Hasil untuk "Costs"

Joseph E. Gaugler, B. James, T. Johnson et al.

D. Andersson, D. Hughes

A. Kittur, Ed H. Chi, B. Suh

S. Dagenais, J. Caro, S. Haldeman

B. Sheldon, S. Verhulst

Benjamin A. Olken

J. Gallup, J. Sachs, A. Mellinger

Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, among other channels. Geography also seems to affect economic policy choices. Many geographic regions that have not been conducive to modern economic growth have high population densities and are experiencing rapid increases in population. At particular disadvantage are regions located far from coasts and ocean-navigable rivers, for which the transport costs of international trade are high, and tropical regions, which bear a heavy burden of disease. Moreover, a large portion of population growth over the next thirty years is expected to occur in these geographically disadvantaged regions.

R. Lochmiller, C. Deerenberg

Annika Ravald, C. Grönroos

Gérard P. Cachon, M. Fisher

Bachisio Mario Padedda, Paola Buscarinu, Tomasa Virdis et al.

Eutrophication is a pervasive issue in Mediterranean reservoirs, where external nutrient inputs and internal sediment releases interact to impair water quality and ecological stability. This study assessed the trophic condition of the artificial lake Cuga in Sardinia (Italy), mainly used for irrigation and providing potable water, by integrating watershed nutrient load estimates, inter-lake transfers, and internal phosphorus release. Field campaigns between July 2022 and May 2023 provided bi-monthly measurements of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, complemented by GIS-based land cover analysis and export coefficient modeling to quantify spatial nutrient sources. Additional phosphorus inputs from water transfers with a nearby reservoir were calculated, while internal sediment release was estimated using a calibrated mass balance model. Results revealed high nutrient concentrations, with mean total phosphorus of 128 mg P m⁻³, chlorophyll <i>a</i> averaging 9.9 mg m⁻³, and Secchi depth below 1 m, classifying the reservoir as eutrophic to hypertrophic under OECD and Carlson indices. Spatial loads were dominated by agricultural areas, while inter-lake transfers and internal sediment release contributed substantially to the overall phosphorus budget. The predictive Vollenweider model closely matched the observed conditions, confirming the robustness of the combined approach. Maintaining good ecological status in Mediterranean reservoirs is essential for safeguarding human well-being, as eutrophication degrades drinking-water quality, increases treatment costs, and can promote toxin-producing algal blooms with direct implications for public health. These findings highlight the need for integrated management strategies addressing both external and internal nutrient sources to mitigate eutrophication in Mediterranean reservoirs, which affects the ecosystem functioning and the related human needs and well-being.

YANG Wenwen, MENG Xuelei, GAO Ruhu et al.

To address the issues of underutilized transport capacity, low passenger demand satisfaction, and high enterprise operating costs caused by unreasonable train operation plans, this study proposes a supply-demand coordinated train operation plan for urban rail transit based on the principle of traffic resource optimization allocation. Incorporating passenger travel behaviors and travel preferences, a multi-objective optimization model is established. The objectives are to maximize train supply-demand coordination, minimize the total passenger travel costs, and minimize the total enterprise operating costs. The model is subject to constraints such as carbon emissions, train departure frequency and line throughput capacity. An adaptive annealing-whale optimization algorithm is designed to solve the model, and its effectiveness is verified through a case study. The results show that, compared to the full-length route with multi-type formation, short-turn route with short formation, and short-turn route with long formation models, the short-turn route with multi-type formation model not only optimizes carbon emissions but also improves train supply-demand coordination by 185.92, 53.15 and 36.07, respectively. It also reduces the total passenger travel costs by 17.8%, 11.45% and 8.34%, and decreases the total enterprise operating costs by 29.09%, 5.67% and 4.97%, respectively. Furthermore, compared with the whale optimization algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm, the proposed adaptive annealing-whale optimization algorithm improves the fitness value by 7.55% and 5.65%, and convergence speed by 4.46% and 7.55%, respectively, while optimizing all objectives. Therefore, the proposed model effectively enhances passengers, enterprise costs as well as carbon emissions, enhances supply-demand coordination. The designed algorithm demonstrates high solution performance in satisfying the model's requirements.

G. Becker

Diana Guerrero Patiño, Mery Ann Rojano Canchila, Jefferson Antonio Buendía

Abstract Introduction  Oral zinc supplementation is a well-known intervention, widely used to prevent infectious diseases. However, it is also necessary to demonstrate that it achieves the maximum benefit at the lowest possible cost in pneumonia in children, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This economic evaluation aims to estimate the cost-utility and cost-effectiveness of zinc supplementation for the prevention of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 1 to 6 years in Colombia.  Materials and methods Using the decision tree analysis, we estimated the expected benefits and costs of zinc supplementation versus no supplementation based on data on effectiveness and cost previously published in Colombia. The perspective of the present economic evaluation is the perspective of society with a time horizon of 1 year. Results The net monetary benefit (NMB) with oral zinc supplementation was US$ 5,063.3 (95% UI: 5,061–5,065), compared to US$ 5,062.6 (95% UI: 5,060–5,064) without supplementation. The estimated cost effectiveness ratio was U$ 4 873 per QALY and U$ 10 324 per year lived gained. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, oral zinc supplementation was the most cost-effective therapy in the 53.4% of replications at willingness-to-pay (WTP) of U$ 5180 values. Conclusion In conclusion, oral zinc supplementation in children aged 1 to 6 years in Colombia appears to be a potentially cost-effective strategy for the prevention of community-acquired pneumonia compared to non-supplementation. These findings should be interpreted with caution given the small absolute difference in benefits and the marginal incremental net monetary benefit observed. This result becomes an input for the construction of public health policies aimed at reducing the burden of disease generated by respiratory infections in Colombia, as well as serving as an example and motivation to assess the cost and utility of these strategies in other developing and developed countries.

Biniam Bahiru Tufa, Shiferaw Mitiku Tebeka

Abstract Background Humanitarian logistics involves the coordinated movement of relief goods, personnel, information, and funds between beneficiaries, donors, and suppliers, which is crucial for successful emergency response operations. In Ethiopia, logistical challenges often hinder access to healthcare services. This study focuses on humanitarian logistics management (HLM) in Ethiopia, aiming to assess the perceptions of HLM practices, identify key challenges, and provide solutions to improve healthcare access for beneficiaries. Methods An explanatory and descriptive case study design was used to explore the logistical challenges. A mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data, was employed concurrently. The study surveyed 92 professionals in technical and managerial positions from nine directorates involved in core humanitarian logistics activities, using a census sampling method. Results The study identified 20 key challenges, grouped into five categories. Organizational and economic challenges were the most prominent. The findings revealed notable variations in HLM practices across organizations. Inventory management was the most commonly implemented logistics function, followed by distribution management. In contrast, procurement and transportation management were less effectively practiced. Among the organizations studied, the Ethiopian Public Health Institute demonstrated more effective HLM practices compared to the Ministry of Health and the Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Service. Conclusions The study highlights significant inefficiencies in the humanitarian logistics system, particularly in procurement and transportation management. These inefficiencies disrupt humanitarian operations, leading to delays in the delivery of pharmaceuticals to beneficiaries. Inadequate logistics can result in loss of life, increased suffering, and unnecessary costs. This research contributes to understanding the gaps in HLM practices in Ethiopia and provides recommendations for improving logistics efficiency in public health emergencies.

Jianmin Du, Jingling Wang, Jun Liang et al.

Abstract The development history of smart logistics and smart manufacturing in China demonstrates a high degree of synergy. This study aims to analyze the impact, mechanisms, and heterogeneous performance of smart logistics on the manufacturing industry chain resilience. The analysis is based on panel data collected from 30 provinces in China, covering the period from 2012 to 2023. The empirical findings suggest a significant positive impact of smart logistics on the manufacturing industry chain resilience, and the research findings are relatively robust. This impact can be primarily attributed to the reduction of transaction costs and improvements in logistics efficiency. In a comparison of the impact relationships between the three different economic regions of the East, Center and West, it was found that the Eastern region had a stronger facilitating effect, the Central region had a less pronounced facilitating effect, and the Western region had a weaker facilitating effect relative to the Eastern region. Moreover, Intelligent logistics has a greater role in promoting the resistance and renewal of the manufacturing industry chain, and a relatively weaker role in promoting the recovery of the manufacturing industry chain. Futhermore, threshold test shows that, in terms of long-term dynamics, there is a threshold effect of smart logistics development on the enhancement of manufacturing industry chain toughness; at the same time, higher level of advanced industrial structure and innovation environment, smart logistics is conducive to the enhancement of manufacturing industry chain toughness level.

H. Stoll, R. Whaley

G. D. Eppen

D. Simberloff, J. A. Cox

Ren Xiangfang, Niu Sijia, Huang Xinyi

Based on the current process of clothing design and development, as well as research and analysis of domestic and foreign literature, this article guides the current digitalization status of the front-end and back-end of the clothing industry and proposes the research problem of this topic. Through clothing design modeling (physical model and design of fabrics, collision detection analysis between human body and fabrics, clothing fabric rendering, and flexible 3D clothing simulation model) and dynamic virtual display of clothing, an effective method to solve the problem is constructed. It has been found that during the design phase, the real effect of clothing fabrics can be realistically restored, and the development speed can be improved, reducing labor costs. At the same time, dynamic simulation display can be used to solve the cost waste problem of sample materials. It can also improve the product selection rate and design level, and solve cost and time problems at the source.