The wellhead device is prone to washout in the process of slug sand fracturing or blowing while production， which makes it impossible to address the risk of well control in time， thus imposing a serious potential safety hazard. An innovative automatic-setting wellhead plug and supporting hydraulic fishing tool were developed. In this paper， the main structures， working principles， main technical performance parameters and features of the device and tool were introduced， and the laboratory performance evaluation test was performed on the physical prototype of the automatic-setting wellhead plug. The test results show that under the 15 MPa wellbore pressure， the stop pin of the automatic-setting wellhead plug is pulled to allow the plug to fall into the wellbore freely， so as to realize automatic release and delay automatic setting， and meet the requirement of sealing at 50 MPa. The hydraulic fishing tool can be used to pressurize 10 MPa to realize automatic unsealing and pressure relief for equilibrium before the wellhead plug is safely lifted. The developed plug and tool are ready for field testing， and they have been proved effective for addressing the problem of wellhead washout in a short time. Thus， the plug and tool are prospective for popularization and application.
Chemical engineering, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
Most oilfields currently using CO<sub>2</sub> flooding in China have transitioned from water flooding to CO<sub>2</sub> injection for development. Over prolonged periods, CO<sub>2</sub>-water-rock reactions can alter reservoir physical properties, becoming a key issue that must be addressed. To address limitations in existing studies—such as short reaction durations and unclear effects of environmental variables—this research used a high-temperature, high-pressure reactor to simulate reservoir conditions. Advanced equipment, including high-performance field-emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, was utilized to study the effects and mechanisms of CO<sub>2</sub>-water-rock reactions on reservoir physical properties and mineral compositions under different environmental variables. The experimental results indicated that feldspar dissolution and clay mineral formation were the primary factors affecting reservoir physical properties after CO<sub>2</sub>-water-rock reactions. With increasing temperature, the water-rock reaction intensified, accelerating the dissolution of potassium feldspar, calcium feldspar, and sodium feldspar while increasing the proportion of kaolinite, thereby improving reservoir physical properties. When pressure increased, the dissolution of large amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> lowered the solution pH and inhibited the transformation of minerals such as potassium feldspar and sodium feldspar into clay minerals like kaolinite, causing deterioration in overall reservoir physical properties. As the reaction time increased, the dissolution of feldspar and carbonate minerals intensified, leading to increased mass concentrations of major ions such as Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, an improvement in reservoir physical properties, and the precipitation of gypsum. Within the experimental range, the degree of mineral dissolution caused by CO<sub>2</sub>-water-rock reactions exhibited a positive correlation with temperature and time but a negative correlation with injection pressure. Finally, the experimental results were calculated using the Kozeny-Carman equation, indicating that within the experimental range, reservoir porosity and permeability are positively correlated with temperature and time, and negatively correlated with CO<sub>2</sub> injection pressure. By studying the impact of CO<sub>2</sub>-water-rock reactions on reservoirs under different environmental variables, this study offers insights for the application of CO<sub>2</sub> flooding to enhance oil recovery (EOR) in shale oil reservoirs.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
杨小梅1，韩笑1，张馨月1，徐慧1，王雪燕1，刘雨歆1，谢乃菲1，郭效丁2 YANG Xiaomei1, HAN Xiao1, ZHANG Xinyue1, XU Hui1, WANG Xueyan1, LIU Yuxin1, XIE Naifei1, GUO Xiaoding2
为促进我国花椒籽资源的高值化利用及相关产品开发,系统概述了花椒籽的主要营养成分、油脂及蛋白的提取工艺及花椒籽的应用现状，并对花椒籽未来的研究方向进行展望。花椒籽富含油脂、蛋白质、粗纤维、挥发性物质及矿质元素等多种营养成分；花椒籽油的提取方法包括浸提法、超声辅助提取法、超临界CO2萃取法等，花椒籽蛋白的提取方法包括盐提法、碱溶酸沉法、Osborne分级提取法等；花椒籽主要应用于食品领域，也可应用于农业养殖、工业等领域。目前花椒籽应用仍存在利用率较低，深加工技术尚未普及，应用于饲料投入产出比低等问题。基于此，从个性化开发、绿色提取、新产品设计等角度，对实现花椒籽资源高值化利用的未来发展方向提出了建议。
In order to promote the high-value utilization of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds and the development of related products in China, the main nutritional components, the extraction processes of oil and protein, and the current application status of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds were systematically reviewed, and the research directions of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds were outlined. Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds are rich in various nutritional components, including oil, protein, crude fiber, volatile substances, and mineral elements. The extraction methods of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil include solvent extraction, ultrasonic - assisted extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction, etc. The extraction methods of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed protein include salt extraction, alkali - soluble and acid - precipitation method, Osborne fractional extraction method, etc. Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds are mainly used in the food field and can also be used in agricultural breeding, industry and other fields. At present, there are still some problems in the application of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds, such as low utilization rate, unpopularized deep - processing technology, and low input-output ratio in feed application. Consequently, future research directions for achieving high-value utilization of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds resources are proposed, with a focus on personalized development strategies, green extraction technologies, and novel prduct design.
Semantic segmentation is commonly used for Oil Spill Detection (OSD) in remote sensing images. However, the limited availability of labelled oil spill samples and class imbalance present significant challenges that can reduce detection accuracy. Furthermore, most existing methods, which rely on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), struggle to detect small oil spill areas due to their limited receptive fields and inability to effectively capture global contextual information. This study explores the potential of State-Space Models (SSMs), particularly Mamba, to overcome these limitations, building on their recent success in vision applications. We propose OSDMamba, the first Mamba-based architecture specifically designed for oil spill detection. OSDMamba leverages Mamba's selective scanning mechanism to effectively expand the model's receptive field while preserving critical details. Moreover, we designed an asymmetric decoder incorporating ConvSSM and deep supervision to strengthen multi-scale feature fusion, thereby enhancing the model's sensitivity to minority class samples. Experimental results show that the proposed OSDMamba achieves state-of-the-art performance, yielding improvements of 8.9% and 11.8% in OSD across two publicly available datasets.
Marine oil spills pose grave environmental and economic risks, threatening marine ecosystems, coastlines, and dependent industries. Predicting and managing oil spill trajectories is highly complex, due to the interplay of physical, chemical, and environmental factors such as wind, currents, and temperature, which makes timely and effective response challenging. Accurate real-time trajectory forecasting and coordinated mitigation are vital for minimizing the impact of these disasters. This study introduces an integrated framework combining a multi-agent swarm robotics system built on the MOOS-IvP platform with Liquid Time-Constant Neural Networks (LTCNs). The proposed system fuses adaptive machine learning with autonomous marine robotics, enabling real-time prediction, dynamic tracking, and rapid response to evolving oil spills. By leveraging LTCNs--well-suited for modeling complex, time-dependent processes--the framework achieves real-time, high-accuracy forecasts of spill movement. Swarm intelligence enables decentralized, scalable, and resilient decision-making among robot agents, enhancing collective monitoring and containment efforts. Our approach was validated using data from the Deepwater Horizon spill, where the LTC-RK4 model achieved 0.96 spatial accuracy, surpassing LSTM approaches by 23%. The integration of advanced neural modeling with autonomous, coordinated robotics demonstrates substantial improvements in prediction precision, flexibility, and operational scalability. Ultimately, this research advances the state-of-the-art for sustainable, autonomous oil spill management and environmental protection by enhancing both trajectory prediction and response coordination.
CCUS（Carbon capture, Utilization and Storage） technology is of great significance to the green and low-carbon transformation and the realization of the “dual carbon” goal, It includes important strategies like CO2 enhanced oil recovery（EOR） and sequestration. Jiangsu Oilfield has been focusing on CO2 EOR to improve recovery rates in the challenging fault block reservoirs of the Subei Basin. The company has developed four unique CO2 EOR models suitable for these complex reservoirs, featuring techniques like gravity-stable displacement. A notable achievement is the successful pilot of the methods such as “simulated horizontal well” GAGD technology in Hua-26 fault block, which led to the one hundred thousand CCUS project tailored for such reservoirs. According to statistics, Jiangsu Oilfield has injected a total of 30.34×104 t of liquid CO2, with a cumulative oil increase of 9.83×104 t, realizing a better production increase and economic benefits. These technical researches and tests can provide valuable insights for applying CO2 EOR in similar complex reservoirs.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
The Nanpu Sag in the Huanghua Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin is rich in geothermal resources, with multiple geothermal fields identified, including Gaoshangpu-Liuzan, Nanpu, and Matouying. The thermal reservoirs, primarily composed of fluvial sandstone from the Guantao Formation, exhibit advantages such as high temperatures（70-90 ℃）, significant water amounts (100 m3/h), large-scale reservoirs, and thick caprocks. However, their development faces several challenges, including optimal target area selection, sustainability evaluation, efficient drilling and production processes, reinjection into sandstone reservoirs, long-distance centralized thermal water transportation, and intelligent monitoring. To address these challenges, practical exploration in the Gaoshangpu-Liuzan geothermal field has led to the development of five core technologies: 1） optimization and detailed resource evaluation technology for exploration areas; 2） well placement and thermal field simulation technology; 3） geothermal well drilling, completion, and pressure-free reinjection for sandstone thermal reservoirs; 4） multi-well collection and long-distance thermal water transportation technology; 5） intelligent management and control technology for geothermal development. These advancements provide technical support for geothermal heating projects in the Gaoshangpu-Liuzan geothermal field and the geothermal development efforts of Jidong Oilfield.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
Based on the oil and gas exploration in western depression of the Qaidam Basin, NW China, combined with the geochemical, seismic, logging and drilling data, the basic geological conditions, oil and gas distribution characteristics, reservoir-forming dynamics, and hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Paleogene whole petroleum system (WPS) in the western depression of the Qaidam Basin are systematically studied. A globally unique ultra-thick mountain-style WPS is found in the western depression of the Qaidam Basin. Around the source rocks of the upper member of the Paleogene Lower Ganchaigou Formation, the structural reservoir, lithological reservoir, shale oil and shale gas are laterally distributed in an orderly manner and vertically overlapped from the edge to the central part of the lake basin. The Paleogene WPS in the western depression of the Qaidam Basin is believed unique in three aspects. First, the source rocks with low organic matter abundance are characterized by low carbon and rich hydrogen, showing a strong hydrocarbon generating capacity per unit mass of organic carbon. Second, the saline lake basinal deposits are ultra-thick, with mixed deposits dominating the center of the depression, and strong vertical and lateral heterogeneity of lithofacies and storage spaces. Third, the strong transformation induced by strike-slip compression during the Himalayan resulted in the heterogeneous enrichment of oil and gas in the mountain-style WPS. As a result of the coordinated evolution of source-reservoir-caprock assemblage and conducting system, the Paleogene WPS has the characteristics of “whole process” hydrocarbon generation of source rocks which are low-carbon and hydrogen-rich, “whole depression” ultra-thick reservoir sedimentation, “all direction” hydrocarbon adjustment by strike-slip compressional fault, and “whole succession” distribution of conventional and unconventional oil and gas. Due to the severe Himalayan tectonic movement, the western depression of the Qaidam Basin evolved from depression to uplift. Shale oil is widely distributed in the central lacustrine basin. In the sedimentary system deeper than 2 000 m, oil and gas are continuous in the laminated limy-dolomites within the source rocks and the alga limestones neighboring the source kitchen, with intercrystalline pores, lamina fractures in dolomites and fault-dissolution bodies serving as the effective storage space. All these findings are helpful to supplement and expand the WPS theory in the continental lake basins in China, and provide theoretical guidance and technical support for oil and gas exploration in the Qaidam Basin.
We report on a self-consistent numerical analysis campaign of partial discharge (PD) ignition in H2 bubbles floating in biobased dielectric oils. We investigate various configurations (bubble sizes, bubble position, existence of protrusion) on a cylinder-to-cylinder setup that emulates a specific SST module (from SSTAR Horizon Europe project) under transient overvoltage as well as in its design operational conditions (VRMS = 66 kV, AC excitation of 50 Hz). Our results on electrical characteristics and plasma dynamics leading to the PD ignition, indicate that under transient overvoltage and for mm size bubbles (diameter 1 -4.5 mm), the smaller the bubble the less the inception voltage, while the peak inception voltage is higher than 70 kV. The existence of metallic protrusion can affect the inception voltage of a remote floating bubble only slightly and when this is close to the sharp tip. The extreme scenario of a protrusion in contact (inside) a gas bubble severely affects the insulation properties and drops the PD inception voltage remarkably. The larger the bubble and the sharper the tip of the protrusion the lower the inception peak voltage, that can reach values well below 40 kV. On the contrary and under design operation, larger bubbles increase the severity and probability of PD events, leading to lower instantaneous inception voltages. Current pulses produced in bubbles can quickly transit to intense streamer discharges (which can also transit to catastrophic arcing) if the operational frequency is reduced and/or under transient, HF overvoltage.
Currently, most routes of the oil and gas pipelines in mountainous areas are selected in a traditional manual manner, with the quality greatly depending on the experience and technical level of the route selection personnel. Thus, the result of route selection is often not scientific and reasonable enough. Therefore, a route selection method of oil and gas pipelines in mountainous areas based on geological information atlas was put forward. Specifically, the regional geological information atlas is established in terms of landform, geological risk, high consequence area and sensitive area, the cost grid map for route selection through the quantification of factor cost is built with consideration to the routing cost of pipeline, and thus the optimal route is obtained through the analysis with optimal route algorithm. In addition, this method was applied to a pipeline in the mountainous area in Southwest China. By comparing the calculated route and the existing route, it is found that the route analyzed by this method of pipelines in mountainous areas based on the geological information atlas could effectively avoid the complex terrain, poor geological environment, high consequence area and environment sensitive area, and the distance cost could be considered comprehensively, thus solving the problem of inadequate consideration to the comprehensive factors in manual route selection. In general, the route selected by this method could be used as a reference for the pipeline route designers.
High-frequency torsional oscillation(HFTO)has seriously affects the safety and reliability of drilling tools.In order to clarify the mechanism of HFTO and formulate a reasonable and reliable vibration reduction strategy,the data collected from the new near-bit gauging nipple in the wellbore were processed and interpreted,and the frequency and amplitude of HFTO in the wellbore as well as the coupling effect of stick slip and HFTO were analyzed.Then,the ANSYS dynamic analysis module was used to build a simplified analysis model of BHA,and modal analysis module was used to solve the natural frequency and oscillation mode of torsional vibration of drilling tools.Finally,on the basis of modal analysis,the harmonic response analysis was carried out; and by means of applying different cyclic active forces to simulate the weight on bit and torque,the torsional vibration response of the drilling tool was obtained.The study results show that the modal analysis results are consistent with the actual drilling situation.The harmonic response analysis shows that HFTO is more sensitive to the torque at the bit,and it can be alleviated by reducing the torque.The study results provide theoretical guidance basis for the design of BHA and the optimization of drilling parameters,so as to reduce the damage of HFTO to drilling tool.
Chemical engineering, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
Bubbles are ubiquitous in many natural and engineering processes, and bubble bursting aerosols are of particular interest because of their critical role in mass and momentum transfer across interfaces. All prior studies claim that bursting of a millimeter-sized bare bubble at an aqueous surface produces jet drops with a typical size of $\boldsymbol{O}$(100 $\si{\micro\relax}$m), much larger than film drops of $\boldsymbol{O}$(1 $\si{\micro\relax}$m) from the disintegration of a bubble cap. Here, we document the hitherto unknown phenomenon that jet drops can be as small as a few microns when the bursting bubble is coated by a thin oil layer. We provide evidence that the faster and smaller jet drops result from the singular dynamics of the oil-coated cavity collapse. The unique air-oil-water compound interface offers a distinct damping mechanism to smooth out the precursor capillary waves during cavity collapse, leading to a more efficient focusing of the dominant wave and thus allowing singular jets over a much wider parameter space beyond that of a bare bubble. We develop a theoretical explanation for the parameter limits of the singular jet regime by considering the interplay among inertia, surface tension, and viscous effects. As such contaminated bubbles are widely observed, the previously unrecognized fast and small contaminant-laden jet drops may enhance bubble-driven flux across the interface, contributing to the aerosolization and airborne transmission of bulk substances.
J. Toro‐Vázquez, A. De la Peña-Gil, David J. Pérez-Martínez
et al.
Candelilla wax (CW) is an efficient gelator of vegetable oils with n-alkanes (≈67%) and terpenoid alcohols (≈23%) as major components. The CW forms oleogels with excellent rheological and thixothropic behavior, mainly associated with the microstructure developed by the molecular self-assembly of n-alkanes. In this study we evaluated the CW emulsifying capacity by developing emulsions at different water to safflower oil (W:O) ratios (40:60, 50:50, 60:40). Initially we developed CW solutions in safflower oil by heating at 90°C for 30 min. After setting the CW oleogel at 25°C, we added the corresponding water proportion (25°C) while stirring for 60 secs with an ultra-turrax type homogenizer set at the higher speed. The W/O emulsions, with final CW concentrations of 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25%, and 3%, were evaluated as a function of storage time (25°C at 0, 4, 8 and 20 days) for solid content (%SC), water droplet size distribution (WDSD), microstructure, and emulsion stability. The results showed that at all CW concentrations studied we developed W/O emulsions that showed smaller WDSD as CW concentration increased, and larger WDSD as the W:O ratio increased. The emulsion stability, thermal, and microstructural analysis of the W:O emulsions and corresponding oleogels (no water added) showed that CW developed structured emulsions (Fig. 1). During emulsification terpenoid alcohols acted as emulsifiers at the oil-water interface, while n-alkanes remained in the oil phase developing an oleogel. The structured W/O emulsions were particularly stable ( > 20 days) at CW concentrations above 0.75% and at W:O ratios below 60:40. The CW structured W/O emulsions showed a mayonnaise-like visual texture (Fig. 2) with thixothropic and frequency independent rheological behavior useful to develop trans-free, low-fat edible spreads.
Awareness surrounding the negative health effects of saturated fat continues to result in their removal from processed foods. One of the key tools to structure oil is oleogelation, which relies on the formation of a self-assembled crystalline or fibrillar network that entraps liquid oil and results in a viscoelastic material. Yet, a significant impediment to the uptake of oleogelation by the food industry is the stability of oleogels once food dispersions such as powders are incorporated within them. Here, we propose the development and characterization of a hybrid method for structuring edible oils that relies not only on oleogelation, but also on the use of capillary suspensions. For particles suspended in an edible oil, the addition of a small amount of water can lead to the formation of capillary bridges between particles which greatly hinders particle sedimentation and results in a gelled state with solid-like properties. Our focus is on the combination of wax oleogels made with hexatriacontane and capillary suspensions consisting of surface-modified glass beads with a range of hydrophobicities. The compositions tested consist of ca. 33 wt% particles, up to 15 vol% water, up to 2 wt% wax with the remainder being canola oil. We demonstrate that surface molecular interactions play an important role in capillary network formation, morphology, wax crystallization and oleogelation. We show that particle polarity dictates the required volume of water needed to form sample-spanning capillary networks. Hydrophobic particles cause hexatriacontane to crystallize at higher temperatures without altering crystallinity. The hybrid materials possess tunable elasticity corresponding to the amount of added water, while the firmness of the material is controlled by the wax content. This study shows that by tailoring the composition of the hybrids, we can develop materials with a library of textures that range from pourable materials to self-supporting gels.
Combining the beeswax fractions is an effective way of structuring edible oils. However, their effect on oleogel oxidative stability is still not studied. Thus, the study on the influence of beeswax and combinations of its fractions on the edible oleogels oxidation was the objective of this research.Four fractions of beeswax (A, B, C, D) were isolated using preparative flash-chromatography and characterized by TLC and HPLC-ELSD. Sunflower oil was used to prepare oleogels (at 90 °C for 30 minutes) with a 6% of gelator. The fatty acid composition was evaluated by GC. The samples were stored at 35°C for 20 days, monitoring the oxidation using: PV, AV, CDV, TOTOX, HS-SPME-GC-MS. The induction period was determined using the OXITEST reactor.We have shown that fraction A contained hydrocarbons ( >99%); B - monoesters ( >95%); C - wax esters ( >66%), alcohols ( >29%), and free fatty acids ( >4%); D - alcohols ( >49%), free fatty acids ( >40%) and wax esters ( >10%). Combinations of A+B, A+B+C, and A+B+D gelators were made using fractions in equal amounts. The fatty acid composition of freshly prepared oleogels and oil didn't differ (p >0.05). Sunflower oil had the best oxidative stability among all samples. The A+B-based oleogel had the highest oxidative stability among the oleogels. Hexanal is shown to be the main volatile organic compound formed during the oxidation of sunflower oil. The volatile compounds profile of the oleogels also included ketones, alcohols, and terpenes. Beeswax-based oleogel had the lowest induction period, which indicates the presence of prooxidant components. A close correlation was found between the oxidation rate of oleogels and the content of free fatty acids (r2=0.8195) in the gelator.This study shows that the use of beeswax fractions, compared to beeswax itself, results in fat-containing products with higher oxidation stability.