Argument on loomuliku keele lausung või lausungite järjend, mis koosneb väitest ja ühest või mitmest eeldusest. Lihtsaim argument sisaldab üheainsa eelduse ja väite, mis võivad (kuid ei pruugi) paikneda samas lausungis. Argumentide vahel esineb kolme liiki suhteid: argument võib toetada teise argumendi väidet või eeldust, rünnata teist argumenti või selle eeldust või kummutada teise argumendi. Artiklis võrreldakse seaduseelnõude menetlemisel kasutatud argumentide ülesehitust kahes parlamendis – Eesti Vabariigi riigikogus ja Ühendkuningriigi parlamendis. Võrdlemine põhineb parlamendiistungite stenogramme sisaldaval argumendikorpusel, kus on märgendatud argumentide struktuur, suhted argumentide vahel ja dialoogiaktid. Seaduseelnõu menetluse käiku kirjeldab parlamendiliikmete toetavate ja ründavate või kummutavate argumentide vahetamine. *** "Arguments and their use in the processing of bills on the example of two parliaments" *** An argument is a natural language statement or sequence of statements consisting of a claim and one or more premises. The simplest argument contains a single premise and a claim. There are three types of relationships between arguments: an argument can support the claim or premise of another argument, attack another argument or its premise, or rebut another argument. The article compares the structure of arguments used in the proceedings of bills in two parliaments – the Riigikogu of the Republic of Estonia and the British Parliament. The comparison is based on the argument corpus containing transcripts of parliamentary sessions, where the structure of arguments, relationships between arguments and dialogue acts are annotated. The course of the procedure of the bill is described by the exchange of supporting and attacking or rebutting arguments by members of parliament.
Uurimus paigutub kasutuspõhise korpuslingvistilise keelekäsitluse raamesse. Nagu varasemates töödes, mis tehtud eesti ilukirjandus- ja õppijakeele korpustel, rajaneb ka siinne arvamuslugude (Postimees ja Õhtuleht) keeleanalüüs kolmest komponendist koosnevatele sõnaliigijärjenditele ehk keelekasutusmustritele, mis leitud morfosüntaktiliselt märgendatud tekstidest andmekaeve põhimõttel töötava programmiga Klastrileidja. Korduvalt esinevasse sõnaliigijärjendisse on sisse kodeeritud selle komponentide kooskasutuse fonoloogilised, süntaktilised ja kontseptuaalsed reeglid, mis avalduvad semantika-grammatika piirimail ning toovad esile keelekasutuse seaduspärasusi. Seetõttu on aktiivselt kasutatavad mustrid sobiv allikmaterjal eesti keele õppes, eri lähtekeelega õppijate keelekasutuse võrdlemisel jm, k.a õppija kirjutatud tekstide automaatse töötlemise vajadusel (sõnastuse parandamine koos viitega reegli(te)le ja sihtkeelepärasemale sõnastusele).
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At the border of lexis and grammar: Language use patterns of journalistic opinion articles ***
The study draws on the usage-based corpus linguistic approaches. It presents the linguistic analysis of opinion articles (published in the Estonian daily newspapers Postimees and Õhtuleht), relying on part-of-speech trigrams. These language use patterns have been extracted from morpho-syntactically tagged texts using the data mining software Cluster Catcher (Klastrileidja) developed at the Tallinn University. Earlier, similar analysis has been done based on the corpora of Estonian fiction and learner language.
The recurring part-of-speech sequences have the encoded phonological, syntactic, and conceptual rules of their components’ co-occurrence that manifest at the border of semantics and grammar, bringing out the regularities of language use. Therefore, the actively used language patterns can be considered a suitable source material for teaching and learning Estonian, comparing the language production of learners speaking different native languages and also for automated processing of learner writings (e.g., proposing corrections in wording with references to rules and examples of the target language use).
The inaugural issue of the fourteenth edition of the Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies is devoted to perceptions, identity, and alterity, three visible stars in the modern sky. To paraphrase Zygmunt Bauman, who spoke of the unholy trinity of modernity, i.e., uncertainty, unpredictability, and insecurity, we may term our unholy trinity sinful when it is exploited to deprive others of their identity or impose one’s dominance over another.
Referencing the British sociologist Gerard Delanty’s concept of “boundary and identities of exclusion,” the first research article examines the “hard borders” in the Baltic Sea Region between 1917 and 1922, concluding that in every instance in which war and violence were used in the Baltic Sea Region to award borders to one state over another or to settle accounts, the arrangements were not permanent and a cycle of warfare with devastating effects on local populations ensued.
Andreea Dahlquist also examines the scenario of geographically distant states, which can occasionally lead to the same outcomes. In such circumstances, the number of cultural hubs, mass media, and social mediators across societies is limited, and mutual understanding is incomplete and imbalanced. Analyzing Romanian-Swedish ties during the Second World War, the author also draws attention to the discrepancy between the nearly entirely favorable attitude of Romanians in Sweden and the more circumspect attitude of Swedish society toward Romania.
Costel Coroban’s research on the Saga of the People of Laxárdalr through the lenses of historical and literary criticism in order to provide an account of how Norwegian kings or queens were portrayed demonstrates conclusively that perception and representation are social phenomena and play a significant role in shaping the minds of historical figures and their decisions and actions. As in many other similar texts, he finds that the author of the tale either portrays the Norwegian monarchy in an extraordinarily favourable or highly terrible light.
According to Valerii Lastovskyi of the Kyiv National University of Culture and Education, the central question in Polish historiography is why the Rzeczpospolita eventually collapsed. The author examines Polish historical literature in order to explain how the function of the Orthodox Church has been viewed in this regard for the past half millennium and what has changed through time. In addition, Polish historians investigated the inner workings of Ukrainian churches and religious activities.
Finally, Mihaela Mehedinţi highlights the simultaneity and interdependence of identity and alterity formation among modern Romanians, demonstrating this vantage point with the perception of the British and the Americans in Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldova. Her conclusions warrant citation and attention from a theoretical and methodological standpoint:
„Despite the cultural and/or geographical distance between Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States of America, on the other hand, towards the end of the 19th century average Romanians were able to interwove information gathered from a wide range of sources and to transform it into realistic depictions of these two countries and their inhabitants. This process of defining the Other combined diachronic and synchronous tendencies, fiction and facts, stereotypes and truth.”
The editors hope that the journal’s ideas, concepts, and case studies will inspire other academics and readers to reflect once more on perceptions, identity, and difference, and to produce new research for submission to the Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies.
Logopeedide igapäevatööst moodustab suure osa häälduspuuete teraapia. Enamasti ei ole häälduspuuetel ühte kindlat kergesti tuvastatavat põhjust ja näiliselt sarnased vead võivad olla erineva tekkemehhanismiga. Tõhusaks teraapiaks on aga vaja häälduspuude olemust mõista. Paraku puuduvad teadusuuringud häälduspuuete avaldumise kohta eesti keeles. Käesolev artikkel pakub välja teoreetiliselt põhjendatud aluse häälduspuuete analüüsiks, võttes seejuures arvesse eesti keele eripärasid. Kirjeldatakse häälduspuuete psühholingvistilist analüüsi, mille keskmes on hääldamine kui kognitiivne protsess. Eesti keele eripäradest lähtuvalt käsitletakse kahte kõneloome tasandit – fonoloogilist ja foneetilist, mille kahjustuste eristamine on praktikas osutunud kõige keerulisemaks. Analüüsiga antakse sisend logopeedilisse diagnostikasse.
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How to analyse speech sound disorders in Estonian children?
The article discusses speech sound disorders in Estonian children from a psycholinguistic perspective. The focus is on the phonological and phonetic aspects of the Estonian language that are substantially different in comparison to well-studied Germanic languages. The topic is relevant to everyone with an interest in speech development but especially for speech-language pathologists, who are tasked with the diagnosis and remediation of this prevalent class of communication disorders.
The gold standard for differentiating speech sound disorders from typical development relies on developmental norms of speech production, which are currently lacking for Estonian-speaking children. Thus, speech-language pathologists have to rely on investigations conducted in languages other than Estonian and their own experience in diagnosing speech sound disorders. Identifying the disorder is only the first step. For effective treatment planning it is also important to understand the underlying processes that manifest in a speech sound disorder. In this article we argue that a process-oriented approach based on psycholinguistic theory is best suited for this goal. The discussion focuses primarily on speech sound disorders arising from the phonological and phonetic planning levels of speech production, because similarities in the behavioral presentations of these disorders make differential diagnosis difficult.
Considering speech sound disorders in the context of findings from other languages and in the context of features that are specific to Estonian leads to several conclusions and suggestions for future investigations. The article identifies a number of aspects of the Estonian language (e.g., segmental quantity and rich vowel inventory) that may prove particularly fruitful for studying the manifestation and differential diagnosis of speech sound disorders in Estonian children.
Kuna annotatsioon on lugeja esimene kokkupuude teadusartikliga, mille põhjal ta otsustab, kas lugeda artiklit või mitte, peab see vastama tema ootustele ja vajadustele. Seetõttu on tähtis, et artikli autor tunneks annotatsiooni struktuuriskeemi, mis on mõjutatud nii valdkondlikest tavadest kui ka laiemalt kultuurikontekstist. Artikli eesmärk on välja selgitada eestikeelsete sotsiaal- ja humanitaarteaduslike artiklite annotatsioonide struktuur ning selle kaudu elluviidavad suhtlusfunktsioonid. Annotatsioonide struktuurianalüüsist ilmneb, et sotsiaalteaduslikud artiklid on standardsema struktuuriga kui humanitaarteaduslikud, sisaldades peale eesmärgi ja meetodi-valimi kohustuslike osadena sissejuhatust ja tulemusi. Kuna standardne struktuur lihtsustab küll teabe leidmist, kuid oma ühetaolisuse tõttu ei pruugi äratada lugeja tähelepanu, on tähtis esitada teavet tasakaalustatult.
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An overview of abstracts written for research articles on humanities and social sciences
An abstract introduces an article and helps readers to decide whether the topic is of interest to them. Therefore it also serves as an advertisement. It is important for authors to be familiar with the structure of an abstract, which is influenced by sectoral practices and the wider cultural context. The purpose of this paper is to find out the structure of abstracts written in Estonian for research articles (humanities and social sciences). A hundred abstracts in total from two Estonian scientific journals, the Estonian Journal of Education (EHA) and the Yearbook of the Estonian Mother Tongue Society (ESA), were analyzed, using Ken Hyland’s move analysis, according to which an abstract has five moves: Introduction, Purpose, Method, Product and Conclusion. The results indicate that articles about social sciences use a standard structure more often than articles about humanities, but both journals also have many similarities. Most abstracts consist of at least three moves: Purpose, Method and Product.
In my research, I have used the postmodern concept of border to analyze the influence of borders on identity building of a national minority, namely that of the Hungarians in Transylvania in the interwar period. According to recent border studies, borders can be dealt with as zones and as cultural and mental landscapes, which serve to make contacts between different entities (in the case of this research between different linguistic and ethnic groups).
The aim of this study is to seek possible answers to questions such as why and how people produce borders through symbols and narratives. How does the human perception of a landscape influence the shaping of a landscape and the way people treat that landscape? In a narrower sense, it analyzes topics like the interpretation of national minority existence, the bidirectional attempt to construct and deconstruct virtual borders and the symbolic value of the mother tongue for a minority. The basic materials of my present study are Transylvanian Hungarian literary texts.
As far as the theoretical basis of the study is concerned, I analyze the topic from the perspective of border studies, cultural and mental landscape studies and identity studies.
"Usage of Latin terms in the practice of the Supreme Court of Estonia"
This article offers an analysis of the usage of Latin terms in the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Estonia during the period of 1993–2016. In the language usage of the legal field, the special language of jurisprudence and the language of legislation and laws are distinguished (Oksaar 1999: 204, Mereste 2000: 412–415, Kerge 2002: 37–38, Mattila 2013: 110–112). In the special language of jurisprudence, legal issues are discussed in scientific terms, the content expressed in the language of law is described and analysed. The language of laws and legislation is used in solving and acknowledging generally important problems for the society (Mereste 2000: 415).
The decisions of the Supreme Court as the judicial authority of the highest instance are the legal acts where a new law is created, thus bringing together the language of jurisprudence and legislation. Because jurisprudence is a discipline the conceptual apparatus of which has developed over centuries on the basis of the Latin language, legal professionals are using Latin as their practical working tool. The efficiency of Latin terms in professional communication and administration lies, first and foremost, in their preciseness: often, an expression consisting of just a few words conveys an important principle which may require more than one sentence to be communicated in Estonian. Therefore, it is expedient and natural to use a specific terminology, including Latin terms, in the language used in jurisprudence; however, in the language of legislation and laws, simplicity and comprehensibility of the text are expected. At the same time, the decisions of the Supreme Court as the texts based on jurisprudential argumentation are also the materials targeting general public. In this context, the article explores how many and which expressions originating from Latin are used in the court decisions and how do the Latin terms used as quotations affect the quality of legal text.
This article describes the typical properties and functions of Estonian -mine action nominals, using dialect corpus data. The dialect data entails non-standard spoken language with a regional dimension and therefore has the potential to display more variation in terms of the behaviour of action nominals in actual language use. This will be demonstrated, inter alia, by the non-canonical realization of arguments, e.g. retaining the sentential form of the patient argument, in phrases headed by -mine action nominals. The article also discusses the problems of assigning a word class to the regularly derived and productive type of action nominals, when taking into account all the possible contexts and constructions in which they can occur.
Kokkuvõte. Maarja-Liisa Pilvik: Deverbaalsed mine-teonimed eesti murrete korpuses. Artiklis kirjeldatakse eesti keele mine-teonimede tüüpilisi omadusi ja funktsioone, kasutades eesti murrete korpuse andmeid. Murdekorpus sisaldab mittestandardset kõneldud keelt, millel on ka geograafiline dimensioon, ning seetõttu on korpuse andmetel potentsiaal näidata mine-teonimede käitumises tegelikus keelekasutuses laiemat varieerumist. Seda ilmestab muuhulgas verbi argumentide mittekanooniline realiseerumine, nt patsienti väljendav lauseliige võib säilitada oma lauselise vormi nimisõnafraasides, mille peasõnaks mine-teonimi on. Artiklis puudutatakse ka probleeme, mis seonduvad regulaarselt tuletatavatele mine-teonimedele sõnaklassi määramisega, kui võtta arvesse kontekste ja konstruktsioone, milles mine-teonimed võivad esineda.
Võtmesõnad: murdesüntaks; teonimed; nominalisatsioon; konstruktsioonid; eesti keel
"Constructions with modal verbs saama and võima as an indicator of increased language competence in Estonian B1 and B2 level written learner language"
The article describes the development of constructions with the modal verbs saama (can, may, be able) and võima (can, may, be able) in written exam texts of adult second language learners of Estonian at B1 and B2 level.
The study on which the article is based is part of a larger study, the goal of which is to develop linguistic descriptions to accompany the functional descriptions of B1 and B2 level given in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR 2007). This is to be achieved by identifying the linguistic categories typically used at these levels, describing and analyzing their frequency of use, accuracy and morphological, syntactical and functional distribution (Martin et al. 2010) and specifying descriptors that distinguish the levels.
The results of the study discussed in the article show that constructions with saama and võima both develop according to the general principles of learner language. The development of constructions with saama is smoother, but there is a big leap in the development of the constructions with võima between B1 and B2 levels. The frequency of constructions with võima is four times higher at the B2 level than at the B1 level, the dependency of these constructions on the text type is reduced, and the morphological, syntactical and functional distribution of the constructions shows a significant increase. The development of the constructions with the modal verb võima can be regarded as an indicator of B2 level.
Kirjeldan artiklis modaalverbide saama ja võima konstruktsioonide arengut kirjalikus B1- ja B2-taseme õppijakeeles. Vaatlen saama- ja võima-konstruktsioonide esinemissagedust, täpsust ning morfoloogilist, süntaktilist ja funktsionaalset jaotuvust kummalgi tasemel, jälgin konstruktsioonide arenguradasid õppijakeeles ning otsin B1- ja B2-taset eristavaid indikaatoreid.
Uurimuse tulemused näitavad, et nii saama- kui ka võima- konstruktsioonid arenevad B1-tasemelt B2-tasemele liikudes õppijakeele konstruktsioonide üldiste seaduspärasuste järgi. Verbi saama konstruktsioonide areng on sujuvam, verbi võima konstruktsioonide arengus toimub aga märgatav arenguhüpe. Võima-konstruktsioonid on B2-tasemel neli korda sagedamad kui B1-tasemel, väheneb nende sõltuvus tekstitüübist, kasvab eri morfoloogiliste vormide arv ning konstruktsioonid muutuvad süntaktiliselt ja funktsionaalselt mitmekesisemaks. Seega võib võima-konstruktsioonide arengut pidada B1- ja B2-taset eristavaks indikaatoriks.
"Written language use of C1 learners of Estonian and native speakers in comparison: Analysis of verb-initial four grams"
This paper comparatively describes verb-initial morphosyntactic patterns in the written language use of C1 level learners of Estonian, i.e. proficient L2 users, and educated native speakers. For this purpose, verb-initial fourgrams were inves- tigated. A further aim of the study is to help provide research-based linguistic content to define language acquisition levels.
This paper takes a look at productive part of derivation of verbs in Finnic languages, frequentative verbs that have an l -derivational suffix in Livonian and how they occur and are constructed. The research is based on data of 15 different l -suffix verbs. The paper investigates how formally frequentative verbs are constructed in Livonian and if they are frequentative in their meaning. An essential criterion to interpret a verb as a derivative is that it has a derivational base, typically an underived word stem, and the paper attempts to find out if Livonian l -suffix verbs have one. Additionally, the paper aims to study if frequentative derivation is still productive in Livonian and to what degree frequentative l -derivatives have been lexicalised. Also other Finnic languages are taken into consideration when examining the derivational base and distribution for Livonian l -suffix verbs. Kokkuvote. Santra Jantunen: Piir produktiivsuse ja mitteproduktiivsuse vahel – kas liivi keele frekventatiivverbid on derivatiivsed voi leksikaliseerunud? Artikkel vaatleb laanemeresoome keeltes produktiivset verbituletuse osa, frekventatiivseid l -tuletisi liivi keeles, kuidas nad esinevad ja on moodustatud. Uurimus pohineb andmetel 15 l -liitega verbi kohta. Artiklis jalgitakse, kuidas vormiliselt frekventatiivsed verbid on liivi keeles moodustatud ning kas need on frekventatiivid ka tahenduse poolest. Oluliseks kriteeriumiks verbi maaratlemisel tuletisena on selle tuletusaluse olemasolu; artiklis puutakse selgitada, kas liivi l -liitelistel verbidel on alustuvi. Lisaks on artikli eesmargiks uurida, kas frekventatiivide tuletamine on veel produktiivne liivi keeles ja millisel maaral on frekventatiivsed l -tuletised leksikaliseerunud. Samuti on arvesse voetud teisi laanemeresoome keeli, uurides liivi l -tuletisega verbide tuletusaluseid ja levikut. Marksonad : liivi keel, laanemeresoome keeled, verbituletus, frekventatiivid, produktiivsus, leksikaliseerumine Kubbovottoks. Santra Jantunen: Produktīvit ja abproduktīvit vaili rubīž: voi līvo kīel frekventatīvtīemizsonād āto derivatīvizt agā sonāviļļo lǟnod? Kēra tuņslob mūsi vāldamiersūomo kēļsi produktīvizt tīemizsonātultoks jaggo, īžkiz frekventatīvidi l -tultoksi līvo kīelso, nant jeddotulmizt kui ne āto vīţod. Tuņsloks alīzoks āto tietod iļ 15 l -tīedoksoks tīemizsonā. Kēras vaņţlob, kui frekventatīvod tīemizsonād formod āto līvo kīels vīţod ja voi ne āto frekventatīvod ka tǟntoks pūolst. Tīemizsonā vizāks tīemizoks um tǟdzi tam tultoks alīz vȯlmi; kēra kōļob klīero voi līvo ltultoksoks tīemizsonādon um alīztov. Vel sōb tuņslod kēras se, voi frekventatīvod tultimi um līvo kīels vel produktīv ja kui āto frekventatīvod tultokst sonāviļļo lǟnod. Nei īž um vaņţoltod mūḑi vāldamiersuomo kēļi, tuņslos līvo l -tīedoksoks tīemizsonād tīedoksalīži ja laigtokst pands tǟdol mūḑi vāldamiersūomo kēļi.
This paper presents the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; specifies their chronology; and analyses the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. If we consider the dating of the event, the earliest sources mentioning Livonians are Gesta Danorum and the Tale of Bygone Years (both 10th century), but both sources present rather dubious information: in the first the battle of Bravalla itself or the date are dubious (6th, 8th or 10th century); in the latter we cannot be sure that the member of the Rus delegation was really a Livonian. If we consider the time of recording, the earliest sources are two rune inscriptions from Sweden (11th century), and the next is the list of neighbouring peoples of the Russians from the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century). The personal names Bicco and Ger referred in Gesta Danorum, and Либи Аръфастовъ in Tale of Bygone Years are very problematic. The first certain personal name of a Livonian is * Mustakka , * Mustukka or * Mustoikka (from Finnic * musta ‘black’) written in 1040–1050s on a strip of birch bark in Novgorod. Kokkuvote. Enn Ernits: Liivlaste nimetustest ja nimedest vanimates kirjamalestistes. Kaesolevas artiklis uritatakse panna paika liivlasi tahistavate etnonuumide ajaline jarjestus, tapsustatakse nende kronoloogiat, analuusitakse rahvanimetusi ja voimalikke liivi isikunimesid. Sundmuste toimumise aja jargi otsustades on koige varasemateks kroonikateks, milles raagitakse liivlastest, “Taanlaste teod” ja “Jutustus moodunud aegadest”, ent molemad on usna kahtlased teated: esimesel juhul on kahtluse all Bravalla lahingu pidamine uldse voi selle toimumise aeg (VI, VIII voi XI saj), teises allikas pole aga kindel, kas Kiievi ja Butsantsi vahelise rahulepingu solmimise (944 voi 945) juures viibis uks liivlane. Teose loomise aega arvestades on koige varasemateks liivlasi (tapsemini kull Liivimaad) nimetavateks allikateks kaks ruunikiviteksti Rootsis, mis parinevad kas XI saj algusest voi hiljemalt esimesest poolest. Sellele jargneb toenaoliselt aastate 1113–1116 vahemikus kirjutatud “Jutustuses moodunud aegadest” leiduv dateerimata loetelu venelaste naaberrahvastest. Iseenesest usna problemaatilistest liivi isikunimedest tulevad kirjutises kone alla “Taanlaste tegudes” esinevad Bicco ja Ger ning “Jutustuses moodunud aegadest” mainitav Либи Аръфастовъ . Esimene kindel liivi isikunimi on * Musta-kka , * Must-u-kka voi * Must-oi-kka (< * musta ‘must’) uhes Novgorodist avastatud kasetohturikus, mis on kirjutatud toenaoliselt 1040.–1050. aastate paiku. Marksonad : liivlased, laanemeresoome rahvad, etnonuumid, antroponuumid, onomastika Kubbovottoks. Enn Ernits: Līvlizt nimtokst ja nimūd amā vaņīmižis kērandoks ovātis. Sīes kēras sōb kōļdod pānda paikol līvlizt rovnimtokst āigali kȭrda, pīenosto nimtokst kronolōgijo, pēţob rovnimtoksi ja voibiži līvo parsōnnimīdi. Suggimizt tuoimimiz āiga pierro loptāntos amā varālizt atto kronikad, kus rokāndob iļ līvlizt, ”Dēņlizt tīemizt” ja ”Nīžom iļ piddoz lǟnod āigad”, bet mȯlmis atto kōdstob tīetod: ežmis um amāleb kōdstob Bravalla taplimi, nei īž ka āiga, kunā se vȯļ (6., 8. agā 11. āigastsadā), tuois ovātos ab ūo sieldo, voi Kīev ja Bizantij vailiz armsǟdimiz kloksimiz jūso (944 agā 945) vȯļ ka iks līvli. Až vaņţlob lūomiz aigo, siz amā varālizt ovātod, kus līvlizt (agā Līvomō) sōbod nimtod, āto kaks rūnkivteksto Rūotsmōl. Ne āto perīņ XI āigastsadā īrgandoksost agā amā obbom ežmist pūolsto. Pierro siedā tulāb ilzoluggimi krīevod kāimarovsti, mis um lieudtob arrob ku 1113–1116 kēratod kronikas ”Nīžom iļ piddoz lǟnd āigad”. Īžeņtsost problemātližist līvo parsōnnimīst sōbod vaņţoltod Bicco ja Ger ”Dēņlizt tīemizist” ja Либи Аръфастовъ , mis um ovātos ”Nīžom iļ piddoz lǟnd āigad”. Ežmi sieldo līvo parsōnnim um * Musta-kka , * Must-u-kka agā * Must-oi-kka (< * musta ‘mustā’) īds Novgorodsto lieudtod tūoigokēras, mis um kēratod arrob ku 1040.–1050. ā. immor.