Muhammad Hasan Imaduddin, Soumya Basu, Hideyuki Okumura
This study examines global econo-environmental capability for 118 countries over 1995 to 2024 using a five-lens framework covering productive capacity (PC), developmental momentum (DM), resource efficiency (RE), degradation and depletion ratio (DDR), and remaining development potential (RDP). Using pooled k-means, a stable four archetype typology is identified and shown to persist over time. The analysis assesses how archetypes characterize country–year outcomes (RQ1), whether cross-sectional fairness is changing and relates to frontier slowdown (RQ2), and how archetypes, distance, and regional context shape transition probabilities and club convergence (RQ3). Inequality in five-dimensional capability declines slightly over the period (Gini from 0.109 to 0.092 and Palma from 1.563 to 1.464), implying modest convergence rather than increasing polarization. Average capability also improves, with larger gains for initially distant countries and smaller gains near the frontier, which is consistent with mild club convergence. Regionally, high capability cases are concentrated in Western Europe and North America, while sustained upgrading is observed in parts of Eastern Europe, mixed stability is observed in East and Central Asia, and selective advances are observed in ASEAN. Policy implications should be based on a country’s archetype and its distance to the capability ideal. Lagging countries should prioritize diffusion of proven high efficiency options and basic capability building, while frontier countries should priorities innovation, structural change, and deeper decarbonization. Policy emphasis should be updated as countries move within the capability space over time.
Стаття присвячена дослідженню впливу венчурного інвестування на економічний розвиток держави. Розглянуто специфіку венчурного капіталу як інструменту фінансування інноваційних стартапів, його основні переваги та роль у стимулюванні науково-технічних розробок і технологічної трансформації економіки. На основі аналізу міжнародних встановлено, що венчурний капітал сприяє формуванню інноваційних кластерів, збільшенню кількості технологічних компаній, створенню робочих місць і підвищенню міжнародної конкурентоспроможності. Водночас було виявлено, що венчурний ринок України характеризується значною чутливістю до зовнішніх ризиків. Визначено напрями подальших досліджень і запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення методологічної та інформаційної бази для аналізу економічних ефектів венчурних інвестицій в Україні.
У статті досліджується роль технологій Big Data у трансформації сучасного страхового ринку. Розглянуто можливості використання великих даних для оцінки ризиків, персоналізації страхових продуктів і підвищення ефективності управління страховими портфелями. Показано, що аналіз великих обсягів інформації з різних джерел – соціальних мереж, мобільних додатків, телематики, медичних чи фінансових баз – дозволяє страховим компаніям точніше визначати рівень ризику кожного клієнта, формувати індивідуальні страхові тарифи та запобігати шахрайству. Особлива увага приділена аспектам захисту персональних даних і забезпечення кібербезпеки, адже використання Big Data потребує дотримання етичних та правових норм. Визначено, що інтеграція аналітики великих даних у страхову діяльність сприяє підвищенню конкурентоспроможності компаній, розвитку інноваційних продуктів та зміцненню довіри споживачів.
У статті досліджено інтеграцію Digital Management і цифрового маркетингу як ключовий чинник підвищення конкурентоспроможності компаній в умовах цифрової економіки та воєнних викликів в Україні. Розкрито сутність Digital Management як управлінської парадигми, що ґрунтується на використанні сучасних інформаційних технологій для планування, прогнозування, контролю та прийняття управлінських рішень. Окрему увагу приділено цифровому маркетингу як стратегічному інструменту комунікацій із клієнтами, що забезпечує персоналізацію взаємодії, підвищення лояльності та зростання доходів підприємств. Проаналізовано практичні приклади впровадження цифрових рішень українськими компаніями та наведено доказову базу з актуальних наукових досліджень. Визначено основні бар’єри інтеграції (недостатня цифрова грамотність персоналу, обмеженість ресурсів, ризики кібербезпеки) та запропоновано напрями подолання цих викликів. Зроблено висновок, що інтеграція управлінських та маркетингових цифрових інструментів формує синергійний ефект, сприяє стратегічній стійкості компаній і створює підґрунтя для їхнього довгострокового розвитку.
The aim of the research is to determine the impact of innovations and Industry 4.0 solutions on the international competitiveness from the perspectives of representatives of food industry enterprises. The empirical layer used information collected on the basis of a survey using the CATI method conducted on a representative sample of representatives of food industry enterprises. Descriptive statistics, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, multiple comparison test and box-plot plots were used to analyse the data. The study confirmed that implementing certain innovations and solutions, both intangible and tangible, is important for maintaining and improving competitiveness on the international market. This applies particularly innovative, modern ways of reaching the customer, developing innovative products, the use of IT systems and the use of innovative methods in advertising and promotion. The conclusions present direct implications for managers of food enterprises who formulate competitive strategies.
Paloma Bel Durán, Gustavo Lejarriaga Pérez de las Vacas, Sonia Martín López
El ámbito universitario es el caldo de cultivo idóneo para generar proyectos innovadores; en efecto, con base en trabajos previos y en la experiencia en materia de emprendimiento en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid el emprendimiento basado en el conocimiento y la innovación es un emprendimiento de alta calidad que favorece que las economías sean más competitivas, algo vital para, entre otras cosas, mejorar la empleabilidad. En España estamos asistiendo a un proceso de impulso de la denominada Startup de Estudiantes en el marco el Proyecto de Ley de Fomento del Ecosistema de Empresas Emergentes, que procura reformar el ecosistema incipiente e impulsar las empresas emergentes como motores de la recuperación y la modernización de la economía española y que reforzará, sin ninguna duda, un emprendimiento basado en la transferencia de conocimiento desde nuestras universidades. Se procura analizar los motivos que justifican que sean fórmulas de la economía social (fundamentalmente sociedades cooperativas y sociedades laborales) las que han de ser tenidas en cuenta como fórmulas de emprendimiento colectivo en los que la innovación no solo económica, sino también social, sea su principal objetivo.
The COVID-19 pandemic became widespread in most countries of the world in late 2019. In addition to human casualties, it has also affected the economies of countries. According to IMF, the world economic growth in 2020 was -3.5 percent. However, the GDP’s growth rate of the Iran economy for 2020 has been positive and was reported as 1.5 percent, but there is evident that the economy has been affected by the coronavirus. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the production, employment, and value-added of the economy of Iran by using the hypothetical extraction method of Dietzenbacher & Lahr (2013) and the Input-Output general equilibrium model of Zaytseva (2000). We have used the data from the input-output table of the Iran Central Bank in 2016 and the employment figures of the Statistics Center of Iran. The results show that the production and the value-added of the economy will decrease by 4.3 and 4 percent respectively. Among the value-added components, mixed-income and net operating surplus experienced the highest declining growth rate. Also, about 6.5 percent of the country's employees have been affected directly and indirectly by the Coronavirus.
Ahlam Almuwil, V. Weerakkody, R. El-Haddadeh
et al.
Digital inclusion research has been critically important in drawing an understanding of how policies, society, organisations, and information technologies can all come together within a national environment that aspires to be a digital nation. This research aims to examine the factors influencing e-Inclusion in the UK within a digital-by-default policy for government services. This study is pursued through combining the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (DTPB) with Use and Gratification Theory (U&G) and conducting a self-administered survey targeting 510 Internet users to study the level of citizens engagement with e-government services in the UK. By incorporating gratification, trust, risk and external factors (i.e. self-efficacy, accessibility, availability, affordability) within DTPB, the proposed model of e-Inclusion used in the paper demonstrates a considerable explanatory and predictive power and offers a frame of reference to study the acceptance and usage of e-government within a national context where nearly all government transactions are digital-by-default. The findings revealed six dimensions as key inhibitors for e-Inclusion, namely: demographic, economic, social, cultural, political, and infrastructural.
Smart home energy technology has been verified to be successful for energy reduction in the residential sector. However, the current penetration rate of smart home energy technology is at a low level. Considering the factors of economy, policy, and demographics, Guangdong Province in China is a suitable region as an exemplary case to promote smart home energy technology through the urban residents. Therefore, using Guangdong as the targeting area, this research examined the factors influencing residents’ intention to adopt smart home energy technology. A theoretical model based on the theory of planned behavior and Norm Activation Model theory was developed, with special consideration of the complex technical features. A questionnaire survey was performed in Guangdong Province and the data was analyzed by PLS-SEM. The analysis results indicated that residents’ attitude towards technical performance, social norm, perceived behavioral control, and personal norm all have positive influence on the adoption intention, of which, attitude towards technical performance had the strongest effect. On the other hand, the attitude towards economic performance was found not to lead adoption intention. To explain this consequence, the discussion based on behavioral economics was proposed.
Resumo O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar as principais características de dois grupos de russos vindos ao Estado de São Paulo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial: os deslocados de guerra provenientes dos acampamentos para os deslocados na Europa; e os refugiados russos procedentes da China. Para isso foram realizadas uma sistematização e análise dos dados contidos no banco de dados sobre os deslocados de guerra em São Paulo, consolidado por Salles et al. (2013). A pesquisa revelou que a política brasileira da admissão dos deslocados de guerra enquanto mão de obra industrial teve seu impacto direto no perfil da população russa selecionada para imigrar ao país, que se dirigiu predominantemente à capital paulista. Os refugiados russos da China apresentavam perfil demográfico e social distinto, sendo um grupo com maior parcela de mulheres e crianças e empregado no setor de serviços. As características profissionais dos dois grupos determinaram sua distribuição pelos bairros de São Paulo. Enquanto os deslocados de guerra da Europa se dirigiram para os bairros periféricos e industriais, os russos da China instalaram-se nos bairros mais próximos ao centro da cidade.
This study aims to based on the extent of the impact of coopetition on innovation and the impact of innovation on leadership and excellence. This study was based on a questionnaire of 31 Algerian companies that cooperates with partners in the same field and to analyze our study we used a set of statistical programs such as the program (SPSS V22) for the given description of the analysis, and the program (Smart PLS V3.0) to build a model of structural equation and test validation of hypotheses. We concluded through this study: the coopetition has an impact on innovation and the latter affects on the excellence and leadership of the company on the other hand.
Management. Industrial management, Economics as a science
Abstract Evolutionary and economic models of the demographic transition argue that economic development incentivizes low-fertility, high-investment parental strategies, and that such strategies emerge first in relatively wealthy families within populations undergoing ‘modernization'. However, most research focuses on fertility reduction rather than shifting parental investment, and few studies consider how parental decisions regarding educational investment vary in relation to alternative rural livelihoods. Using data from 19 villages and 1,719 children (7–19years), we investigate the effects of diversifying livelihoods, wealth and child characteristics on multiple measures of educational investment in rural Tanzania. Children in (predominantly Maasai) pastoralist households were the least likely to attend school, while neighboring farmers and business owners invested more in education. Household wealth, as measured by asset ownership, was also independently positively associated with educational investment for all livelihood types. These results are consistent with lower opportunity costs and greater perceived economic pay-offs to education for relatively labor market-integrated and wealthy households. However, among pastoralists wealth held in livestock was not associated with educational investment. This result may reflect elevated opportunity costs related to the child labor demands of livestock herding. We find a marginal female advantage in education, which is surprising because qualitative research and numerous development projects in the region emphasize the disadvantages facing girls. We also find suggestive evidence of a later-born disadvantage (i.e. borderline statistically significant) consistent with the predicted consequences of sequential household resource dilution. Female advantage and later-born disadvantage were particularly evident in the wealthiest households. Greater reliability in the returns to education for wealthy households may favor preferential treatment of children with higher perceived long-term payoffs, while equal but lower-level investment in all children in relatively poor families may reflect a bet-hedging strategy. We discuss our results in light of parental investment theory and the wider literature on the demographic transition.
Yongfu Yu, Maximiliane Verfuerden, Pia Hardelid
et al.
ABSTRACT
Objectives
Higher rates of infant mortality in the UK than in the Nordic countries are partly explained by wider socio-economic disparities in the UK. We examined the extent to which low birth weight mediates the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and infant mortality using causal mediation analysis. We used cohorts of live births identified in administrative hospital data for the whole of Scotland and Denmark to explore the contribution of prenatal factors, represented by low birth weight, to differences in infant mortality between the two countries.
Approach
We included live-born children born in Denmark (n=1,432,205) and Scotland (n=1,427,163) from 1981-2004. Follow up was to 12 months of age. Information on deaths in first year of life was obtained through linkage with cause of death registers. We determined the effect of socioeconomic status on all cause infant mortality by comparing the highest and lowest quintiles of area-based deprivation (based on Carstairs score in Scotland) or level of maternal education in Denmark. Causal mediation analysis was used for survival outcomes with adjustment for maternal age at birth, sex, birth year of the child, and records indicating congenital malformation.
Results
During the follow-up, there were 8,158(0.57%) deaths in Denmark and 8,271(0.58%) deaths in Scotland. Comparing with the very high SES group, the overall hazard ratios of death for each SES quintile (starting with the lowest) compared with the highest SES quintile were 1.58(95% Confidence interval: 1.47-1.71), 1.40(1.32-1.49),1.25(1.20-1.30), 1.11(1.09-1.14) in Denmark, and 1.50(1.36-1.65),1.35(1.25-1.45),1.22(1.16-1.28),1.10(1.08-1.13) in Scotland. The proportions of excess infant deaths mediated through low birth weight (starting with the lowest) compared with the highest SES quintile were 54.7%, 52.1%, 49.5%, 46.9% in Denmark, and 26.0%, 23.9%, 22.0%, 20.1% in Scotland.
Conclusion
Our result suggests that SES has similar effects on infant mortality in Denmark and Scotland but more of the effect of SES on infant mortality is mediated through low birth weight in Denmark. Public health preventive strategies for infant mortality in both countries need to address prenatal risk factors for low birth weight. The substantial direct effects of SES on infant mortality seen in Scotland, which were not mediated through low birth weight, may be explained by other birth characteristics or could reflect persisting SES disparities in the care of infants after birth.
Galor discovered many mysteries of the growth process. He lists them in his Unified Growth Theory and wonders how they can be explained. Close inspection of his mysteries reveals that they are of his own creation. They do not exist. One of his claimed mysteries is the mystery of the alleged sudden spurt in the growth rate of income per capita and in the growth of population. This sudden spurt never happened. Precisely the same data, which were used in support of the Unified Growth Theory are in fact in its direct contradiction. They show that the created mysteries of growth do not exist. The difference between the diametrically opposite conclusions is that in order to support the Unified Growth Theory and to create the mysteries of growth data were appropriately manipulated and distorted but the contradicting evidence is based on their rigorous analysis. The mechanism of the historical economic growth and of the growth of human population is yet to be explained but it would be unproductive to try to look for explanations in the Unified Growth Theory. However, the problem is much deeper than just the examination of this theory. Demographic Growth Theory is based on the incorrect but deeply entrenched postulates developed by accretion over many years and now generally accepted in the economic and demographic research, postulates revolving around the concept of Malthusian stagnation and around a transition from stagnation to growth. The study presented here and earlier similar publications show that these postulates need to be replaced by interpretations based on the mathematical analysis of data and on the correct understanding of hyperbolic distributions.