Hasil untuk "Dairy processing. Dairy products"

Denyus Augusto de Oliveira Padilha, Daniela Lourenco, Daniel Gianola et al.

ABSTRACT: The GEBV for health traits are typically published as probabilities obtained using threshold models. While these models benefit from theoretical properties, they require substantial computational resources and may face convergence issues. Linear models can be a good alternative, but solutions need to be approximated to the liability scale before converting the GEBV into probabilities. Recently, an approximation from observed to liability scales was presented with limited success for traits with low prevalence (<5%). Our objective was to compare a new approximation with the previous one using health traits with very low (<1%) to moderate prevalences (up to 25%). We used data from Jersey cows for lameness, mastitis, retained placenta, ketosis, metritis, and displaced abomasum (up to 800k phenotypes per trait). Genotypes for 45k SNP were available for 200k animals. The GEBV were predicted using single-trait threshold and linear models implemented in the BLUPF90 software suite. Both approximations involved scaling the GEBV in the observed scale. The scaling factor was (1) the square root of the product of the residual variance and the proportion of unexplained variance in the linear model or (2) the height of the ordinate of a standard normal distribution evaluated at the threshold (new approximation). We used rank correlations, regression parameters, the overlapping of the distributions, mean squared error (MSE), and classification accuracy to compare GEBV from linear and threshold models on the probability scale for both approximations. Correlations between GEBV from threshold and linear models across approximations ranged from 0.87 (very low prevalence) to 0.99 (moderate prevalence). Although no differences were observed in the correlations across approximations, regression parameters, the overlapping of the distributions, MSE, and classification accuracy were improved with the new approximation method. Therefore, the new approximation provides greater consistency for large-scale evaluations using linear models for categorical traits with prevalence ranging from very low to moderate.

Chao-Min Fu, Shi-Qi Luo, Da-Rui Tang et al.

ABSTRACT: Milk has high risk for microbial contamination. RSQ01, a bacteriocin, previously has shown potentiality for pasteurized milk preservation. This study analyzed the effects of RSQ01 on milk microbiota by comparison of bacterial number and composition in 3 pasteurized milk groups: controls without RSQ01, treatment group with the addition of 2× MIC (low concentration), and treatment group with the addition of 4× MIC RSQ01 (high concentration). Integrated 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and metagenomics of these groups after 3 d of storage showed inhibition of RSQ01 on microbiota diversity. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella showed a decrease in relative abundance after RSQ01 treatment, whereas probiotic bacteria such as Lactococcus showed an increase, indicating that RSQ01 contributed to milk preservation by maintaining a low abundance of pathogens and a relatively high abundance of probiotics. Further investigations revealed that milk preservation was primarily attributed to the ability of RSQ01 to decrease the relative abundance of genes related to metabolism of energy and nutrients (e.g., vitamins, lipids, and AA) of microbiota, with change of genetic, environmental, and cellular processes. Interestingly, RSQ01 generally reduced the relative abundance of virulence factors and quorum-sensing-related genes in microbiota, likely reducing virulence and resistance. The findings provided insights into microbiomics mechanisms regarding pasteurized milk preservation of bacteriocins.

Shaoxiong Ji, Yangyi Hao, Xinyue Zhang et al.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the effects of a polyherbal mixture (PM) containing 42.3% lignans and 21.2% flavonoids on the performance, ruminal fermentation, and serum biomarkers in preweaning Holstein calves. Sixty-four neonatal calves (40.6 ± 4.3 kg BW; 48 females and 16 males) were allocated to a randomized complete block design stratified by birth weight, birth date, and sex. Starter feed was provided ad libitum from d 4 until weaning. Treatments included a control (no PM supplementation in milk) and milk combined with PM supplement at 10, 20, or 40 g/d. The results revealed that feed efficiency, body length, or heart girth did not significantly differ among treatments. However, BW, DMI, ADG, wither height, and shank circumference increased linearly with increasing PM supplementation, while diarrhea frequency decreased linearly from d 4 to 15. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen and molar proportions of individual VFA were not significantly affected by PM supplementation, while ruminal pH and total VFA showed a linear decrease and increase with increasing PM, respectively. Similarly, serum glucose, BUN, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, IL-6, and IgM were not significantly affected by PM supplementation, while triglyceride concentrations showed quadratic and cubic decreases with increasing PM. The IGF-1 concentration, total antioxidant capacity, and IL-10 concentration increased linearly, while tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations increased quadratically with increasing PM supplementation. In conclusion, PM additions improved the growth performance of preweaning Holstein calves and reduced diarrhea frequency, with PM supplementation of 40 g/d exerting the most significant effect.

Yangbo Jiao, Weiqiang Huang, Qihang Zhang et al.

Inactivated probiotics have gained attention for their positive health impacts, notably enhanced safety, stability, and tolerance, yet their mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with inactivated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Ps-8 (ILPs-8) on the intestinal health and growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 220 one-day-old male 817 broiler chickens (initial weight: 20.97 ± 3.10 g) were randomly allocated into two groups: a control (Con) group receiving a basal diet and an ILPs-8 group receiving a basal diet supplemented with ILPs-8 at a concentration of 500 mg/kg. Supplementation with ILPs-8 significantly improved the growth performance of broiler chickens, especially the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio during the early growth phase (days 1-21) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ILPs-8 markedly enhanced the activities of digestive enzymes and improved the villus morphology in the small intestine (P < 0.05). Serum IgG and intestinal sIgA levels were higher in the ILPs-8 group compared to the Con group (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant differences in gut microbial composition and functional profiles were observed between the two groups. Interestingly, ILPs-8 supplementation notably increased serum metabolite levels associated with energy metabolism, immune modulation, and anti-inflammatory responses (e.g. l-Glutamine, 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 2-Ketobutyric acid, and Spermine). Correlation analyses further indicated potential linkages between growth and immune performance, altered gut microbiota, and serum metabolite levels. Our findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with ILPs-8 significantly enhanced broiler chicken growth performance and intestinal health. The beneficial effects of ILPs-8 appear to be mediated by modulation of immune responses, gut microbiota composition, and serum metabolite profiles.

N. Siachos, B.E. Griffiths, J.P. Wilson et al.

ABSTRACT: Early detection and prompt treatment of lame cows are crucial for proactive lameness management. This study aimed to evaluate a fully automated 2-dimensional imaging system for real-time lameness detection using artificial intelligence. Data were collected from 11 dairy farms in the UK Four trained veterinarians performed 42 mobility scoring sessions using a 0–3 4-grade scoring system, with scores 2 and 3 representing lameness. On each session, individual weekly average scores were calculated. This resulted in 40,116 paired human mobility scores (HMS) and weekly average mobility scores generated using artificial intelligence (AIMS) matched to a cow ID. Categorical agreement for the 4-grade scale was estimated by calculating the weighted Cohen's kappa (κw) and Gwet's agreement coefficient (AC2), and for the 2-grade scale (nonlame vs. lame) by calculating the percentage agreement (PA), unweighted Cohen's kappa (κ) and Gwet's coefficient (AC1). A trained veterinarian recorded the presence and severity of any lesion of 2,515 cows, which also had an AIMS assigned. A subset of 758 cows were also assigned an HMS 1–3 d before trimming. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and accuracy (Acc) were calculated to describe the system's and human's ability to detect cows with foot lesions. Additionally, automated mobility scores were retrieved for cows with foot lesion records up to 30 d before trimming. Linear mixed effects models (LMM) were built to assess the association of the lesion status at trimming with the daily scores. The average (mAVG), maximum (mMAX), minimum (mMIN) and the percentage of scores that a cow was identified as lame (mPLS) during the 30 d before foot trimming were calculated and their Se, Sp and Acc in detecting foot lesions were determined. Lastly, longitudinal data were obtained from 143 cows tracking daily scores from 5 to 64 DIM. The association of lesion status at the early lactation routine trim (ELRT) with the daily scores was assessed by fitting LMM. Regarding the 4-grade scale agreement between HMS and AIMS, κw (0.24–0.34) represented fair agreement, whereas AC2 (0.81–0.93) almost perfect agreement. For the 2-grade scale agreement, PA was consistently above 80%, κ (0.23–0.38) represented fair agreement, and AC1 (0.76–0.83) showed substantial to almost perfect agreement. The AIMS detected cows bearing severe lesions with Se = 0.53 and Sp = 0.74, whereas the HMS achieved Se = 0.60 and Sp = 0.78. Using optimal thresholds for mAVG, mMAX, mMIN, and mPLS, the system achieved higher Se than HMS. Moreover, cows with severe lesions had increased scores from 23 d before trimming compared with cows with mild and moderate lesions. Longitudinal data showed that cows with severe lesions at ELRT had higher mobility scores during the first 60 DIM compared with those with mild or moderate lesions. Overall, the system's performance was comparable to that of experienced human assessors in detecting lame cows and cows with foot lesions. Finally, its capability to detect mobility changes before the development of severe lesions highlights its potential for early intervention, which could enhance lameness management in dairy herds.

Y. Choi, M. Zhou, Y. Ban et al.

ABSTRACT: Although 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) is known to effectively reduce methane (CH4) emissions in ruminants, its effect on rumen microbial communities under different dietary composition remains less understood. This study investigated how different diet compositions with 3-NOP supplementation affected rumen microbial communities in dairy cows. Rumen samples were obtained from 2 previous studies: a crossover design study with two 3-NOP levels (0 and 130 mg/kg DM) under a high-grain diet (HG; grain:forage = 60:40, n = 12), and a 3 × 3 Latin square design study with three 3-NOP levels (0, 68, and 132 mg/kg DM) under a high-forage diet (HF; grain:forage = 40:60, n = 15). A total of 138 rumen samples (HG: 48 and HF: 90 samples) were subjected to metataxonomic analysis to identify the compositional shifts of rumen microbiota (bacteria, archaea, and protozoa) in response to 3-NOP supplementation. The ruminal bacterial response to 3-NOP was more pronounced under HG diet (11 genera affected) than under HF diet (2 genera affected), with Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group consistently increased under both diets. This bacterial group showed diet-specific fermentation patterns, correlating with increased molar proportion of butyrate under HF diet and potentially contributing to increased molar proportion of propionate under HG diet through succinate production. Methanogen responses to 3-NOP supplementation were also diet-dependent. Methanosphaera sp. increased under both diets, however, distinctive changes including contrasting responses between Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium under HF diet were seen, reflecting their different metabolic capabilities in substrate utilization for methanogenesis in response to 3-NOP. Notably, ruminal Mbb. gottschalkii (H2-dependent) decreased, whereas Mbb. ruminantium (H2/formate-dependent) increased under HF diet, suggesting potential adaptation mechanisms to 3-NOP-induced changes in substrate availability. Ruminal protozoal communities remained unaffected under both diets. Further analysis of combined 2 studies with a batch effect correction approach revealed increases in Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, Saccharofermentans, Mbb. ruminantium, and Methanosphaera sp. group 5 and ISO3-F5, and decreases in Mbb. gottschalkii and Methanomassiliicoccaceae group 4 sp. MpT1 under 3-NOP supplementation. These findings demonstrate that 3-NOP has consistent effects on specific microbial taxa regardless of diet composition, and it also has diet-dependent effects on other members of the rumen microbiota. This knowledge provides valuable insights for optimizing CH4 mitigation strategies in dairy production systems under different dietary compositions.

Chaoqin Jiao, Shaoying Gong, Mingwei Shi et al.

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to disclose the antibacterial activity of beetroot extract (Beta vulgaris) against Cronobacter sakazakii and its possible mechanisms. We evaluated its antibacterial activity by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill kinetics. We also evaluated the intracellular ATP levels, bacterial apoptosis-like death (ALD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels to reveal the possible antibacterial mechanisms. Our results showed that the MIC of beetroot extract against C. sakazakii was 25 mg/mL and C. sakazakii (approximately 8 log cfu/mL) was completely inhibited after treatment with 2 MIC of beetroot extract for 3 h. Beetroot extract reduced intracellular ATP levels and facilitated characteristics of ALD in C. sakazakii, such as membrane depolarization, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels, phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-like protein activation, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, and different from most bacterial ALD caused by the accumulation of ROS, beetroot extract reduced the intracellular ROS levels in C. sakazakii. Our experimental data provide a rationale for further research of bacterial ALD and demonstrate that beetroot extract can inhibit C. sakazakii in food processing environments.

Ruchita Khurana, Tassilo Brand, Ilma Tapio et al.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement (GCE) on the performance, rumen fermentation, methane emissions, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows. Fourteen multiparous Nordic Red cows in mid-lactation from the research herd of Luke (Jokioinen, Finland) were allocated to 7 blocks in a complete randomized block design based on body weight, days in milk, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk yield. Animals within each block were randomly allocated to a diet with or without GCE. The experimental period for each block of cows (one for each of the control and GCE groups) consisted of 14 d of adaptation followed by 4 d of methane measurements inside the open circuit respiration chambers, with the first day being considered as acclimatization. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Methane production (g/d) and methane intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) were lower by 10.3 and 11.7%, respectively, and methane yield (g/kg of DMI) tended to be lower by 9.7% in cows fed GCE compared with the control. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition were similar between treatments. Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were similar, whereas GCE tended to increase molar propionate concentration and decrease the molar ratio of acetate to propionate. Supplementation with GCE resulted in greater abundance of Succinivibrionaceae, which was associated with reduced methane. The relative abundance of the strict anaerobic Methanobrevibacter genus was reduced by GCE. The change in microbial community and rumen propionate proportion may explain the decrease in enteric methane emissions. In conclusion, feeding GCE to dairy cows for 18 d modified rumen fermentation and microbiota, leading to reduced methane production and intensity without compromising DMI or milk production in dairy cows. This could be an effective strategy for enteric methane mitigation of dairy cows.

Qiuju Wang, Yizhe Cui, Nagaraju Indugu et al.

ABSTRACT: The extent to which a nutrition-related disorder such as ketosis alters the ruminal microbiota or whether microbiota composition is related to ketosis and potential associations with host metabolism is unknown. We aimed to evaluate variations occurring in the ruminal microbiota of ketotic and nonketotic cows in the early postpartum period, and how those changes may affect the risk of developing the disease. Data on milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), body condition score, and blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations at 21 d postpartum were used to select 27 cows, which were assigned (n = 9 per group) to a clinical ketotic (CK, 4.10 ± 0.72 mmol BHB/L, DMI 11.61 ± 0.49 kg/d, ruminal pH 7.55 ± 0.07), subclinical ketotic (SK, 1.36 ± 0.12 mmol BHB/L, DMI 15.24 ± 0.34 kg/d, ruminal pH 7.58 ± 0.08), or control (NK, 0.88 ± 0.14 mmol BHB/L, DMI 16.74 ± 0.67/d, ruminal pH 7.61 ± 0.03) group. Cows averaged 3.6 ± 0.5 lactations and a body condition score of 3.11 ± 0.34 at the time of sampling. After blood serum collection for metabolomics analysis (1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra), 150 mL of ruminal digesta was collected from each cow using an esophageal tube, paired-end (2 × 300 bp) sequencing of isolated DNA from ruminal digesta was performed via Illumina MiSeq, and sequencing data were analyzed using QIIME2 (v 2020.6) to measure the ruminal microbiota composition and relative abundance. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to evaluate relationships between relative abundance of bacterial genera and concentrations of serum metabolites. There were more than 200 genera, with approximately 30 being significant between NK and CK cows. Succinivibrionaceae UCG 1 taxa decreased in CK compared with NK cows. Christensenellaceae (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.6), Ruminococcaceae (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.6), Lachnospiraceae (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.5), and Prevotellaceae (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.6) genera were more abundant in the CK group and were highly positively correlated with plasma BHB. Metagenomic analysis indicated a high abundance of predicted functions related to metabolism (37.7%), genetic information processing (33.4%), and Brite hierarchies (16.3%) in the CK group. The 2 most important metabolic pathways for butyrate and propionate production were enriched in CK cows, suggesting increased production of acetyl coenzyme A and butyrate and decreased production of propionate. Overall, the combined data suggested that microbial populations may be related to ketosis by affecting short-chain fatty acid metabolism and BHB accumulation even in cows with adequate feed intake in the early postpartum period.

Ezequiel Luiz Machado, Gaspar Dias Monteiro Ramos, Veridiana de Carvalho Antunes

The Brazilian dairy sector accounts for a significant portion of the national economy, supplying the domestic and foreign markets with a wide variety of products and consequently generating waste. Among these stand out the buttermilk, generated in the processing of butter during the whipping of the cream and with a greater polluting potential than the whey. Therefore, the industry is looking for alternatives to use these as co-products. Buttermilk presents the composition, technological and functional characteristics that make it an excellent ingredient to be used by the industry. Due to this, a theoretical survey was carried out in this work and a summary was elaborated regarding the applications involving buttermilk in different products. The information was collected based on articles, theses, and dissertations from the last 15 years using descriptors in English and Portuguese. After the preliminary selection, a more in-depth analysis was carried out to select only those surveys that presented sensory, physical-chemical, and technological results related to the use of buttermilk. The results showed that it is possible to apply in foods such as bread and various dairy products such as yogurt, fermented milk, cheeses, ice cream, and others. The effect on the sensory aspect varies a lot in relation to the concentration of buttermilk used and the increase in calcium, proteins, and functional compounds together with the addition are almost always observed. It also proves the possibility of use for the composition of microencapsulation of oils for infant formulations. It is concluded that buttermilk can be explored by the food industry for different purposes, contributing positively to the environment.

Lei Liu, Ouyang Lu, Dan Li et al.

ABSTRACT: Ketosis is often accompanied by a reduction in milk production in dairy cows, but the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Ketotic cows possess systemic oxidative stress (OS), which may implicate apoptosis in mammary glands. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a vital regulator of cellular redox homeostasis and is under the control of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in nonruminants. Thus, we aimed to investigate (1) the AMPK-SIRT3 and apoptosis status of mammary glands from ketotic cows, (2) the effect of SIRT3 on OS-induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC), and (3) the role of AMPK signaling on SIRT3-mediated effects on apoptosis. Mammary gland samples were reused from a previous study, which contained healthy and ketotic cows (both n = 15). BMEC were incubated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9 mM H2O2 for 6 h with/without a 30 min incubation of an antioxidant MitoQ (1 μM). Then BMEC were incubated with SIRT3 overexpression adenovirus (Ad-SIRT3) for 6 h followed by a 6 h incubation with 0.6 mM H2O2. Finally, BMEC were treated with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C (Cd C,10 μM) for 30 min before the H2O2 challenge, or cells were initially treated with the AMPK agonist MK8722 (10 μM) for 30 min followed by a 30-h culture with/without si-SIRT3 and eventually the H2O2 exposure. Ketotic cows displayed higher levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 but lower levels of Bcl-2 in mammary glands. H2O2 incubation displayed similar results, exhibiting a dose-dependent manner between the H2O2 concentration and the apoptosis degree. Mito Q pretreatment reduced cellular reactive oxygen species and rescued cells from apoptosis. Ketotic cows had a lower mammary protein abundance of SIRT3. Similarly, H2O2 incubation downregulated both mRNA and protein levels of SIRT3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ad-SIRT3 infection lowered levels of cellular reactive oxygen species, Bax, Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 but increased levels of Bcl-2. TUNEL assays confirmed that Ad-SIRT3 infection mitigated H2O2-induced apoptosis. Both ketotic cows and H2O2-induced BMEC had lower levels of p-AMPK and p-AMPK/AMPK. Additionally, Cd C pretreatment decreased SIRT3 and Bcl-2 expression but increased levels of Bax and Caspase-3. Contrary to the inhibitor, MK8722 had opposite effects and reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells. However, these effects of MK8722 were reversed upon SIRT3 silencing. In conclusion, in vivo data confirmed that ketosis is associated with greater apoptosis and restricted AMPK-SIRT3 signaling in mammary glands; in vitro data indicated that SIRT3 mitigates OS-induced apoptosis via AMPK signaling. As such, there may be potential benefits for targeting the AMPK-SIRT3 axis to help counteract the negative effects of mammary glands during ketosis.

D. Manríquez, S. Zúñiga, S. Paudyal et al.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of waiting time (WT) in the premilking holding pen on the subsequent lying and walking behaviors of Holstein cows. A total of 108 cows (multiparous n = 95; primiparous n = 13), milked 3 times/d [AM (0700 h), PM (1500 h), and nighttime (2300 h)] were monitored for individual WT, which was defined as the time elapsed between the entrance of the first cow to the milking stall in a rotary milking system and the entrance of each subsequent cow housed in the same milking pen. Data for lying time (min), standing time (min), lying bouts (no.), and walking behavior (no. of steps) in 15-min intervals were collected using a commercial 3-dimensional accelerometer affixed on the hind left leg of each cow from early to mid lactation. Mean values (min/h, no./h) for each behavior calculated between consecutive milkings were compared among 3 WT categories: cows with WT ≤30 min (WT1), WT 30 to 60 min (WT2), and WT >60 min (WT3). The overall mean (SD) of WT during the study period was 31.2 (23.4) min, and the distribution of WT1, WT2, and WT3 in all cows through the monitoring period was 50.9, 43.3, and 5.7%, respectively. No significant effects were established for overall WT on any of the behaviors under analysis. However, subsequent analysis by milking shift indicated that, during the period following the night milking, cows in WT1 exhibited the shortest lying time, whereas cows in WT3 had the greatest number of lying bouts. No effect of WT category was observed on the number of steps after any of the milking shifts. Results of this study indicate a moderate effect of WT on lying behavior after the nighttime milking. Variables such as temperature-humidity index, parity, and time of day affected cow behavior and should be considered when evaluating the impact of routine management practices, such as milking, on commercial farms.

M. Ithurbide, C. Huau, I. Palhière et al.

ABSTRACT: Resilience is the ability of an animal to cope with environmental disturbances, such as pathogens or negative energy balance. To improve resilience through breeding, we need resilience indicators. Functional longevity might be a good indicator of a dairy goat's lifetime resilience as it results from the ability to cope with and recover from all the challenges faced throughout its lifetime. The aim of this study was to validate the use of functional longevity as an indicator of resilience for selection. To address this question, we created 2 genetic lines of Alpine goats using hyperselected artificial insemination bucks with the most extreme estimated breeding values for functional longevity and the same milk yield performance. A total of 440 goats, 228 in the high longevity (high_LGV) and 221 in the low longevity (low_LGV) lines, were bred and monitored for 4 yr. Health treatments, serum IgG concentration as a proxy of passive immune transfer in early life, kidding, age, and reason of culling were systematically noted. Weight and body morphology were monitored. Weight and growth during the first year of life were similar in both goat lines. In contrast, the low_LGV goats had a lower weight during the beginning of first lactation than high_LGV goats. The milk fat-to-protein ratio was also significantly higher in low_LGV goats during first lactation. A multivariable Cox regression was fitted to the data to decipher survival at different stages of life in the 2 lines. The overall survival of high_LGV goats was significantly better than low_LGV goats (hazard ratio = 0.63, confidence interval = 0.47; 0.86) even after we included treatment, growth, serum IgG concentration at birth, and year effects in the model. The line effect was not constant over time; no significant effect was found during the first year, and the difference was observed after first kidding. This result suggested that survival at an early stage of life and during later productive life are under different genetic regulation. Altogether, this monitoring of the goat lines indicated that functional longevity-based selection helps to improve resilience by improving survival and mitigating some indicators of fat mobilization during early lactation.

Xinghui Wang, Mengyao Zhu, Juan J. Loor et al.

ABSTRACT: Reduced feed intake during the transition period renders cows unable to meet their energy needs for maintenance and lactation, leading to a state of negative energy balance. Severe negative energy balance initiates fat mobilization and increases circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA), which could induce hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Enhancing the hepatic supply of propionate (major gluconeogenic substrate) is a feasible preventive and therapeutic strategy to alleviate hepatic metabolic disorders during the transition period. Whether propionate supply affects pathways beyond gluconeogenesis during high FFA loads is not well known. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate whether propionate supply could protect calf hepatocytes from FFA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Hepatocytes were isolated from 5 healthy calves (1 d old, female, 30–40 kg, fasting) and treated with various concentrations of propionate (0, 1, 2, and 4 mM propionate for 12 h) or for different times (2 mM propionate for 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h). Furthermore, hepatocytes were treated with propionate (2 mM), fatty acids (1.2 mM), or both for 12 h with or without 50 nM PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha) small interfering RNA. Compared with the control group, protein abundance of PGC-1α was greater with 2 and 4 mM propionate treatment groups. Furthermore, protein abundance of TFAM (mitochondrial function marker mitochondrial transcription factor A) and VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1) was greater with 1, 2, and 4 mM propionate, and COX4 (cyclooxygenase 4) was greater with 2 and 4 mM propionate groups. In addition, propionate supply led to an increase in protein abundance of PGC-1α, TFAM, VDAC1, and COX4 over time. Flow cytometry revealed that propionate treatment increased the number of mitochondria in hepatocytes compared with control group, but inhibition of PGC-1α abolished these beneficial effects. The lower protein abundance of PGC-1α, TFAM, COX4, and VDAC1 and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, along with greater production of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and apoptosis rate in response to treatment with high concentrations of FFA suggested an impairment of mitochondrial function and induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. In contrast, propionate treatment hastened these negative effects. Knockdown of PGC-1α by small interfering RNA impeded the beneficial role of propionate on FFA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Overall, results demonstrated that propionate supply alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in FFA-treated calf hepatocytes by upregulating PGC-1α. Together, the data suggest that PGC-1α may be a promising target for preventing or improving hepatic function during periods such as the transition into lactation where the FFA load on the liver increases.

Amal Hamdi Jasim, Salih Hassan Al-Azzawi

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is a member of the TGFß superfamily that plays a critical role in females' ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate. However, its role in the testis has not been elucidated in Goats. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of GDF9 mutations on the quality of fresh semen in Bucks. Direct sequencing was used to screen possible SNP loci in the goat GDF9 exon one, one SNP locus site 2006 CTC < CTA ( leu < leu ) was identified positively in 15 local Iraqi Bucks. Analysis of variance revealed that significant effect of breeding value for concentration, individual ( p > 0.05) movement, and Acrosome integrity, in All, so of dominance effects of volume, Individual movement, and Acrosome integrity. All traits have low genetic variation, which means that the environment varies high. This study is the first to show a significant association of GDF9 in the initiation or maintenance of spermatogenesis in male goats.

A.J. Lopez, A.J. Heinrichs

ABSTRACT: It is critical that bovine maternal colostrum is fed to newborn calves during their first hours of life. Colostrum is the secretion a cow produces after mammary involution that is rich in various nutrients. In addition to the nutritive value for newborn calves, immunoglobulins are of interest due to their role in developing the naïve immune system of calves at birth. The process by which a calf acquires immunity via absorption of immunoglobulins is defined as passive immunity. When calves consume an adequate amount of immunoglobulins, they are classified as having successful passive immunity (SPI). In contrast, if they are deprived of adequate colostrum, they are considered to have had a failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPI). Transfer of passive immunity is assessed by measuring serum IgG concentrations at 24 to 48 h of age. The major factors that influence whether a calf has SPI or FPI are colostrum IgG concentration, quantity fed, and age of calf at colostrum feeding. Monitoring apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption in calves is often recommended to evaluate overall colostrum management practices. Serum IgG analyses can be determined with direct (radial immunodiffusion) or indirect (refractometry) methods and used to assess SPI or FPI prevalence.

Jocely G. Souza, Claudio V.D.M. Ribeiro, Kevin J. Harvatine

ABSTRACT: Time spent ruminating is affected by diet and affects the rumen environment. The objective of the current study was to conduct a meta-regression to characterize the variation in rumination time and its relationship with milk and milk fat yields and variables mechanistically associated with milk fat synthesis, including rumen pH and total-tract digestibility. The analysis included 130 journal articles published between 1986 and 2018 that reported 479 treatment means from lactating Holsteins cows during established lactation. Milk yield averaged 34.3 kg/d (range 14.2–52.1 kg/d), milk fat averaged 3.47% (range 2.20–4.60%), and rumen pH averaged 6.1 (range 5.3–7.0). Rumination observation systems were categorized into 6 groups, but there was little difference in average rumination time among systems. The total time spent ruminating averaged 444 min/d (range 151–638 d) and occurred in 13.8 bouts/d (range 7.8–17.4 bouts/d) that averaged 32.7 min (range 20.0–48.1 min). Bivariate regressions were modeled to include the random effect of study, and correlations were evaluated through the partial R2 that excluded variation accounted for by the random effect. Rumination time was quadratically increased with increasing milk fat yield (partial R2 = 0.27) and milk fat percent (partial R2 = 0.17). Rumination was also increased with increasing milk yield, dry matter intake, and rumen pH, and was quadratically related to dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total-tract NDF digestibility (partial R2 = 0.10–0.27). Similar relationships were observed for rumination per unit of dry matter and NDF intake. The best-fit multivariate model predicting total rumination time included milk yield, milk fat yield, and concentration and accounted for 37% of the variation. Total-tract digestibility was available for 217 treatment means; when included in the model, the partial R2 increased to 0.41. Last, principal component analysis was conducted to explore the relationship among variables. The first 2 principal components in the broad analyses explained 36.7% of the 39 variables evaluated, which included rumination bouts and time spent ruminating. In conclusion, rumination time was related to milk fat across a large number of studies, although it explained only a limited amount of the variation in milk fat.

Suhail Jawdat Fadihl

Locally produced cheese which called (Gibin Al arab) is one of the most common dairy products in Iraq, it has an economic importance and great social value. This research aimed to identify yeast species from locally produced cheese (Gibin Al Arab) in Diyala city which traditionally made and sold in markets of old town in Baquba, and study some of virulence factors (Esterase production, Phospholipase and Hemolytic production) of yeasts belong to genus of Candida . All cheese samples showed contamination with varying number of yeast, total 88 yeast isolates obtained from 70 cheese samples, they were Geotrichum candidum(20.5%), Rhodotorela species(19.4%), Candida parapsilosis (18%), Candida albicans (13.6%), Candida  tropicalis (10.5%), Candida krusei (8%), Saccharomyces cerevisice (3.3%) and mixed yeast (un identified) at rate of (6.7%). Species of Candida formed half of the total isolates and the most prevalent isolate of Candida spp. was Candida parapsilosis .According to the results determining of  (Esterase production, Phospholipase and Hemolytic production) as a virulence factors identifying Candida spp. these activities referred that all isolates of Candida spp. show one or more of these activities and that isolates of  medically important species Candida albicans were the most virulent isolates. this referred to the importance of take attention about consuming of such types of dairy products and need for applying more hygienic measures during handling, processing of milk and form of storage and/or selling of cheese.

Fernanda Lopes da Silva, Hiani Aparecida Lima Ferreira, Antônio Fernandes de Carvalho et al.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar o efeito da adição de soro ao leite para fabricação de doce de leite, a partir da variação do teor de sólidos solúveis durante a evaporação e determinar o impacto no rendimento industrial. Neste trabalho foram preparadas formulações de doce de leite, com a substituição do soro de leite em três diferentes níveis (0%, 25% e 50%), com duas repetições cada. Avaliou-se a concentração de sólidos solúveis durante o processamento e o rendimento final. De acordo com as condições estabelecidas no experimento a adição de soro de leite conduz a uma redução do tempo de processo, tal como evidenciado pela maior variação na taxa de sólidos solúveis ao longo do tempo. Em contrapartida, reduziu o rendimento final em comparação com o tratamento sem soro.

R. Sieber, M. Collomb, A. Aeschlimann et al.