Hasil untuk "Hungary"

Zbigniew Drogosz

We outline the hybrid framework of spin hydrodynamics, combining classical kinetic theory with the Israel-Stewart method of introducing dissipation. We obtain the local equilibrium expressions for the baryon current, the energy-momentum tensor, and the spin tensor of particles with spin 1/2 following the Fermi-Dirac statistics and compare them with the previously derived versions where the Boltzmann approximation was used. The expressions in the two cases have the same form, but the coefficients are governed by different functions. The relative differences between the tensor coefficients in the Fermi-Dirac and Boltzmann cases are found to grow exponentially with the baryon chemical potential. In the proposed formalism, nonequilibrium processes are studied including mathematically possible dissipative corrections. Standard conservation laws are applied, and the condition of positive entropy production allows for transfer between the spin and orbital parts of angular momentum.

Zoltán Singlár, Péter Szentesi, Nyamkhuu Ganbat et al.

Skeletal muscle, constituting 40–50% of total body mass, is vital for mobility, posture, and systemic homeostasis. Muscle contraction heavily relies on ATP, primarily generated by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria play a key role in decoding intracellular calcium signals. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), including CB₁ receptors (CB₁Rs), broadly influences physiological processes and, in muscles, regulates functions like energy metabolism, development, and repair. While plasma membrane CB₁Rs (pCB₁Rs) are well-established, a distinct mitochondrial CB₁R (mtCB₁R) population also exists in muscles, influencing mitochondrial oxidative activity and quality control. We investigated the role of mtCB₁Rs in skeletal muscle physiology using a novel systemic mitochondrial CB₁ deletion murine model. Our in vivo studies showed no changes in motor function, coordination, or grip strength in mtCB₁ knockout mice. However, in vitro force measurements revealed significantly reduced specific force in both fast-twitch (EDL) and slow-twitch (SOL) muscles following mtCB₁R ablation. Interestingly, knockout EDL muscles exhibited hypertrophy, suggesting a compensatory response to reduced force quality. Electron microscopy revealed significant mitochondrial morphological abnormalities, including enlargement and irregular shapes, correlating with these functional deficits. High-resolution respirometry further demonstrated impaired mitochondrial respiration, with reduced oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport system capacities in knockout mitochondria. Crucially, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipated faster in mtCB₁ knockout muscle fibers, whilst mitochondrial calcium levels were higher at rest. These findings collectively establish that mtCB₁Rs are critical for maintaining mitochondrial health and function, directly impacting muscle energy production and contractile performance. Our results provide new insights into ECS-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle function and open therapeutic opportunities for muscle disorders and aging.

Anna Sudár, Borbála Berki, Ildikó Horváth

The topic of this paper belongs to the modeling of human-software experience to support product development. The primary objective of this paper is to present a structured modeling framework, incorporating user feedback to support software product development. The proposed modeling framework constructs a model that outlines the relationship between measurable parameters of objective and subjective user feedback and the evaluation metrics of software and user capability, motivated by the typical disparity between feedback parameters and capability metrics. A key benefit of the framework is its visually enhanced interpretability power. The resulting model is based on a manageable set of linguistic fuzzy rules, designed to remain at a level comprehensible to human intuition, thereby enabling developers to understand the primary causal relationships. A further benefit of the framework is its adaptability across the entire application lifecycle; it can initiate with minimal user feedback and is computationally equipped to handle the gradually increasing volume of feedback over time. Thus, this approach serves two critical purposes: first, to guide the development team in identifying features that require enhancement to better align with user needs; and second, to optimize the alignment between the application's functionalities and the diverse capabilities of its user base. Beyond this proposed framework, the primary novelty in the field of modeling lies in the special modification of the TS fuzzy model transformation method that enables the selection of principal components within the fuzzy rules and facilitates the use of interpretable fuzzy sets, along with a pseudo-inverse-based model adaptation that mitigates the computational load as the number of users grows. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through four use case examples. The first use case is in a hypothetical example for illustrative purposes to intuitively clarify the framework's functionality. The second models user demographics, digital content engagement, and VR platform adaptation preferences. The third addresses the subjective and objective challenges of users when performing tasks in 2D versus 3D environments. The fourth examines the experience of spatial presence in 3D environments.

András Kubicskó, Katalin Kamotsay, Péter Banczerowski et al.

<b>Background:</b> In this study, molecular mechanisms contributing to delafloxacin resistance in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> strains were investigated. Delafloxacin is a recently approved fluoroquinolone currently introduced to clinical applications. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 52 <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains were collected from clinical isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed via broth microdilution, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, delafloxacin, ceftazidime and imipenem were determined. Five delafloxacin-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains were selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). <b>Results:</b> MIC50 values were determined, and the following results were obtained: ciprofloxacin 0.25 mg/L, levofloxacin 0.25 mg/L and delafloxacin 1 mg/L. All five selected strains showed both extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase production. WGS analysis of these strains determined the sequence types (STs), namely, ST235 (two strains), ST316 (two strains) and ST395. Several mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were detected in all five delafloxacin-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains as follows: <i>gyrA</i> Thr83Ile and <i>parC</i> Ser87Leu mutations were present in all five strains, while <i>parE</i> Thr223Ala in ST235, Glu459Val in ST316 and Val200Met in ST395 were detected. MexAB-OprM and MexCD-OprJ efflux pumps were uniformly present in all delafloxacin-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains. All strains of ST235 and ST316 carried <i>bla</i>_NDM-1 in combination with other beta-lactamases. In our study, the <i>in vitro</i> efficacy of delafloxacin is inferior compared to previous fluoroquinolones based on MIC50 values; however, MIC values of delafloxacin ranged between 0.125 and 128 mg/L in our <i>P. aeruginosa</i> collection, and 21 out of 52 strains showed susceptibility to delafloxacin. <b>Conclusions</b>: Multiple QRDR mutations combined with several efflux pumps confer delafloxacin resistance in <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Among the different detected multidrug-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains in this study, we also report on an NDM-1 producing <i>P. aeruginosa</i> ST316 in Hungary.

Nikoletta Nagy, Margit Pal, Jozsef Kun et al.

Albinism is characterized by a variable degree of hypopigmentation affecting the skin and the hair, and causing ophthalmologic abnormalities. Its oculocutaneous, ocular and syndromic forms follow an autosomal or X-linked recessive mode of inheritance, and 22 disease-causing genes are implicated in their development. Our aim was to clarify the genetic background of a Hungarian albinism cohort. Using a 22-gene albinism panel, the genetic background of 11 of the 17 Hungarian patients was elucidated. In patients with unidentified genetic backgrounds (n = 6), whole exome sequencing was performed. Our investigations revealed a novel, previously unreported rare variant (N687S) of the two-pore channel two gene (TPCN2). The N687S variant of the encoded TPC2 protein is carried by a 15-year-old Hungarian male albinism patient and his clinically unaffected mother. Our segregational analysis and in vitro functional experiments suggest that the detected novel rare TPCN2 variant alone is not a disease-causing variant in albinism. Deep genetic analyses of the family revealed that the patient also carries a phenotype-modifying R305W variant of the OCA2 protein, and he is the only family member harboring this genotype. Our results raise the possibility that this digenic combination might contribute to the observed differences between the patient and the mother, and found the genetic background of the disease in his case.

T. Csörgő, T. Novák, R. Pasechnik et al.

Evaluating the H(x, s; pp) scaling function of elastic proton-proton (pp) collisions from recent TOTEM data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV and comparing it with the same function of elastic proton-antiproton (pp-) data of the D0 collaboration at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV, we find, from this comparison alone, an at least 3.79 sigma {\signal} of Odderon exchange. If we combine this model independently obtained result with that of a similar analysis but using TOTEM elastic pp scattering data at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, which resulted in an at least 6.26 σ signal, the combined significance of Odderon exchange increases to at least 7.08 σ, model independently. Further combinations of various datasets in the TeV energy range are detailed in the manuscript

Bertalan Darázs, Márk Bukovinszki, Balázs Kósa et al.

Border surveillance and the monitoring of critical infrastructure are essential components of regional and industrial security. In this paper, our purpose is to study the intricate nature of surveillance methods used by hybrid monitoring systems utilizing Pan–Tilt–Zoom (PTZ) cameras, modeled as directional sensors, and UAVs. We aim to accomplish three occasionally conflicting goals. Firstly, at any given moment we want to detect as many intruders as possible with special attention to newly arriving trespassers. Secondly, we consider it equally important to observe the temporal movement and behavior of each intruder group as accurately as possible. Furthermore, in addition to these objectives, we also seek to minimize the cost of sensor usage associated with surveillance. During the research, we developed and analyzed several interrelated, increasingly complex algorithms. By leveraging RL methods we also gave the system the chance to find the optimal solution on its own. As a result we have gained valuable insights into how various components of these algorithms are interconnected and coordinate. Building upon these observations, we managed to develop an efficient algorithm that takes into account all three criteria mentioned above.

Mesjasz-Lech Agata, Kemendi Ágnes, Michelberger Pál

The article aims (1) to evaluate material flows in the manufacturing process reflecting the level of circular manufacturing of European Union countries and (2) to estimate the relationship between the level of circular manufacturing and the volume of e-waste put on the market, illustrating the implementation effect of Industry 5.0 technologies. A systematic country classification was created according to development conditions for environmentally sustainable enterprises and trends in e-waste volumes. Multidimensional data analysis and the linear ordering method were used to achieve the research objectives. The dynamics of changes in the identified variables were analysed using dynamics indexes and the average annual rate of change. Relationships were estimated using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient. The main research result is the estimated synthetic development measure illustrating the level of circular manufacturing in the context of material flows. Significant differences were observed between the synthetic development measure values representing the level of circular manufacturing in European Union countries. This means countries’ circular manufacturing levels are significantly higher than others. Moreover, the values of correlation coefficients were estimated between the level of circular manufacturing and the volume of e-waste put on the market and between the average annual rate of change of the synthetic development measure and the average annual rate of change of the e-waste volume. The coefficient values do not confirm a statistically significant relationship between the indicated variables. Most countries have average conditions for developing environmentally sustainable businesses, but at the same time, they show negative trends in the volume of e-waste generated.

Polina Datsyuk, Hasan Dinçer, Serhat Yüksel et al.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the determinants of hydropower for European economies using Golden Cut oriented Quantum Spherical fuzzy modelling and causality analysis in 24 European countries over the period 2001–2020. The indicators chosen for the analysis are inflation, population, GDP per capita, CO2 and hydropower consumption. The analysis shows that the selected groups of countries are characterised by an inverse relationship between GDP per capita and hydropower consumption, suggesting a bi-directional causal relationship, which also confirms the novelty of this paper. Furthermore, another analysis is carried out using the fuzzy decision-making methodology. In this framework, the directions of influence of the five selected indicators are constructed: GDP per capita (criterion 1, D = 88.656, E = 88.083), hydropower consumption (criterion 2, D = 89.471, E = 88.677), population (criterion 3, D = 87.705, E = 89.228), CO2 emissions (criterion 4, D = 88.578, E = 89.186) and inflation (criterion 5, D = 88.943, E = 88.180). The Quantum Spherical fuzzy methodology is used for this purpose. The values of D and E are measures of the sum of the rows and columns of the overall relationship matrix. Hydropower consumption is the main criterion. It is understood that two different analyses give similar results, namely the bidirectional causal relationship between criteria 1 and 2.

Josipa Martinović, Jasmina Lukinac, Marko Jukić et al.

Grape pomace is a byproduct of wineries and a rich source of phenolic compounds that can exert multiple pharmacological effects when consumed and enter the intestine where they can then be absorbed. Phenolic compounds are susceptible to degradation and interaction with other food constituents during digestion, and encapsulation may be a useful technique for protecting phenolic bioactivity and controlling its release. Therefore, the behavior of phenolic-rich grape pomace extracts encapsulated by the ionic gelation method, using a natural coating (sodium alginate, gum arabic, gelatin, and chitosan), was observed during simulated digestion in vitro. The best encapsulation efficiency (69.27%) was obtained with alginate hydrogels. The physicochemical properties of the microbeads were influenced by the coatings used. Scanning electron microscopy showed that drying had the least effect on the surface area of the chitosan-coated microbeads. A structural analysis showed that the structure of the extract changed from crystalline to amorphous after encapsulation. The phenolic compounds were released from the microbeads by Fickian diffusion, which is best described by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model among the four models tested. The obtained results can be used as a predictive tool for the preparation of microbeads containing natural bioactive compounds that could be useful for the development of food supplements.

Gábor Piszter, Zsolt Bálint, Krisztián Kertész et al.

The colour of the butterfly wing serves as an important sexual and species-specific signal. Some species produce structural colouration by developing wing scales with photonic nanoarchitectures. These nanostructures are highly conservative, allowing only a ±10 nm peak wavelength deviation in the reflectance spectra of the blue structural colour in natural Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus) populations. They are promising templates of future artificial photonic materials and can be used in potential applications, too. In this work, we present methodology and infrastructure for breeding laboratory populations of Common Blue as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly source of nanostructures. Our technology enables the production of approximately 7500 wing samples, equivalent to 0.5–1 m2 of photonic nanoarchitecture surface within a year in a single custom-made insectarium. To ascertain the reliability of this method, we compared reflectance properties between different populations from distant geographic locations. We also provide genetic background of these populations using microsatellite genotyping. The laboratory population showed genetic erosion, but even after four generations of inbreeding, only minimal shifts in the structural colouration were observed, indicating that wild Common Blue populations may be a reliable source of raw material for photonic surfaces.

Evelyn Incze, Katalin Mangó, Ferenc Fekete et al.

Resistance to anticancer agents is a major obstacle to efficacious tumour therapy and responsible for high cancer-related mortality rates. Some resistance mechanisms are associated with pharmacokinetic variability in anticancer drug exposure due to genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, whereas variations in tumoural metabolism as a consequence of CYP copy number alterations are assumed to contribute to the selection of resistant cells. A high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based method was developed for detection of CYP copy number alterations in tumours, and a scoring system improved the identification of inappropriate reference genes that underwent deletion/multiplication in tumours. The copy numbers of both the target (CYP2C8, CYP3A4) and the reference genes (ALB, B2M, BCKDHA, F5, CD36, MPO, TBP, RPPH1) established in primary lung adenocarcinoma by the qPCR-based method were congruent with those determined by next-generation sequencing (for 10 genes, slope = 0.9498, r2 = 0.72). In treatment naïve adenocarcinoma samples, the copy number multiplication of paclitaxel-metabolizing CYP2C8 and/or CYP3A4 was more prevalent in non-responder patients with progressive disease/exit than in responders with complete remission. The high-throughput qPCR-based method can become an alternative approach to next-generation sequencing in routine clinical practice, and identification of altered CYP copy numbers may provide a promising biomarker for therapy-resistant tumours.

S. Acharya, D. Adamová, A. Adler et al.

This letter reports measurements which characterize the underlying event associated with hard scatterings at mid-pseudorapidity (|η|<0.8) in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair, sNN=5.02TeV. The measurements are performed with ALICE at the LHC. Different multiplicity classes are defined based on the event activity measured at forward rapidities. The hard scatterings are identified by the leading particle defined as the charged particle with the largest transverse momentum (pT) in the collision and having 8 <pT<15GeV/c. The pT spectra of associated particles (0.5 ≤pT<6GeV/c) are measured in different azimuthal regions defined with respect to the leading particle direction: toward, transverse, and away. The associated charged particle yields in the transverse region are subtracted from those of the away and toward regions. The remaining jet-like yields are reported as a function of the multiplicity measured in the transverse region. The measurements show a suppression of the jet-like yield in the away region and an enhancement of high-pT associated particles in the toward region in central Pb–Pb collisions, as compared to minimum-bias pp collisions. These observations are consistent with previous measurements that used two-particle correlations, and with an interpretation in terms of parton energy loss in a high-density quark gluon plasma. These yield modifications vanish in peripheral Pb–Pb collisions and are not observed in either high-multiplicity pp or p–Pb collisions.

Zsuzsanna Németh, Miklós Siptár, Natália Tóth et al.

(1) <i>Background and Objectives:</i> Morbid obesity significantly increases the prevalence of comorbidities, such as heart disease, restrictive lung disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus and more. (2) <i>Methods</i>: Patients undergoing gastric sleeve surgery were divided into three groups with BMI between 30–34.9 kg/m² (Group I), 35–39.9 kg/m² (Group II), and over 40 kg/m² (Group III). Preoperative examinations included cardiac ultrasound, respiratory function and laboratory tests, and preoperative comorbidities were also recorded. Following a one-year follow-up, we compared the rate of weight loss in the three groups at six months and one year following surgery, specifically, the effect of surgery on preoperative comorbidities at one year. (3) <i>Results</i>: The weight loss surgeries performed were successful in all three groups. Preoperative laboratory examinations, an echocardiogram and respiratory function results showed no clinically significant difference, except moderate elevations in blood lipid levels. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity. (4) <i>Conclusions</i>: In our patient population, hypertension and diabetes were the only comorbidities with a high prevalence. It can be explained by the relatively younger age among the patients (mean age 44.5 years) and the fact that they had not yet developed the pathological consequences of severe obesity. Consequently, while performing the surgery at a relatively younger age, it seems far more likely that the patient will return to a more active and productive life and enjoy a better quality of life. Additionally, the perioperative risk is lower, and the burden upon health systems and health expenditure is reduced by preventing comorbidities, in particular, multimorbidity. On this basis, it may be advisable to direct patients who do not exhaust the classical indications for bariatric surgery toward the surgical solution at a younger age. Our results suggest it is not worth waiting for comorbidities, especially multimorbidity, to appear.

Gabriel Silva Dantas, Ildikó Réka Báthoryné Nagy, Pedro Brizack Nogueira

Understanding the resilience of urban forms as a latent force that drives a place’s physical characterization and social cohesion is essential for defining successful adaptive processes of pre-existing urban fabrics. Budapest’s ninth district (Ferencváros) is an outstanding example of transforming a complex historical urban context, which underwent renovation strategies guided by maintaining and enhancing essential morphological elements. Courtyards have great relevance in conditioning the well-being in areas of high occupational density, especially in terms of accessibility to urban green infrastructure. In the case of Ferencváros, they were reframed to add new layers of use and to improve territorial integration by unifying smaller private courtyard unities into more extensive communal areas, creating a comprehensive urban green network, preserving urban heritage, and increasing green coverage. This study assesses how this recent re-urbanization phenomenon is related to political changes in a post-socialist city. The conjuncture found in Ferencváros is unique, yet it can be applied in other similar contexts. The methodology applied to this study is supervised classification for the quantitative analysis of remote-sensing image data with GIS software assistance—a procedure rarely applied in medium-scale urban analysis. However, it was verified to be precise and effective in tracking morphological changes. The preliminary results indicate a significant intensification in greenery in the urban pattern, especially in the core areas of the blocks: the courtyards. After the intervention, green areas became more predominant, cohesive, and articulated.

Tomas Kajanek

The power of individual EU Member States has been changing over the past decades as a result of revisions to the voting systems and the enlargements of the European Union. The present article analyses the development of the voting power of individual Member States in the Council of the European Union before and after the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union. We use the calculation of the standardized Banzhaf power index to calculate the legislative power of the Member States. The calculations recorded in the table point to changes in the weights of national votes caused by Brexit. The article pays special attention to the Visegrad Group, which we define within the European Union as an informal group consisting of four Central European states - the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. The results indicate a significant growth of the voting power in Poland and more moderate growth in the other three Visegrad Group countries which contributes to the shift in the voting equilibrium within the ordinary legislative procedure of the European Union.

Anna Végh, Adrienn Bárczi, Orsolya Cseprekál et al.

Pediatric renal transplant recipients (RTx) were studied for longitudinal changes in blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV), and graft function.Patients and Methods: 52 RTx patients (22 males) were included; office BP (OBP) and 24 h BP monitoring (ABPM) as well as PWV were assessed together with glycemic and lipid parameters and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at 2.4[1.0–4.7] (T1) and 9.3[6.3–11.8] years (T2) after transplantation (median [range]).Results: Hypertension was present in 67 and 75% of patients at T1 and T2, respectively. Controlled hypertension was documented in 37 and 44% by OBP and 40 and 43% by ABPM. Nocturnal hypertension was present in 35 and 30% at T1 and T2; 24 and 32% of the patients had masked hypertension, while white coat hypertension was present in 16 and 21% at T1 and T2, respectively. Blood pressure by ABPM correlated significantly with GFR and PWV at T2, while PWV also correlated significantly with T2 cholesterol levels. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension by ABPM had a significant decrease in GFR, although not significant with OBP. Anemia and increased HOMAi were present in ~20% of patients at T1 and T2.Conclusion: Pediatric RTx patients harbor risk factors that may affect their cardiovascular health. While we were unable to predict the evolution of renal function based on PWV and ABPM at T1, these risk factors correlated closely with GFR at follow-up suggesting that control of hypertension may have an impact on the evolution of GFR.

Sáringer János

My dissertation is based on more than ten years of archival research. One of the goals of Antall’s foreign policy was the Euro-Atlantic integration. In December 1991, Hungary signed an association agreement with the European Community. By 1992, opinions on the future were divided between and within the Member States of the European Communities. There was a debate among the twelve about the concept of ‘deepening’ or ‘widening’, and the term ‘multi-speed Europe’ appeared. At this time, a number of questions arose about the full membership of the Trio in NATO, of which ‘how’ and ‘when’ came first. It has also been suggested whether it would be more appropriate to intensify economic and political cooperation rather than military ones. Perhaps the NACC should be thoroughly expanded first and then move on to expanding the range of full member states?

N. Than, S. Hahn, Simona W. Rossi et al.

1 Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Budapest, Hungary, 3 First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, MTA PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, Pécs, Hungary, 7 János Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 8 Endocrine

Szabolcs Pogonyi