Translation of the article L’utopie législative de Platon, by André Laks.
Originally published in: Revue Philosophique de la France et de l’Étranger, Vol. 181, No. 4, Platon (October-December 1991), pp. 417-428, by Presses Universitaires de France.
I. V. Feldblum, R. V. Polibin, V. V. Semerikov
et al.
Relevance. The National vaccination schedule (NVS) of the Russian Federation includes 12 infections against 17–18 indicated in the Vaccination Schedules of most EU countries, and requires improvement in terms of expanding the number of infections and contingents subject to immunization, which is reflected in the «Strategy for the development of vaccine prevention of infectious diseases for the period up to 2035» and the roadmap for its implementation. Since the process of entry of new infections and new vaccines into NVS is quite «difficult» and economically costly (development of domestic vaccines, modernization of domestic enterprises, localization of production of foreign vaccines at Russian enterprises, formation of commitment of medical workers and public confidence in new immunobiological medicines), part of the tasks is to ensure public accessibility to vaccine prevention of infections not indicated in the The NVS can be successfully solved within the framework of regional vaccination schedules (RVS).Aims. To propose and interpret the concept of rational regional vaccination schedules, and also to outline the principles of its formation and assessment of the immediate and long-term prospects for the development of regional foundations of vaccination prevention.Results and discussion. RVS is an expanded version of NVS by including additional vaccine-controlled infections, taking into account the epidemic situation and the presence of high-risk groups of infection in the region. In modern conditions, RVS have been developed and are effectively used in a number of subjects of the Russian Federation, such as Moscow, Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen Regions, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, etc. The implementation of vaccine prophylaxis in the regions using this tool provides conditions for equal access of children and adults to modern highly effective vaccines, increases public awareness of the benefits and risks of vaccination and the level of population immunity, contributes to improving mechanisms for providing citizens with immunobiological drugs and the formation of epidemic well-being in the region based on a risk-based approach.Conclusions. In accordance with this paradigm, the authors introduce and interpret the concept of an «Rational regional vaccination schedules», define the basic principles of its formation and assess the short- and long-term prospects for the development of the regional foundations of vaccination.
Lessons from Antarctica. For an ecology of the Solar System
It seems plausible that the near future will see an ever greater expansion of human presence in several environments of the Solar System, such as the Moon and the planet Mars. This expansion will have multiple goals, of a scientific, exploitative-commercial, and perhaps military nature. This raises a series of ethical question, made even more pressing by the possibility that some of the extraterrestrial environments affected by human activities may host indigenous life forms. This article is meant to underline parallels and divergences of a future, hypothetical expansion of humanity in space with a process in many ways similar: human expansion in Antarctica. We intend to schematically describe the “Antarctic model”, i.e. the approach adopted so far by mankind as a whole towards the continent, highlighting its collective ethical, ecological and socio-political commitments and implications. Finally, on the basis of ideas taken from the literature on the philosophy of ecology, we will attempt to outline an “ecological mentality” that can be applied to the ethical problems relating to interaction with an extraterrestrial environment, be it entirely devoid of life or hosting a native biosphere.
N. M. Kolyasnikova, L. G. Chistyakova, A. V. Ponomareva
et al.
Relevance. The Sverdlovsk district is a tense natural focus for Lyme borreliosis (LB) with a constantly recorded incidence that exceeds these indicators in the Russian Federation and the Ural Federal region several times. LB is registered on 56 of 59 administrative territories of the district. Currently, the count of LB in the Russian Federation includes both infections caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group Borrelia and infections caused by Borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato group Borrelia.Aim. To characterize the epidemic process of LB in the territory of the Sverdlovsk district over a 20-year period (2002–2021).Materials and methods. The paper uses data from federal and regional statistical observations, reporting materials of the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in the Sverdlovsk district for 2002–2021, methods of statistical analysis.Results and discussion. During the follow–up period (2002–2021), the incidence rate of BL in the Sverdlovsk district exceeded the average long-term level in the Russian Federation by almost 3 times, and in the Ural Federal region – by 1.8 times. Among the mechanisms and ways of transmission of LB pathogens, the vector-borne mechanism dominated (84.5%), the share of the unidentified pathway was 15.4%, alimentary (when using raw goat's milk) – 0.1%. The duration of the epidemic season for LB in the district was 10 months (from March to December) with a peak incidence in June. Cases of LB were registered among people of different ages, with a predominance in the group of 60 years and older (39.1%). An analysis of the distribution of people with LB by social composition showed that pensioners prevailed among them – 36.3%, officials made up 27.8%, unemployed – 14.1%. Among the cases, a high proportion of schoolchildren and children under 7 years old were noted. It was found that erythematous and non-erythematous forms of LB are registered in the district, with a predominance of erythematous (64.5%). The main etiological agent of the erythematous form is Borrelia garinii, while the non-erythematous form is Borrelia miyamotoi and B. garinii. In the general structure of morbidity, the number of cases of LB is largely determined by the city inhabitants (92.9%). There were no fatal outcomes in LB in the territory of the district during the studied period.Conclusions. Due to the lack of vaccination of LB worldwide, the only strategy to reduce the incidence of LB is non-specific prevention and timely diagnosis of the disease, including data from epidemiological history, clinical and laboratory diagnostics. The long-term clinical and epidemiological and laboratory studies conducted by us in the Sverdlovsk district allowed us to characterize the main manifestations of the epidemic process of LB and to improve the diagnosis of the disease.
Este artigo analisa um fenômeno intelectual – a psicologia positiva – a partir das relações que este estabelece entre as hierarquias disciplinares universitárias e outras plataformas de consagração. Através de uma análise do estatuto da psicologia positiva e de sua história institucional, o artigo almeja contextualizar os desafios que tal projeto impõe não apenas aos debates teóricos do campo da psicologia como, também, às fronteiras entre universidade e mercado. Para tanto, foram levados em consideração os processos de institucionalização da psicologia positiva nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil, bem como as críticas elaboradas em ambos os contextos.
The paper presents an analysis of the three stages of the development of political philosophy since the 17th century. The rise of modern political theory was marked by attempts to develop a philosophy along the lines of natural sciences. These attempts lead to the development of highly speculative and abstract doctrines; political philosophy ceased being a practical discipline. The paper argues that an important aspect of the traditionalist political thought of the 18th century was an attempt to reestablish the link between theory and practice. In the 19th century, the interest in history was supplemented with new premises about the historical process. Political philosophy, which strived to become scientific, became highly dependent on the premises of various philosophies of history.
L’associazione Culturale in tempo ha promosso un “Manifesto per l’arte. Pittura e Scultura”, che reca nella sua prima versione la firma di una ventina fra artisti e critici ma la cui concezione fondamentale si può senz’altro attribuire al pittore Ennio Calabria. Già il gesto di un “Manifesto per l’arte” è da considerarsi coraggiosamente contro-corrente, e ancora più perché si tratta di un manifesto collettivo, tutto scritto alla prima persona plurale, aperto anzi programmaticamente a successive rielaborazioni e discussioni. Non sapremmo dire da quanto tempo non succedeva questo nella cultura italiana, ma certo è che nulla di simile sembra profilarsi a proposito delle arti della parola. Pittori e scultori sembrano assai più impegnati dei poeti e dei romanzieri a interrogarsi sul significato della propria attività di artisti, e lo fanno qui con un rigore, un impegno e una profondità teorica che non può non colpire: qui non si tratta infatti di sostenere qualche forma o modalità del loro fare arte contro altre forme (come accadeva nei “manifesti” storici del Novecento) e, soprattutto, qui non c’è proprio più nulla del disincanto sorridente ma non innocente del pensiero debole del post-moderno; al contrario, qui si cerca di articolare un pensiero forte, o fortisssimo, che si misura addirittura con il problema dell’essere degli umani, e che anzi da questo problema prende le mosse.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
In a recent work (Honneth 2008), the German philosopher Axel Honneth attempts to renovate the concept of reification starting from a critique of its best-known, classical version Lukács (1972, 83-222). Disconnecting it from its link with the capitalist market, countering the tendency to use it to designate a phenomenon embracing “the entirety of capitalist social life,” and removing the speculative notes it inherited from idealistic philosophy, Honneth (2008, 21-28; 76-79) helps reintroduce an important tool for social criticism into the philosophic field. He does so with his “elementary” notion of recognition that constitutes the anthropologic-philosophical basis of his thought. In this article, I begin by reconstructing Honneth’s position on reification, showing its significance not only for the relationship between human beings, but also for the interaction between human beings and the non-human environment. Honneth’s model gives the
ABSTRACT From the beginning of his philosophical career Schelling, a former student of theology at Tübingen, influenced Protestant theologians in Germany. He contributed to biblical studies as well as to dogmatics. A controversial point was his conviction that religion needs a foundation in speculative reason. This was a position criticised by Schleiermacher but shared by Carl Daub and Philipp Marheineke. It played also a major role in the discussions about the history of dogma initiated by Ferdinand Christian Baur and David Friedrich Strauß. After Schelling stopped publishing at the end of the second decade of the 19th century, his influence on theology dropped, and his late philosophy became an object of critique by the theological Hegelians.
The aims of this paper are twofold: (1) to critique Graham Harman’s avowedly nonrelational object-oriented ontology from the shared relational vantage of ethics, social philosophy, and feminist new materialism; and (2) to articulate the metaphysical basis for a materialist ontology that serves at once as a posthumanist metaethic, or, as I call it, proto-ethic. The nascent movements of speculative realism and object-oriented ontology suggest some fruitful strategies for challenging the anthropocentrism of the post-Kantian philosophical landscape. They do so, however, by simultaneously foreclosing the possibility of thinking with these strategies to address moral and political problems, insofar as they characterize the real as fundamentally nonrelational. I argue that Harman’s adopted noumenalism is ultimately self-undermining, and offer as an alternative a materialist account of reality as intrinsically phenomenal, where phenomenality is unpacked as the excessive, ongoing source of proto-ethical norms to which every human ethical system implicitly appeals.
Relevance. The circulatory system diseases (CSD) are the leading cause of peoples’ death globally. Therefore the assessment of radiation risk of mortality for CSD is the most important task for radiation epidemiology, especially in low dose range (below 1 Gy). Aim: to establish the relationship between circulatory diseases incidence among the Chernobyl emergency accident workers (liquidators) and radiation dose they got. Materials and methods. The object under study is the cohort of liquidators with known individual doses of external gamma exposure of whole body. The group of potential risk is identified by values of excess relative risk (ERR) and relative risk (RR) estimated in the cohort of 134 thousand people, the average radiation dose is 0.11 Gy, maximum individual dose is about 1 Gy. For the period of follow up from 1986 through 2012 12400 deaths were caused by CSD. Results. The group of potential radiation risk comprises of the liquidators with accumulated doses 0.15 Gy and above, they arrived in the Chernobyl exclusion zone in the first year after the accident and stayed there less than 6 weeks. The total size of the identified group was 9.5 thousand people (7% of the cohort members). In the group of potential radiation risk the statistically significant value of RR is 1.44 (95% CI: 1.25; 1.66), averageaccumulated dose is 0.23 Gy. In this risk group 31% of deaths from CSD should be considered as associated with radiation. In the beginning of 2013 the size of the group of potential radiation risk was 6155 liquidators. Conclusions. For remained life about 950 radiation induced deaths from CSD are expected. Adherence of liquidators of the risk group to prevention and control of circulatory system diseases would significantly decrease years of life lost due to radiation exposure in this cohort.
O artigo versa sobre o período de 1933-1939 quando o poeta, dramaturgo e crítico teatral Bertolt Brecht exilou-se na Dinarmaca, a partir da ascensão do Partido Nacional Socialista ao poder na Alemanha (1933). Aborda o exílio como um tema historiográfico e sociológico e como fenômeno histórico no século XX. Caracteriza o período da República de Weimar como favorável às vanguardas artísticas, ao pensamento liberal, quando Brecht estabeleceu os princípios do seu teatro épico. Todo o intenso desenvolvimento teatral foi interrompido pela política de “alinhamento” que determinou a emigração dos maiores nomes da intelectualidade alemã. No exílio desde 1933, Brecht caracterizou a condição do exilado político e realizou a crítica ao nazifascismo através da poesia e da dramaturgia, em cartas, poemas, diários de trabalho. Através da abordagem da história intelectual é possível depreender a evolução de seu pensamento, assim como relações de amizade e solidariedade entre emigrados que consistiam em uma forma fundamental de sobrevivência, no sentido de atenuar o isolamento e permitir a continuidade dos trabalhos literários. Para Brecht, uma tarefa fundamental era mobilizar os emigrados, romper o conformismo, aproveitar-se de sua projeção literária para combater o regime nazista de fora do país.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, History (General)
Abstract A striking feature of the relatively new philosophical genre of speculative realism is that it includes theories that explicitly seek to bridge or overcome the divide between analytic and continental philosophy. Two such theories are Markus Gabriel’s ontology of fields of sense and Tristan Garcia’s ontology of formal things. Both theories hold that all entities - be they physical, mental, fictional, technical, or otherwise - are equally and irreducibly real. This article first describes the core features of these ontologies. This provides insight into these theories themselves and also gives us a glimpse of what philosophy ‘beyond the divide’ might look like. In addition, both theories are shown to be examples of what I will call ‘relational’ philosophy, or philosophy that exhaustively defines entities in terms of how they appear to or feature in other entities. I argue that all such philosophies are haunted by the ‘infinite deferral of specification,’ a specific problem that I argue renders them inconsistent. Finally, I oppose such ‘relationist’ philosophies to ‘substantialist’ ones, and suggest that this distinction might one day succeed the division between analytic and continental philosophy.
The movement of New Realism, which in Italy has been launched by Maurizio Ferraris, is conceived explicitly in opposition to Kant. In his defense of the distinction between ontology and epistemology, Ferraris starts from the presupposition that it is Kant himself who is responsible for their confusion because of his transcendental philosophy and its consequent constructionism. In this paper I will defend Kant’s perspective, explaining his reasons (or his concept of reason), even against Meillasoux’s “speculative realism.” The basic idea is that Kant’s transcendental philosophy requires a new philosophical attitude, which implies a shift from reality to possibility as the fundamental philosophical category, since only possibility enables a critical perspective on reality.
A conceção da vida como fonte de júbilo não é óbvia, porque pressupõe uma ação concreta do sujeito: o homem deve consentir a sua vida. Há, portanto, necessidade de experimentar a alegria da vida, para aprender a amar e observar cuidadosamente a aceitá‑latotalmente. O conceito de consentimento, no entanto, pode causar dúvidas, porque pode ser confundido com resignação. O artigo analisa a vida como um dom, para explicar os principais conceitos de reflexão de Martin Steffens, a saber: os pares conceptuais consentement‑résignation et espoir‑espérance. consentimento‑resignação. Espero mostrar não só como eles diferem entre si, mas também que é a sua função principal e original dentro de uma fenomenologia da vida.
Abstract : Philosophy and science into light for the human civilization. Both have a different starting point, the philosophy developed using speculative-reflective approach, while science using deductive-inductive approach. Relations binding both like two sides of a coin. Philosophy gave birth to science and science contributed to philosophy. Besides, philosophy and science have the same goal of seeking the truth for the sake of the welfare of mankind. The results generated from both truths are relative and relative so that people will always explore, revise, and reconstructed the philosophy and knowledge that already exists, the goal is to find a new truth. Education and guidance and counseling is one branch of the ideas of philosophy and science. The goal of both is to develop human potential and to make a prosperous and happy human life. Oriented education in the process of making a man of what their condition becomes the condition of how it should be. Guidance and counseling as a branch of science education have different characteristics with education itself. The education process emphasizes the cognitive aspects of counseling and guidance while stressing the affective aspect. Making philosophy as a way of thinking and placing science as a way of knowing in education, guidance, and counseling is something mandatory so that the orientation and objectives of both can be achieved. Keywords: Philosophy, science, education, guidance, and counseling
<p>La guerra española de 1936 ha sido definida desde hace más de medio siglo como una guerra civil. Sin embargo, las tendencias en las ciencias sociales y humanas de un lado y la propia dinámica de la investigación historiográfica sobre la crisis de la II República española y la II Guerra Mundial de otro, permiten observar y clasificar las matanzas contra civiles perpetradas por el bando rebelde durante la guerra española y sus secuelas, como propias de una conquista colonial civilizadora y una guerra santa católica moderna. Este texto ofrece una justificación de estas dos definiciones aplicables a la guerra española de 1936 y reflexiona sobre las lógicas biopolíticas y tanatopolíticas que la presidían, planteando que, debidamente suplementada por medio de ellas, la especificidad de esta guerra obliga a reconsiderar la interpretación del siglo XX español y occidental, así como las categorías con las que se abordan los crímenes contra la humanidad</p><p><strong>Palabras Clave:</strong> guerra civil, colonialismo, guerra santa (yihad), II República española, Franquismo, biopolítica, tanatopolítica, Derechos Humanos, exterminio, historia conceptual</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>:</p><p>For over half a century now, the Spanish war of 1936 has been defined as a civil war. Trends in the social sciences and the humanities on one side, and on the other the dynamics of historiographic research on the Spanish Second Republic and World War II allow now to observe and classify the massacres of civilians during and after the Spanish war as characteristic of a type of civilizing colonial conquest and a modern Catholic holy war. This text offers a justification of these two definitions of the Spanish war of 1936 and reflects on the biopolitical and tanatopolitical logics underlining them, arguing that, with their supplementation, the specificity of the Spanish war forces to reconsider the whole interpretation of the XXth century in Spain and worldwide, and the categories for the assessment of crimes against humanity.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>:</strong> Civil war, colonialism, holy war (jihad), Spanish Second Republic, World War II, Francoism, biopolitics, tanatopolitics, human rights, extermination, conceptual history</p>
<p>Detrás de los debates altamente políticos sobre la modernización económica española en los siglos XIX y XX, subyacen distintos presupuestos ideológicos de la naturaleza de sociedad. Este ensayo explora el desarrollo de las políticas de intervención económica en España y las alianzas opuestas e inestable que las sustentaban a través de una revisión del pensamiento de cinco figuras clave que resumen en sí misma las distintas etapas del largo camino español que va desde el liberalismo laissez-faire hasta la autarquía de Franco. Se concluye que las presiones económicas e ideológicas externas jugaron un papel crucial en la conformación este amplio debate.</p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> Modernización económica de España; Ideología política; Políticas de intervención; Comercio libre</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p>Behind the intensely political debates over the economic modernisation of Spain in the nineteenth century lay fundamentally different ideological assumptions about the nature of society. This paper explores the development of economic intervention policies and the conflicting and unstable alliances that underpinned them by examining the thinking of five key figures who encapsulated the different phases of Spain’s long path from laissez-faire liberalism to Francoist autarky. It concludes that the external economic and ideological pressures played a crucial role in shaping the long debate.<br /> <br /> <strong>Keywords:</strong> Spain’s economic modernisation; Ideology; Intervention policies; Free Trade </p>