Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Zarghona Kanwal, Hakan Kuyumcu

This study has been organised to examine the literary criticism of writers who participated in the Progressive Writers’ Association and Halqa-e Arbab-e Zouq between 1947 and 1974 in Savera, the leading journal of the Progressive movement in Pakistan. Savera became one of the most important journals in which a large number of Marxist and leftist writers published their literary and political thoughts. It also contributed to the publication of articles containing literary criticism of Urdu writers within the Progressive Writers’ Movement andHalqa-e Arbab-e Zouq. The journal covered a wide range of literary and cultural articles, criticism, biographies and works of writers. This reflected the journal’s commitment to providing a platform for a variety of intellectual discourses covering both literary and political dimensions. Savera’s literary criticism section has played an important role in stimulating intellectual debate on the purpose and role of literature in Pakistan. The magazine’s diverse perspectives and rich content have contributed to making it a platform for new writers and poets such as Saadat Hasan Mantu, Mumtaz Shirin, Ali Sardar Jaafari, Miraji and Ehtisham Hussain. These writers helped establish literary criticism as a distinct genre. Pakistan’s cultural identity was significantly influenced by this journal, which facilitated the dissemination of the works of writers from different ethnic backgrounds and served a function for literary and cultural exchange.

Araks Pashayan

On 12 November 2024, the Institute of Oriental Studies of NAS RA, with the support of the Bryusov State University (BSU), organized an international conference entitled “The Modernization of China: Armenia-China Relations.” The conference addressed China's modernization, Beijing's vision for current international relations, global security issues, universal human development, and welfare issues. Moreover, the conference aimed to examine the dynamics of Armenia-China relations, their weak and strong sides, and current tendencies. Researchers from the Institute of Russian, East European, and Central Asian Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a major partner of the Institute of Oriental Studies (IOS), Renmin University of China, and Beijing University of Aviation and Astronautics, participated in the conference. From the Armenian side, researchers from the Institute of Oriental Studies of the NAS RA, BSU, the Armenian State University of Economics, and representatives of institutions cooperating with China participated in the conference.

Dana Talebpour

Communication is one of the most important theories of new linguistics, which was theorized by Roman Jakobson. He believes that every linguistic event consists of six elements, which are: Sender, receiver, message, code, context, communication channel. He has determined six functions for each element in transfering the message: emotive function that is related to the sender conative function that is related to the receiver poetique that function that related to the message itself, phatique function that is related to the communication channel, referentielle function that is related to the context of the message, metalinguistic function that is related to the interpretation of language. One of the types of narration in the Quran is storytelling, which is one of the most important means of conveying the message to the audience. The present research was carried out with descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of investigating the six functions of Jakobson's theory of communication in the story of Moses and Khidr  (PBUH) in Surah Al- Kahf . The research problem is to examine the degree of conformity of the communication theory with the verses; Especially the Quranic discourse and the effect of this theory in a new interpretation of the Holy Quran. The results indicate that the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) revolves around the topic of education and learning, and this issue is mostly realized through two-way communication between the teacher and the learner. Therefore, it is expected that the persuasive function will be more prominent compared to other functions. All the actions that Al-Khidr (PBUH) used to teach Moses about piercing the ship and killing the teenage boy and building the wall are considered a non-verbal behavior style. The combined verbal-behavioural style has also had the least use in the verses of the story, which can be seen in the speech of Moses (PBUH) in expressing the extreme fatigue and hunger caused by his long night journey. As it is evident, the adaptation of the verses in this story based on the theory of communication brings us a new interpretation in accordance with the requirements of the time and leads to a new and deep and unprecedented understanding of them.Keywords: discourse, communication, Surah Al- Kahf, story of Moses and Al-Khidr, Roman Jakobson. Extended SummaryIntroductionCommunication is one of the most important theories of new linguistics, which was theorized by Roman Jakobson. He believes that every linguistic event consists of six elements, which are: sender, receiver, message, code, context, communication channel. He has determined six functions for each element in transfering the message: emotivethat function that is related to the sender, conative function that is related to the receiver poetiquethat function that related to the message itself, phatique function that is related to the communication channel, referentielle functionthat is related to the context of the message, metalinguistique function that is related to the interpretation of language. Many teachings of the Quran are done through literary techniques. One of the types of narration in the Qur'an is storytelling, which is one of the most important means of transfering the message to the audience. Therefore, it is necessary to use new linguistic theories in order to provide a new and deep interpretation of these verses. One of the surahs of the Quran that has various styles of storytelling is Surah Al- Kahf.Materials & MethodsThe current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the six functions of Jakobson's theory of communication in the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) in Surah Al- Kahf. The method used is descriptive-analytical. In this method, the researcher tries to collect a large amount of information, hypotheses and variables, then explores the relationships between them and uses appropriate analytical tools that lead him to logical results in the field of scientific research.The research problem is to examine the degree of conformity of the communication theory with the verses; Especially the Quranic discourse and the effect of this theory in a new interpretation of the Holy Quran. In order to achieve this, the current research seeks to find a suitable answer to the following questions:To what extent can the theory of language communication be applied to the Qur'anic verses, especially in the Qur'anic address in Surah Al- Kahf?To what extent can this theory be effective in presenting a new interpretation of the Holy Quran?Research findingsThe story of Moses begins with the daughter of Yoshua ben Nun, the letter (Behold) at the beginning of verse 60: (Behold, Moses said to his attendant) It indicates that God reminds the prophet of this story, so the story has started with a function conative. Verse 61:( But when they reached the Junction, they forgot (about) their Fish, which took its course through the sea (straight) as in a tunnel) It has a function referentielle; Because the words used in it have an external example, for example, the word (Junction) indicates the (junction of the two seas),which was the meeting place of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) and the same is the case with the word (Fish) which has meta-linguistic and mental examples. In verse 63:(Sawest thou (what happened) when we betook ourselves to the rock? I did indeed forget (about) the Fish) The verb (Sawest) has a function function poetique that; Because this verb is used in its non-positional sense which in many cases means (giving news). Verse 64: (That was what we were seeking after) It has an function phatique, as Moses instructs his youth that releasing the shark is a sign of achieving the goal.Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results indicate that the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) revolves around the topic of education and learning, and this issue is mostly realized through two-way communication between the teacher and the learner. Therefore, it is expected that the persuasive function will be more prominent compared to other functions. All the actions that Al-Khidr (PBUH) used to teach Moses about piercing the ship and killing the teenage boy and building the wall are considered a non-verbal behavior style.The combined verbal-behavioural style has also had the least use in the verses of the story, which can be seen in the speech of Moses (PBUH) in expressing the extreme fatigue and hunger caused by his long night journey. As it is evident, the adaptation of the verses in this story based on the theory of communication brings us a new interpretation in accordance with the requirements of the time and leads to a new and deep and unprecedented understanding of them.

Hamdiah A. Latif

This article would like to discuss about the topic on how to increase capacity in writing skills in Arabic language among students of the Islamic State University (UIN) Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, especially students of the Tarbiyah Faculty, Arabic Language Teaching Study Program. Writing skills is one of the most difficult skills to be developed in its application, even though the theory and material presented by the lecturers about it, tends to make it easier during the teaching and learning process. This article attempts to examine the precise and easy steps that can be taken in increasing Arabic writing capacity and skills among university students. This article uses qualitative methods to diagnose various factors and problems faced by students when writing exercises are applied, and this article also tries its best to offer the right methods to make it easier for students to develop writing and composing skills (in Arabic language).

Muhajir Muhajir , Alimudin Alimudin, Era Sastra Pangestu et al.

The purpose of this study was to determine how the development of nabr al-ashwat al-arabiyyah material improved the Arabic speaking skills of Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta Junior High School students. This research utilised a research and development method with the ADDIE model, namely analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The data collection process employed observation, questionnaires, interviews and tests. The results explain that judging from the average pre-test value, it can be said that nabr material has proven effective in improving the speaking proficiency of the material Arabic lessons in grade IX of Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta Junior High School students. The researcher concluded that the development of nabr material from the pre-test results obtained an average value (mean) of 60.27, the minimal value being 48, the maximum value being 70 and the standard deviation being 6.036. while in the post-test table the average student score (mean) is 82.77, the minimum value being 70.00, the maximum value being 98.00 and the standard deviation being 8.149, which was proven by the effectiveness test using the JASP application. The paired samples t-test showed an increase in self-regulation (t (36) = -21.761, p <.001). This data shows that the p-value is <0.05; hence, it can be concluded that the data is significant. Furthermore, the Cohen's d table shows an effect of -3.627.

Ambra Paparatty

This article aims to explore a linguistic dimension’s aspect that significantly characterises human forms of communication: the ability to elaborate stories. Since narration represents the main cognitive tool involved in the data of experience storage operation, the proposal is to identify the intrinsic pedagogical potential that resides in it. Starting with an investigation of the cognitive properties underlying their interpretation on a narrative level, brain mechanisms underlying the act of writing are observed. A conceptual reformulation of the narrative experience as an educational strategy is suggested: this idea made it possible to develop a linguistic analysis of narrative processes in a group of children with specific learning disorders or other fragilities. Narrative constitutes a space for a recapitulation of experiences during the child’s stages of cognitive development. The elements of the storyworld are interwoven, resulting in an overall representation of the narrated events. The texts produced highlight the need to narrate an own autobiographical experience and the conviction that our link with storytelling is the only possibility of constructing contexts of meaning.

Payman Salehi, Abdol vahid Navidi, Kolthoom Bagheri

Researchers have shown great interest in the psychoanalysis of literary works, and in this regard, many theories and schools, including the theory of Jacques Lacan, have attracted their attention. Lacan believes that the unconscious mind of man has three imaginary, symbolic and real areas, which must be examined in order to understand it. In this article, the authors intend to analyze the novel Kwabis Beirut with a descriptive-analytical approach based on Lacan's psychological theory in order to achieve a new reading of the underlying layers of the text as well as a psychological analysis of the novel's main character. One of the most important findings of the article is that the novel is completely consistent with the fields that Lacan stated for the unconscious mind, and the field where the narrator is located - that is, the battlefield - is consistent with the characteristics that Lacan described for the field symbolically mentioned. The incompatibility of the narrator with the environment, the people of the house, the region and the values ​​in the society all confirm this claim. In addition, the narrator is a psychotic person who enters the imaginary realm with the memories of his wife, but in the end, he loses the patience of the existing situation and escapes from the symbolic realm and decides to build a new life, and this new life represents the true character that he wished for.

Tamara M. Sadalova, Tatuna N. Pashtakova

Introduction. Altaian mythology is a distinct religious and mythological system, since historical and cultural ties of the Altai people go deep into the ancient and medieval history of Central Asian Turks and Mongols. The article analyzes Altaian myths centered around the culture hero Sartakpai whose image is widely known in folklore traditions of Southern Siberia and Mongolia. Goals. The work aims to identify mythological foundations in the system of cultural landscapes (or ethnocultural space) inherent to the Altai people. Materials and methods. To facilitate this, it is urgent to reveal mechanisms that sustain the religious and mythological tradition, and serve to select, preserve or remove certain elements in plots of myths, folktales, and legends. So, it is a combination of traditional folklore research methods and an interdisciplinary approach that proves instrumental therein. The paper examines multi-genre texts of Altaian folklore from a comparative perspective, and involves comparative materials of related cultures. This makes it possible to consider the Altaian religious and mythological system in its close relationship with the mythological world view, identify some new dimensions, and actualize relations between its ‘ancient’ and ‘new’ layers. Results. It is generally agreed that Altaian mythology is largely etiological by nature and tends to express worldviews and attitudes of the people’s distant ancestors. The Altaian system of cultural landscapes (or ethnic space) comprises a concept of its mythological development. Hierarchically arranged deities and spirits — each occupying a special niche in three-dimensional space — co-exist with culture heroes that had arranged (developed) certain places, rivers, lakes in the Middle World. And it is Sartakpai who proves a most popular hero of Altaian folklore and whose name is associated with origins of some natural objects. In Altaian mythology, he is viewed as a most active builder of the human-inhabited Middle World — and a native of the Altai. His image is creative, and it is him who had left behind lots of productive evidence in cultural heritage of the Altai people that survive to date, the culture hero himself being still perceived as a glorified historical figure rather than a mythological character. Therefore, the image of Sartakpai persists in present-day ethnocultural processes and discourse.

Elif Namoğlu

Ahlaki edebî eserlerde ‘kadın’ teması döneme, topluma, sosyal hayata, bölgeye vs. göre değişmekle birlikte bir yönüyle nefis ve dünyevi zevkler ile bağdaştırılıp sakınılması gereken bir “dünya süsü”; bir yönüyle bilhassa ataerkil toplumlarda öne çıkan vasıfları ile bir teşbih unsuru; bir diğer yönüyle de cinsiyet kavramının ötesinde, örnek bir insan modeli olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İnsani değerler ve vasıflarda kadının bir farkı, üstünlüğü ya da eksikliği söz konusu olmamaktadır. Fars edebiyatının temel eserlerinden sayılan Gülistan ve Bostan dinî ve ahlaki temellere dayalı, hikmetli sözler içeren öğüt kitapları arasında yer almakla birlikte eğitim, öğretim, kültür sahalarında ve günlük, sosyal hayatta yol gösterici niteliktedir. XIII. yüzyıla ait bu eserler, hikmetli ve öğüt içerikli söylemleri temel almalarının yanı sıra edebî yönden de güçlü eserlerdir ve bu bağlamda İslam kültürü ile geleneksel Fars kültürünü birlikte barındırırlar. Eserlerdeki hikâyelerde konu edilen bireysel ve toplumsal olaylar, şahıslar ve durumlar döneminin izlerini taşımakla birlikte insanoğlunun yaşamının her döneminde karşılaşabileceği meseleler, ayet ve hadisler ile âlim ve mutasavvıfların sözleri rehberliğinde şairane bir üslupla bir araya getirilerek ideal bir yaşam modeli sunma gayreti taşır. Çalışmada, kemâlât sahibi ideal bir insan modeli ve İslam öğretilerini ölçü alan bir yaşam tarzı sunma gayretiyle ahlaki tavsiyeler, hikmetli sözler ve dinî temellere dayalı öğütler içeren bu önemli iki eser üzerinden Sa’dî’de ve döneminin toplumunda kadının yerinin ve kadına biçilen rollerin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Vsevolod Yu. Bashkuev

Introduction. The article is based on the travel diary of German doctor Karl Wilmanns reflecting his impressions of the trip to Buryat-Mongolia. K. Wilmanns, a psychiatrist from Heidelberg, and A. Stühmer, a venereologist from Münster, were members of the group to have organized the joint 1928 Soviet-German expedition for the study of syphilis in Buryat-Mongolia. In the summer of 1926, they undertook a reconnaissance trip to the BMASSR for an initial assessment of the situation. Their visit determined the course of further preparatory arrangements, scientific and practical agendas of the Soviet and German sides. Goals. The article is aimed at singling out of descriptions and characteristics of Buryat-Mongolia, its multinational population, and cultures from the general narrative of the document and analysis of this material in the political and cultural contexts of the Soviet-German medical cooperation of the 1920s. Results. The study reveals some previously unknown information about the city of Verkhneudinsk and Khorinsky Aimag of the BMASSR during the NEP era. In particular, the travel journal outlines the atmosphere of daily life in a small town in the periphery of the USSR, describes its residents and features of the region’s economic conditions, highlights its nature and objects of tangible and intangible culture. The document also provides insight into the healthcare system of the BMASSR, as well as new data on the physical condition of the republic’s population. The diary’s materials proved essential in further analysis of archival materials about the subsequent conflict between Soviet and German participants that arose after the Germans returned to their homeland. Conclusions. The investigation of materials contained in Wilmanns’ diary disprove the Soviet-era belief that his research was racist. On the contrary, Wilmanns’ reasoning demonstrates sympathy to the Buryat people, empathy for their problems, and a desire to help them. The rather meager medical content of the diary is compensated by Wilmanns and Stühmer’s reports on their trip to the BMASSR in the summer of 1926 which were discovered in the State Archive of the Russian Federation.

Niswatush Sholihah

This study discusses the forms, causes and ways of overcoming Indonesian grammatical interference in Arabic conversations of the students of Pondok Tahfidz Yanbu'ul Qur'an Menawan (PTYQM) Kudus. This research is a qualitative research with a sociolinguistic approach. The method of providing data uses the listening and competent methods, and documentation. The method of data analysis uses the translational equivalent method where the determinant is another language, namely Indonesian. The results obtained are: Grammatical interference in the Arabic language in Arabic conversations in PTYQM Kudus, which consists of morphological and syntactic interference. Morphological interference that occurs in the form of affixation and reduplication processes. Whereas syntactic interference occurs at the level of phrases, clauses, and sentences. Interference at phrase level occurs at tarkīb ismy (nominal phrase), tarkīb fi'ly (verbal phrase), tarkīb ‘adady (number phrase), tarkīb żarfy (front phrase), and tarkīb nida’iy (vocational phrase). Interference at the clause level consists of adding elements and using Indonesian elements. Interference at sentence level consists of changes in sentence structure, use of Indonesian elements, omission of elements, addition of elements, and incorrect use of particles. Factors causing grammatical interference consist of structural factors and non-structural factors. Structural factors are the differences between the grammatical system between Indonesian and Arabic. While non-structural factors such as: bilingual speakers and speech partners, Indonesian language habits carried on the santri Arabic, inadequate Arabic vocabulary, learning styles by translating, fear of being sanctioned, and compulsory language regulatory factors that apply at PTYQM. Interference can be overcome by: instilling awareness about the interference that occurs, giving attention and emphasis in drill students to use the correct form of interference, accustom students to use the correct Arabic structure and rules, write the correct form of interference occur on boards posted in places frequented by students, train students to translate Indonesian into Arabic contextually, provide knowledge of Arabic culture that is different from Indonesian.

Ali M. Ugurlu

Yasemin Yaylalı, Yasemin Yaylalı

Firdevsî’ninbüyük eseri Şahnâme içerdiği bilgiler bakımından gerek tarih alanında gerekseedebiyat alanında araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiş ve üzerinde birçok çalışmayapılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Şahnâme hem Fars edebiyatında hem de Türkedebiyatında büyük ilgi görmüştür. Klasik Fars edebiyatında ve Klasik Türkedebiyatında Şahnâme’den esinlenerek eserler yazılmıştır. Kimi zamanda şairlerşiirlerini yazarken Şahnâme’den faydalanmış ve Şahnâme’de geçen karakterleriedebi sanatlar bünyesinde kullanmışlardır. Şairler bazen memduhları içinyazdığı kasidelerde memduhu yüceltmek için Şahnâme’de geçen büyük ve güçlü birkahramana benzetmiştir. Klasik Fars ve Türk şiirinde şairler kimi zaman damemduhun düşmanını Şahnâme’de yer alan zalim bir karaktere benzetmişlerdir.Çalışmamızda hem Klasik Fars edebiyatında hem de Klasik Türk edebiyatındaçoğunlukla kasidelerde yüzlerce örneği olan Şahnâme karakterlerine yer verilen butarz kullanımlardan ziyade her iki edebiyatta da gazellerde geçen farklıkullanımlar tespit edilerek beyit örnekleriyle dikkatlere sunulmuştur. Konunungenişliği göz önünde bulundurulduğundan her iki edebiyatta da örneği bulunankarakterlere yer verilmeye özen gösterilmiştir. Söz konusu örneklerle ilgiliolarak her iki edebiyatta da beyitler dikkatle seçilmiş; Farsça beyitlerTürkçeye çevrilmiş; beyitlerde geçen kahramanlarla ilgili bilgiler verildiktensonra gerekli açıklamalar düşülmüştür.

Tae-Jun Lee

Hania A. M. Nashef

Olga N. Kurova

Baron Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856) was an outstanding orientalist, diplomat, and pioneer in the studies of history and philology of the Middle East. At the Library of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which is a department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences and at the same time the oldest and richest library of Oriental studies in Russia, there is a valuable and voluminous collection of works authored by the outstanding Austrian Orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall devoted to various spheres of knowledge, mostly history and literature. This article examines the history of one of the most important research works by J. von Hammer-Purgstall, i.e. his ten-volume Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches (1827–1835). Referring to numerous sources, this work covers the historical period from the establishment of the Ottoman Empire to the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca of 1774 and is considered to be the first modern historical synthesis. The  Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches has not lost its relevance today, and, despite some serious mistakes, continues to arouse admiration thanks to new information introduced by the author. His memoirs Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben. 1774–1852 occupy a special place among a large number of similar works kept in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In his memoirs, J. von Hammer-Purgstall provides a detailed description of his childhood, talks about his education in the Oriental Academy, and the languages he learnt there. Further along the text, the author gives an account of his diplomatic life in Constantinople, and the Austrian ‘diplomatic ins and outs’, portrays Western and Russian diplomats, as well as a number of Turkish figures. The value of the works by J. von Hammer-Purgstall increases even more due to the fact that they are based on original materials and sources, some of which are known today due to his findings.

D. Robbins

and technology on to the solid roots of Chinese cultural heritage, and Chairman Mao exhorted the nation to learn the techniques of the barbarians in order to defeat them. And, in some respects, the Chinese education system has been viewed through the lens of PISA by many foreign commentators as outstripping the competition and providing a gold standard for emulation – a perception that the authors, drawing on their deep personal knowledge and experiences in China as a student, teacher, and academic (Zeng) and as a textbook writer and researcher (Vickers), suggest is “occluded by Oriental mystique” (332) and in need of demystification – which they proceed to deliver. This book unpicks the knotty complexities of the education reforms in a crisp and entertaining style, with regular references to Chinese aphorisms and barbed puns, and the occasional bon mot (‘Women would be unable to “hold up half the sky” as Mao envisaged, if they were left holding the baby’ (82)). Anecdotes drawn from the authors’ experiences add piquancy to the narrative. The tone is neither hyper-critical nor panda-hugging: it is measuredly sympathetic to the scale of the challenges encountered by policymakers, although not always to the adopted solutions. Education and Society in Post-Mao China plugs a major gap in the English-language literature by achieving its aim of offering a “reasonably comprehensive” and “historically informed and critical ... commentary” on the development of Chinese education in the past 40 years of rapidly changing and often turbulent circumstances. The book should appeal to comparativists, with its frequent references to Japan’s salutary experiences under the Meiji Restoration and to commonalities found in other countries. A broader readership is also likely to find this volume informative and thought-provoking.

G. Maksimov

The article deals with the issues of formation and development of federal law on elections of the President of the Russian Federation, democratization of the electoral law and procedure in the 1990-s. The federal law played an important role in the foundation of the Russian citizens’ position, including the citizens of Kalmykia, in solving crucial state problems.

Willy Oktaviano

Arguably, the main honor attitude in Islam is treating people equally or being fairness and justice. Fairness can be defined as placing something based on its proper situations and conditions. Ibnu Hazm al-Andulisi who is an influential imam in the Islamic world, elaborates that the basic principle of honor attitudes is fairness, which is not only treating and understanding people properly, but also being useful for many people. Importantly, this fairness should be committed honorably and sincerely.

Musa Balcı

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