Hasil untuk "Urban renewal. Urban redevelopment"

András Kecskés

Az ábrázoló festészet nem mond le a látható világ vonatkoztatási rendszeréről, azokat egy adott kor elvárásai és technikai lehetőségei szerint alkalmazza a művészi kifejezés érdekében. A táji motívumok és a festői absztrakció összhangban áll az elemek képi, strukturális szerepével, ahogy az alkotó személyiségével is. Ezek elválaszthatatlanok egy jelentős művész esetében. A tájábrázolás a festészet története során számos stiláris és tartalmi lehetőséget mutatott és mutat napjainkban is. A modern festészetben a változások a 19. század végétől felgyorsultak, amelyek a magyar festőkre is hatással voltak. A 20. századi modern magyar festészet egyik kiemelkedő alakjának, Patkó Károlynak az életművén belül is végigkísérhető ezeknek a változásoknak egy szelete, ami nagyjából tíz évet ölel át. Patkó festészetében a táj megjelenítését tartalmi szempontból három szerepkörre oszthatjuk, amelyek mind térformálásukban, mind technikájukban markáns eltéréseket mutatnak, azonban az életműben, időrendben szervesen egymásból következnek. A szerepek változásával együtt a rajzi megoldások és a képek színharmónia-rendszerei is eltérőek. Mindezeket technikai változások is kísérik, amelyek visszahatnak a stílusra és a tartalomra egyaránt. Patkó a klasszikus olajfestésről, a többéves itáliai tartózkodásának hatására a temperafestésre tér át. Ezek együttes eredménye egy oldott hangvételű, monumentális tér- és tájábrázolás lesz, amely unikálisnak tekinthető a modern magyar művészetben.

Richmond Juvenile Ehwi, Lewis Abedi Asante, Emmanuel Kofi Gavu

The prevailing norm in Ghana’s rental housing market involves a mandatory and recurrent advance rent payment of two years or more by renters to their landlords. This paper employs sociological institutionalism, coupled with mixed-methods research design, to investigate the challenges renters face in adhering to the norm and its associated implications. Based on a survey of 362 renters across Ghana and an in-depth literature review, our findings demonstrate that extended advance rent periods, employment-related reasons, and limited savings are the primary factors contributing to the challenges renters face regarding the norm. Adhering to this norm often transforms renters into perpetual borrowers, limits personal development, and alters savings behaviour. The norm’s deep entrenchment can be attributed to Ghana’s political economy, market operations, and institutional deficiencies, perpetuating its prevalence. This research has implications for proposed interventions in the rental housing sector and advances our theoretical understanding of the emergence of distinct norms.

مونا صفائیان, مجید شهبازی

امروزه معماران و شهرسازان معاصر به کمک ابزارهای فناورانه در پی طراحی نماهایی هستند که ضمن افزایش بهره‌وری در زمینه نور و انرژی، ازنظر زیبایی‌شناختی نیز مورد استقبال شهروندان قرار گیرد. از سوی دیگر بازگشت به هندسه اسلامی و خوانش مجدد آن در تولید مدول­های تکرارپذیر و تغییر شکل یابنده که می‌تواند به طراحی نماهای متحرک بینجامد؛ راهکاری محتمل و قابل آزمون است. ازاین‌رو، نویسندگان پژوهش حاضر باهدف معاصرسازی نماها به بررسی میزان پذیرش اجتماعی فناوری و گرایش شهروندان به استفاده از نما‌های متحرک ملهم از نقوش هندسی اسلامی می‌پردازند. این تحقیق که بر پایه مدل پذیرش­فناوری (TAM) شکل‌گرفته؛ از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش انجام توصیفی– همبستگی است. جامعه آماری آن را شهروندان تبریز و جامعه نمونه را 384 نفر از ساکنین شهرک خاوران در منطقه پیراشهری تبریز تشکیل می‌دهد. گردآوری داده‌ها به صورت کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی با ابزار پرسشنامه انجام پذیرفته است. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون پارامتریک همبستگی پیرسون در نرم‌افزار SPSS25 و AMOS تجزیه‌وتحلیل شده است. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان‌دهنده وجود رابطه معنادار بین متغیرهاست. نتایج تحقیق نیز نشان از فقدان آگاهی ساکنین شهرک خاوران نسبت به مزایای فناوری نماها دارد که خود موجب پیدایش نگرش نه‌چندان مثبت در میان جامعه آماری شده است. از سوی دیگر تمایل ساکنین این منطقه به تلفیق نمای متحرک با هندسه اسلامی نشان می‌دهد که الگوگیری از نقوش و هندسه اسلامی در طراحی نماهای متحرک می‌تواند ضمن معاصرسازی نماها به حفظ هویت اسلامی نیز کمک نموده و با ایجاد تعادل بین فناوری و سنت در نماهای مناطق مختلف شهر به ویژه در مناطق حاشیه‌ای و شهرک‌های جدید پیراشهری موجب ارتقای کیفیت بصری گردد.

Suale Iddrisu, Alhassan Siiba, Joseph Alhassan et al.

This paper examined the dynamics of urban land use and land cover change, and their implications for livelihoods in peri-urban Tamale, Ghana. The study employed household data and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) for 1986, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +) for 2004 and Landsat 8 Operationalised Landsat Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLIS/TIRS) for 2019. The findings show that the urban expansion process witnessed a transition from agricultural livelihood to a more complex and monetised urban economy, which presented mixed impacts on the livelihoods of the peri-urban households. We argued that the horizontal expansion of urban areas into prime agricultural lands could be halted by promoting vertical development in the form of multi-storey buildings rather than the horizontal multiplication of individual housing units. Supporting the peri-urban households to diversify their livelihood portfolios by venturing into beekeeping, poultry farming, and livestock keeping, which do not require large tracts of land is recommended.

Abozar Qaseminejad, Mohsen Shabestar, Aliasqar Esmaeilzadeh

In contemporary society, marginalization has emerged as a significant social issue, imposing formidable barriers to social development. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the causal and contextual factors contributing to the stagnation of social development among marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht. The study population consists of individuals residing in the marginalized areas of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht, who were purposively and theoretically sampled. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 38 residents from these areas, with the criterion of theoretical saturation determining the termination of interviews. The data analysis followed the grounded theory method, employing the Straussian approach. The research findings reveal the causal conditions for the suspension of social development, including mutual irreversibility, transient and instrumental actions, weak self-concept, intergenerational perpetuation of poverty, and limited access to resources. Furthermore, the grounds contributing to the stagnation of social development manifest through categories such as divergent roles, gaps in social awareness, inadequate resource availability and reference groups, erosion of family boundaries, and institutional distrust. The outcomes illuminate that the mosaic structure of these regions has been shaped by ethnic conflicts and identity clashes. The dominance of ethnic pursuits, stemming from these conflicts and regressive ideologies, has hindered societal convergence. Furthermore, identity conflicts, exacerbated by profound inequalities, have impeded the adaptation of these ethnic groups to the modern world, particularly in the context of Tehran. Consequently, individuals in these areas tend to engage in transient and utilitarian actions, limiting the establishment of sustainable social interactions and impeding social development.   Introduction Currently, within the realm of development, new themes have emerged that underscore the significance of people and their social capabilities. The prominence and position of social development as one of the four dimensions of development (including social, economic, cultural, and political dimensions) becomes evident when studying the progress of development theory and initiatives. This evolution represents a shift from a primary focus on economic aspects to encompass cultural and social dimensions. The emphasis on quantitative measures has been superseded by the concept of "human development" and a greater consideration of its comprehension and implementation. Theoretical and empirical advancements substantiate that social development is a pivotal element of development, characterized by inherent requisites. To achieve this, it necessitates governmental policy-making and planning, which are integral to the overall pursuit of development. Equally vital is the extent to which the society and its citizens (particularly marginalized populations) comprehend, embrace, and incorporate these policies and programs into their daily lives. This study sets out to address this latter aspect, aiming to gain insights into the social development dynamics among the marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyamdasht areas. Specifically, it seeks to explore how the experiences of marginalization have influenced their understanding of social development and shaped their social actions within their daily lives. Employing a qualitative, deep, and comprehensive approach, this study will examine the social development among marginalized individuals, shedding light on diverse dimensions through an exploration of their lived experiences. Literature Review Prior research has extensively examined social development across various dimensions, including women's participation (Allen, 1985; Boland, 1987; Glicken, 1979; Thomas and Sina, 2009), education (Bradshaw and Graham, 2007; Resnik, 1997), local communities (Daly and Winter, 1978; Velosky and Monroe, 2009), and others. Moreover, several studies have addressed the assessment of social development rankings within Hamedan province's cities (Zofari et al., 2009), the examination of social development indicators and rankings across the country's provinces (Firouzabadi et al., 2010), the investigation into Iran's social development indicators and international position (Fazli et al., 2012), the exploration of human and social development indicators (Gay et al., 2017), the assessment of Iran's current social development status (Riahi, 2010), the examination of dimensions within social development theory (Jacobs and Cleveland, 2007), the identification of dimensions and components within the five development programs (Jaghtai et al., 2015), the analysis of social development in Tehran city (Asgharpour Masoleh et al., 2013), the adoption of a social development approach in poverty alleviation programs in Iran (Qanai-Rad, 2004), and the conceptualization and measurement of social development (Madani and Roshfekr, 2014), among others. Furthermore, there have been studies conducted by foreign and domestic researchers that focus on the perspective of marginalized individuals themselves. For instance, studies such as Martin's exploration in 2000 in Lima, Tupac, Perlman's investigation in 2010 in Argentina and Rio de Janeiro, Safa's analysis in 1974 in Puerto Rico, San Juan, Oiro's examination in 1988 in Argentina, Ghanem's study in 1997 in Cairo, Sharma's research in 1991 in Sarga, India, Piran's work in 1373, Ismaili and Omidi's inquiry in 2011 in Islamabad, Parsapzoh's study in 1381 in Islamabad, and Pereghi et al.'s investigation in 1383 in Isfahan provide valuable insights into the phenomenon of marginalization. It should be noted that unlike the aforementioned studies that primarily focused on social development, these studies delved into the complexities of marginalization. Methodology This scholarly research study employed a qualitative approach, adopting a data-based strategy. The targeted population consisted of all adult citizens aged 18 and above residing in the marginalized regions of Pak-Dasht and Qiyam-Dasht, from which a sampling process was implemented. It is worth noting that, based on information provided by the municipality and governorate, these regions encompass eight districts within the city of Pakdasht, while being limited to a single district in Qiyam-Dasht. However, it is important to highlight that the selection of interview participants was not solely based on the criteria set forth by the municipality and governorate. This is because certain locations, despite exhibiting characteristics associated with marginalization in social, economic, and physical terms, were not officially classified as such. Additionally, the researcher's understanding and identification of the extent of marginalization in specific cases differed from the mappings provided by official coordinates. To ensure a purposive and theoretical sampling, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with a total of 38 residents living in the aforementioned areas. Results This study delves into the bottlenecks of social development among marginalized communities, adopting an internal and micro-level perspective. The rapid growth of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht has had profound impacts on the environmental and social dynamics of the region, manifesting in various forms. Particularly in Pakdasht, the presence of diverse ethnic groups contributes to the existence of distinct customs. However, due to the marginalized status of a significant portion of the population, these customs are not prominently observed. Consequently, a pervasive condition has emerged, characterized by income poverty, as well as social and cultural impoverishment. This predicament engenders insurmountable contradictions when confronted with the prevailing inequalities within the metropolis of Tehran. Daily life revolves primarily around livelihood pursuits and aspiring to attain essential societal values such as adequate housing, good health, and quality education. Unfortunately, these circumstances often undermine individuals' ability to engage in purposeful actions aimed at fostering a renewed sense of community and belonging within their place of residence. Moreover, the actions taken in this context are chiefly driven by individual rationality and economic cost-benefit considerations. Consequently, the social dimension is inadvertently sidelined, despite its pivotal role in shaping social development and the potential to establish new foundations for personal identity based on collective accomplishments.

Khashayar Khavarian, Malihe Ghorbani, Fatemeh Kazemi et al.

With the spread of COVID-19 in the world, various measures were applied to reduce the number of fatalities. Reducing daily travel and avoiding crowded places were two important advices to limit the spread which decreased transit use. By shifting some work trips from transit and encouraging residents to use other modes, it is feared that the process of returning passengers to the transit will be slow. In the long term, this backwardness reduces investment in public transportation and share of this system from urban mobility. Ticket transaction information shows that a significant share of the former demand for transit has not returned to it even with decrease in number of infections. This study explores the shift in people's work travel habits following the epidemy of COVID-19 using an online questionnaire. Examining the results of a sample size of 1050 reveals that the proportion of business trips made by public transportation has been reduced to less than half. This decrease is almost the same between men and women and among different categories of education, but it is various in different age groups.

Ahmed M. Soliman, Yahya A. Soliman

Based on a case study of Alexandria city, Egypt, this paper investigates the configuration, interrelation, and integration of urban expansion within the framework of sustainability transitions to enhance the performance of sociotechnical transitions. It explores two main arguments; first, to evaluate the recent urban planning innovations, and second, to raise awareness of the participatory planning model to enhance the involvement of the three pillars to better integrate urban sustainable development. It presumes there is a linkage between urban sustainability transitions and the geographical transitions. It further evaluates whether this linkage would benefit accommodating the rapid population growth of Alexandria. This research applies an empirical methodology to test concepts and patterns known from theory generating three scenarios from empirical data. Moving beyond the ‘niche–regime dichotomy’, this study concludes that innovative practices and vested interests are typically constituted in a dualistic manner and tend to incite processes of change in both.

Mohammad Kazemi, Aliyeh Kazemi

The thermal comfort analysis models specify the acceptable thermal condition such as temperature, humidity, and air movement. Personal, measurable environmental, and psychological factors affect thermal comfort. Psychological factors are often overlooked because they are difficult to quantify. These factors based on different hypotheses such as the hue-heat hypothesis affect the human perception of thermal comfort. The hue-heat hypothesis indicates the relationship between warm and cool colours and subjective evaluation of thermal comfort. This paper used a questionnaire (Actual Sensation Vote) to examine the association between these factors and thermal sensation, humidity sensation, and draught sensation. Totally 65 volunteers from commercial buildings in district 2 of Tehran answered the questionnaires. Cronbach’s alpha is calculated and showed the consistent reliability of the questionnaires. Results indicated that in winter, thermal sensation votes increase in hot spaces (warm colour and low lighting colour temperature) compared to two other spaces. Likewise, in summer, thermal sensation votes decrease in cold spaces (cool colour and high lighting colour temperature) compared to two other spaces. In addition, results clarified that discomfort sensation in the head, neck, and chest is more than in other parts of our bodies. Therefore, regarding thermal comfort, hot spaces are better in winter, and cold spaces are better in summer.

Fred Olayele, Poorvi Goel

This paper integrates a unique dimension of gender in the analysis of economic vulnerability in urban contexts by focusing on women aged 50 and older. We use a probit model to predict the likelihood of vulnerability with a zero-one dummy dependent variable, and four categories of socioeconomic characteristics as predictors: educational attainment, labour market participation, individual demographics, and household characteristics. Using a pooled cross-section of data from the American Community Survey (2013–2017 5-Year estimates), we explore the transmission channel of vulnerability across the four largest cities in the US. The results show, through average marginal effects, a strong association between economic vulnerability and key socioeconomic indicators. The findings support the view that gender differences in labour market participation remain key in explaining disparities. Our two policy prescriptions focus on a more targeted approach in implementing retirement policy changes and loosening the link between labour supply and income.

Sylvia Croese, Michael Oloko, David Simon et al.

The New Urban Agenda (NUA) and Agenda 2030’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognise the key role of ‘sub-national entities’, including cities, in achieving sustainable development. However, since these global policy agendas were agreed and signed by national governments, implementing them at the local level requires a process of localisation to fit local realities. This paper analyses the national guidance (or lack of) and the resultant collaborations emerging between various levels of government in the implementation of these agendas in African cities, namely Kisumu, Kenya and Cape Town, South Africa. It argues that effective implementation of the SDGs requires a strong framework for multi-stakeholder engagement and coordination at all levels of governance, which is possible if both top-down and bottom-up approaches are used concurrently and harmonised.

Suroj Pokhrel

Barpak earthquake 2015 (7.8 Richter scale) killed 8,800 people, injured thousands and made nearly 3.5 million homeless. It created food shortage and hardship on livelihood because of damaged agricultural infrastructures, loss of stored food, feed, seed, livestock and reduced crop yield. This research aims to find out post the disaster situation of food availability, consumption and food balance in Gorkha district, as well as to assure livelihoods support and economic resilience. Relevant literature was reviewed, and field verification and interactions were organized in different rural municipalities/municipalities in the year 2019. The study revealed that Gorkha has a high agricultural potential with a surplus production of cereals (49.7%), fruits (6.2%) and spices (175.7%). However, the surplus on cereals was only in Palungtar, Ajirkot, Arughat, Siranchok, Barpak Sulikot, Dharche and Gorkha municipalities (7491.3, 6000.1, 5946.6, 3424.9, 2699.8, 1255.2 and 707.3 t/year, respectively), but Chun Numbri, Bhimsen, Gandaki and Sahid Lakhan municipalities were in a deficit of 101, 661, 333 and 1799 t/year respectively. Moreover, the district was producing a negligible amount of fish, oilseed, ghee (animal) and honey but was in deficit in the production of vegetables (31.5%), potato (30.0%), milk (29.6%), egg (65.0%), meat (54.0%) and pulses (53.0%). In fact, the food surplus and deficit in different commodities varied in different municipalities with different degrees. It is thus suggested to adopt a municipality-wise, commercial-focused agriculture programme that includes potato/seed production in Chun Numbri (high hill), medicinal herbs in Dharche, maize in Barpak Sulikot, intercropping agroforestry of utis (Alnus nepalensis), timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), white sandalwood (Santalum album) with cardamom/tea/coffee in Ajirkot, goat production in Siranchok and Arughat, avocado in Bhimsen, citrus in Sahid Lakhan, organic vegetables in Gandaki and Gorkha and milk/fruit production in Palungtar. Finally, it is recommended to integrate all the development programmes, farmers’ welfare programmes, agro-tourism and resources to give synergy on food security and economic resilience of the earthquake victims in Gorkha district.

Jennifer S. Minner, Martin Abbott

ABSTRACT International expositions (expos) are significant to the history of urban planning. Analysis of post-event urban spaces can provide valuable insights into the study of spatial planning, parks planning, and heritage conservation. Case studies, conducted at two former expo sites in the US and Australia focus on the role of retention, reuse, heritage, and parks conservation as forces shaping urban spaces over time. The first case at the site of Hemisfair ‘68, in San Antonio, Texas, traces the role of urban renewal and conservation in the history of the site. In contemporary planning efforts, modernist pavilions from Hemisfair ‘68 join nineteenth century buildings as remnants of history that raise questions for the area envisioned as a New Urbanist neighbourhood. The second case study, a former industrial district was cleared and a working-class precinct transformed for Expo 88, in Brisbane, Queensland. The site was later redeveloped into the South Bank Parklands. Over time, South Bank evolved through redevelopment and master planning, public outcry, and instances of conservation in and around the expo site. Common to both cases is the conservation of parks, iconic and ordinary buildings, and public art, which are the outcome of individual and collective actions to shape urban landscapes.

Sandra C. Valencia, David Simon, Sylvia Croese et al.

The Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda recognise the role of cities in achieving sustainable development. However, these agendas were agreed and signed by national governments and thus implementing them at the local level requires a process of adaptation or localisation. In this paper, we analyse five aspects that practitioners and researchers need to consider when localising them: (1) delimitation of the urban boundary; (2) integrated governance; (3) actors; (4) synergies and trade-offs and (5) indicators. These considerations are interrelated, and while not exhaustive, provide an important initial step for reflection on the challenges and opportunities of working with these global agendas at the local level. The paper draws on the inception phase of an international comparative transdisciplinary research project in seven cities on four continents: Buenos Aires (Argentina), Cape Town (South Africa), Gothenburg (Sweden), Kisumu (Kenya), Malmö (Sweden), Sheffield (UK) and Shimla (India).

KOSARA KUJUNDZIC, SLAVICA STAMATOVIC VUCKOVIC

Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, Boka Bay, Montenegro, is well known for its exceptional beauty, evaluated by UNESCO. The unique universal value has been embodied in the cultural landscape: vernacular architecture harmonized with the cultivated terraced landscape on the slopes of high, rocky mountains. Kostanjica is an old settlement in Boka Bay, former fishermen village, recognized for valuable elements of the cultural landscape: chestnut tree and laurel forest, terraced gardens with arable land, fruit gardens, traditional architecture in stone: clusters of houses, piers and docks, pedestrian pathways, pavements, retaining walls, well-integrated in the autochthone Mediterranean vegetation. Since Montenegro has pronounced itself Ecological state in 1991, environmental protection has become the highest priority in all Sustainable Development agendas and policies. Furthermore, preservation of regional peculiarity and fostering distinctive identity of a place, is one of the crucial sustainable development goals. The ongoing development of tourist resort “Boka Gardens” in Kostanjica has revealed these harmful, unsustainable tendencies in Montenegro. On the grounds of investor’s urban planning and profit-driven architecture, the unique and valuable cultural landscape of Kostanjica has been devastated to the extent that Boka Bay’s UNESCO status has been jeopardized. The paper researches cause of this damaging phenomena, seeking for ways of overcoming profoundly harmful building practices, thus leading to a more efficient and sustainable urban development.

Adolph Reed

GOZDE YILDIZ, NERIMAN SAHIN GUCHAN

Ayvalik is a pioneer settlement in the West Anatolia with an olive-based industry since its establishment. However, due to fast technological developments and changes in production systems, there is a large stock of derelict industrial buildings within the city centre. In addition, a few of them are restored under poor conditions as a result of financial profits. This situation puts Ayvalik’s olive industrial heritage which constitutes the identity of the town at critical risk of extinction. Ertem Olive Oil Factory is one of the industrial heritage buildings in Ayvalik dating back to 1910 which is a typical well preserved-medium scale 19th-century olive oil factory including both olive oil and soap productions. The aim of this paper is to discuss a conservation approach for the industrial settlement of Ayvalik by assessing the factory and its close environment through values, problems and potentials. The paper thus begins with a brief history of Ayvalik and the effects of industrialization on the city. It continues with theoretical principles of adaptive re-use through contemporary literature and general evaluation of adaptive re-use examples in Ayvalik according to these principles. The third part focuses on the general characteristics of Ertem Olive Oil Factory and its close environment. The final part discusses the conservation approach for the adaptive re-use through values, problems and potentials of the building and Ayvalik.

Maya Manzi, Glória Cecília dos Santos Figueiredo, Laila Nazem Mourad et al.

In this article, we discuss the possibilities for and challenges to the urban planning process at the neighbourhood level, from the perspective of the right to the city. We focus on the 2 de Julho, a neighbourhood located in the Old Centre of Salvador, Bahia (Brazil), where processes of gentrification have pressed the local population to demand its own neighbourhood plan. We problematise neighbourhood planning from the radical perspective of the right to the city, in its potential to generate a collaborative process that originates ‘in-conflict’ and as an instrument of negotiation vis-a-vis the state. We argue that neighbourhood planning not only promotes autonomy and self-management, but also contributes to making the State more accountable. In this way, it has the potential to subvert conventional urban practices that reproduce socio-spatial exclusion, inequalities and injustices whilst contesting the neoliberal logic that dispenses the state from its social responsibilities.

Clébia da Silva, Orlando Alcobia, Moema Hofstaetter et al.

Na perspectiva de aferir como se vem procedendo metodologicamente e verificar a exata aplicação do método fenomenológico aos estudos em turismo no Brasil, foi realizada neste presente trabalho uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório-descritivo, onde foram analisadas 570 (quinhentos e setenta) dissertações de mestrados acadêmicos, depositadas entre os anos de 2008 e 2016 em todas as instituições aqui examinadas, pertencentes ao território brasileiro. Em um enfoque da busca da compreensão do caminho metodológico foi feita uma análise de dados, observando-se os processos e técnicas utilizadas pelos pesquisadores em questão, tais como entrevistas em profundidade, observação participante e relatos experienciais. Da análise da discussão dos resultados observou-se que, das 570 (quinhentos e setenta) dissertações analisadas, apenas 13 (treze) adotaram o método fenomenológico. Diante deste fato, conclui-se que, dada a necessidade de um embasamento teórico complexo de seu pesquisador, este método é de pouca aplicação nas instituições envolvidas nesta pesquisa. Ademais, a essencialidade da postura neutra de seu pesquisador dificulta muito a caracterização das pesquisas como adotantes do método.

Matthew Thompson