 1962 onwards, to becoming an independent architect, a professional status he never abandoned. In addition to highlighting certain major segments of the Deluz collection, this research paper discusses the notion of corpus in the light of the objectives of monographic art-historical research into the filiations of Deluz’s work. Through an analysis of a body of research on an architect, this paper proposes avenues of research for the study of urban, economic and social policies in post-colonial Algiers.

Roman Zinigrad, Stephen W. Sawyer

The five acts of jihadist violence between 2012–2020, particularly the 2015 Paris attacks, combined with an increasingly polarized political discourse in France, have pushed jihadist extremism to the center of government policy and public opinion. Approaches to jihadist extremism in the last decade have comprised two characteristics: claims amalgamating Islam and Muslim religious practice—especially in its stricter forms—with extremist violence, along with the idea that such forms of dangerous religious indoctrination are best battled through education. As a result, there has been a renewed debate concerning the principle of <i>laïcité</i> (secularism) within public schools and other public institutions. One of the leading efforts in this context has focused on processes of “deradicalization”. These projects include various educational tools, rehabilitation attempts inside and outside of prisons, cultural and artistic initiatives, and administrative bans imposed on organizations inciting violence. However, the most ambitious of these efforts have also been subject to the greatest criticism. Projects within the public school system have been accused of securitizing education and stigmatizing Muslim students, whereas measures undertaken in prisons are currently limited to risk assessment of inmates linked with jihadist violence, while lacking more meaningful plans for their rehabilitation. Public–private partnerships have developed more promising initiatives, but their moderate success is still recent and requires further study.

Gunther Jikeli

Muslim–Jewish relations have a long and complex history. However, notions that all Jews and Muslims are eternal enemies are proven wrong both historically and by today’s survey data. A comprehensive review of the available survey data from the last two decades provides a glimpse into the views of Muslims and Jews of each other in countries where both communities are a minority. It is based on 52 surveys from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, the U.K., and the U.S. 39 surveys include samples of Muslim respondents (38,000 in total) and 18 surveys include samples of Jewish respondents (52,000 in total). Five of these surveys include both Muslim and Jewish subsamples. Many Muslims and Jews acknowledge that the other community suffers from discrimination, albeit to varying degrees. Jews often see Islam and Muslim extremists as a threat to Jews, but most Jews, more than society in general, seem to distinguish between Muslim extremists and Muslims in general. Antisemitic attitudes are significantly higher among Muslims than among the general population in all surveys, even though the majority of Muslims in most European countries and in the United States do not exhibit antisemitic attitudes. The differences in anti-Jewish attitudes between Muslims and non-Muslims do not disappear when controlling for sociodemographic factors.

E. Paixão, F. Barreto, M. Teixeira et al.

A. Beltrame, L. Zammarchi, Gianluca Zuglian et al.

To the Editor: Since 2014, many cases of urogenital schistosomiasis acquired in Corsica, France, have been described (1–4). The infections, which all occurred in persons who had bathed in the Cavu River in 2011 or 2013, represent the first cases of autochthonous Schistosoma haematobium infection acquired in Europe since the last reported case in Portugal in 1965 (5). In June 2014, France established a screening program for persons reporting exposure to the Cavu River during 2011–2013. By March 2015, a national surveillance journal had reported 110 autochthonous urogenital schistosomiasis cases in residents of France (6). We describe the diagnostic work-up for and clinical management of persons from Italy who reported bathing in the Cavu River at least once during 2011–2014. All of the patients had requested screening after learning of the risk for acquiring schistosomiasis after freshwater exposure in Corsica. Exclusion criteria for the study included residence in or travel to a country where schistosomiasis is endemic. At least 3 months after their last exposure to the Cavu River, each participant had a filtered terminal urine sample and a serum sample tested for schistosomiasis. Different commercial tests were used, depending on local availability: 3 different ELISAs and an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IIFAT). All serum samples were tested in parallel in a laboratory in Florence, Italy, by using 2 Western blots (WBs): a Schistosoma WB IgG kit containing antigens from adult S. mansoni worms and a second kit containing S. mansoni and S. haematobium antigens from a crude adult extract (LDBio Diagnostics, Lyon, France). Confirmed urogenital schistosomiasis was defined by confirmation of S. haematobium eggs in urine by microscopy, positive WB result, or both. Probable urogenital schistosomiasis was defined by positive serologic test results. Possible urogenital schistosomiasis was defined by signs or symptoms suggestive of schistosomiasis (i.e., urogenital symptoms), eosinophilia (>0.4 × 109 cells/L of blood), or both (7). All participants who met the case definition received 1 oral dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg). Forty-three persons were consecutively enrolled during January 2014–January 2015; of these, 15 (34%) had confirmed (6 patients), probable (2 patients), or possible (7 patients) urogenital schistosomiasis (Table). Of these 15 patients, 7 (47%) reported repeat visits to Cavu River over a period of at least 2 years. The mean eosinophil count was 295 (range 40–1,540) cells/μL of blood; 6 (40%) patients had eosinophilia. Genitourinary symptoms were reported by 7 (47%) patients, and blood was detected by dipstick in the urine of 1 patient. Schistosoma eggs were not found in any urine samples. Table Demographic, epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data for 15 patients with urogenital schistosomiasis acquired after bathing in the Cavu River, Corsica, France* Schistosomiasis screening has been suggested for persons with exposure to the Cavu River (6); however, clinical history and clinical evaluation alone and eosinophilia, have low sensitivity for the diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis (7,8). Asymptomatic infection has been reported in 25%–36% of persons with travel-associated schistosomiasis, and eosinophilia was present in 50% of the patients (7,8). In screenings in France, only 27% of schistosomiasis-positive patients reported genitourinary symptoms (6). For the diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis, serologic testing is more sensitive than detection of eggs in urine, particularly in mild infections (7–9). Many asymptomatic family members of the index case-patients who acquired infection in Corsica tested positive only by serologic testing (1–4). However, commercial serologic tests for schistosomiasis have low sensitivity (9). Kinkel et al. (9) showed that sensitivity of an IIFAT and 3 ELISAs for S. haematobium ranged from 21.4% to 71.4%. In the Corsica outbreak, serologic testing may be even less sensitive because of the hybrid nature of the schistosoma (S. haematobium/S. bovis) (6). In our study, only 2 patients had positive ELISA results. Combinations of >2 serologic tests can markedly increase testing sensitivity to almost 78.6% (9). Sulahian et al. (10) found that a WB containing S. mansoni antigens had 89.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity for S. mansoni. In our study, no patients with urogenital schistosomiasis tested positive by WB containing S. mansoni antigens, but 6 patients tested positive by WB containing S. haematobium antigens. In mild infections, the absence of schistosoma antibodies cannot exclude a diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis (7). Therefore, we provided treatment to patients with possible urogenital schistosomiasis; our decision to treat these patients considered the tolerability of praziquantel and the possible severe genitourinary complications of untreated infections (e.g., bladder carcinoma, infertility). Our findings suggest that a sensitive screening strategy for urogenital schistosomiasis consists of a patient’s travel history (exposure in multiple years), clinical history (any new genitourinary complaints after freshwater exposure), eosinophil count, and serologic testing. Because of the failure of commercial ELISA and IIFAT methods, we emphasize that a WB containing S. haematobium antigen should also be used for screening. Of note, a confirmed urogenital schistosomiasis case acquired after a single exposure in 2014 was never reported (1–4,6). The risk for delayed diagnosis of this insidious, neglected disease, which has recently reappeared in Europe, must be reduced. To accomplish this, information regarding the risk for schistosomiasis after freshwater exposure in Corsica must be disseminated to physicians worldwide.

Michael Gref, Nike Matthiesen, Christoph Schmidt et al.

Automatic speech recognition systems have accomplished remarkable improvements in transcription accuracy in recent years. On some domains, models now achieve near-human performance. However, transcription performance on oral history has not yet reached human accuracy. In the present work, we investigate how large this gap between human and machine transcription still is. For this purpose, we analyze and compare transcriptions of three humans on a new oral history data set. We estimate a human word error rate of 8.7% for recent German oral history interviews with clean acoustic conditions. For comparison with recent machine transcription accuracy, we present experiments on the adaptation of an acoustic model achieving near-human performance on broadcast speech. We investigate the influence of different adaptation data on robustness and generalization for clean and noisy oral history interviews. We optimize our acoustic models by 5 to 8% relative for this task and achieve 23.9% WER on noisy and 15.6% word error rate on clean oral history interviews.

Radin Dardashti

No-go theorems have played an important role in the development and assessment of scientific theories. They have stopped whole research programs and have given rise to strong ontological commitments. Given the importance they obviously have had in physics and philosophy of physics and the huge amount of literature on the consequences of specific no-go theorems, there has been relatively little attention to the more abstract assessment of no-go theorems as a tool in theory development. We will here provide this abstract assessment of no-go theorems and conclude that the methodological implications one may draw from no-go theorems are in disagreement with the implications that have often been drawn from them in the history of science.

Pierre Kahn

Among the values that schools in France are formally responsible for teaching, two have a special status, in that they are not only values to be taught at school but values of schools. These are secularism and equality. The article examines the way in which both have evolved over the one hundred and forty-year history of republican schooling. It analyses the debates that each has given rise to: for secularism between its ‘liberal’ and its substantial ‘republican’ meaning; for equality between the principle of equality before school and the ideal of equality through school. For each of these debates, the article endeavours to highlight the impasses of a too easy and too clear-cut opposition between instruction and education.