Hasil untuk "Home economics"

Kangzi Ren, Guilin Chen, Ziyi Zhang et al.

To investigate the regioselectivity of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of important sugar-laurate esters and their functionalities as emulsifiers and antimicrobial agents, glucose, galactose, mannose, maltose and trehalose were used. 6-O-lauryl glucose (Glu-L), 6-O-lauryl galactose (Gal-L), 6-O-lauryl mannose (Man-L), 6′-O-lauryl maltose (Mal-L) and 6-O-lauryl trehalose/6’-O-lauryl trehalose (Tre-L) were synthesized using lipase from Candida antarctica. The Glu-L and Man-L achieved the highest yields (65.49 % and 58.16 %, respectively). The synthesized esters produced smaller-particle-size (1.9–3.1 μm), but less stable emulsions than the commercial sucrose esters (4.2–8.1 μm). The zeta-potential data revealed Man-L and Gal-L had higher surface coverage than the Glu-L on the oil droplets, while the Mal-L and Tre-L had similar surface coverage. The Man-L, Mal-L and Tre-L demonstrated the superior foamability and foam stability. The Gal-L, Man-L, Mal-L, and Tre-L inhibited E.coli 12024 (MIC 1–4 mg/mL), while only Man-L, Mal-L, and Tre-L inhibited B.subtilis 5009 (MIC 0.5–2.0 mg/mL).

Tian Hu, Taotao Wang, Xiaojing Luo et al.

BackgroundThe C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte (CALLY) index, a novel inflammation-immune-nutritional biomarker, has not been comprehensively evaluated for mortality risk prediction in older populations. Here, we investigate the relationship between the CALLY index and all-cause mortality in Chinese adults aged ≥ 60 years.MethodsData were obtained from the 2014 to 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Upon applying a natural logarithmic transformation to the CALLY index, the lnCALLY was stratified into tertiles. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were employed to assess the cumulative survival probability across lnCALLY-stratified older adults populations. Cox proportional hazards regression was utilized to investigate the association between lnCALLY and all-cause mortality. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) values were conducted to evaluate the predictive capacity of lnCALLY for all-cause mortality. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) with four knots were applied to explore the potential non-linear dose-response association of lnCALLY with all-cause mortality. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure validity.ResultsA total of 1,738 older adults participants were included in this cohort. Over a median follow-up of 3.3 years, 580 deaths (33.3%) occurred. The multivariable Cox regression demonstrated that the highest lnCALLY tertile was associated with a 40% reduced mortality risk compared to the lowest tertile [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49–0.73]. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed significantly higher survival probabilities in individuals with elevated lnCALLY (P < 0.001). Time-dependent ROC analysis showed that the AUC of lnCALLY for predicting all-cause mortality at 1-, 2-, and 3-year were 0.751, 0.746, and 0.762, respectively. RCS demonstrated an approximate “L”-shaped negative correlation between lnCALLY and all-cause mortality (Poverall < 0.001, Pnon–linearity = 0.364). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness, with no significant interactions observed across demographic or clinical strata.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the CALLY index serves as a practical prognostic biomarker for monitoring survival in older populations, underscoring the interplay of inflammation, immunity, and nutrition in aging-related mortality.

Fengwang Xue, Qingmei Fang, Kuangyang Yu et al.

BackgroundLong-term or high-dose glucocorticoid administration can markedly impair immune responses, mask clinical indicators of pulmonary infections, and increase the susceptibility to refractory pneumonia, leading to heightened mortality risk. The Prognostic nutritional index (PNI), derived from peripheral lymphocyte count and serum albumin (ALB) levels, serves as a reliable indicator for evaluating nutritional and immune statuses across various clinical populations, including oncology patients, individuals with cardiovascular disorders, and perioperative patients. However, the predictive value of PNI in pneumonia patients receiving glucocorticoids, especially within the Chinese population, has not been sufficiently investigated. This observational analysis aimed to explore the correlation between PNI levels and all-cause mortality (ACM) in patients undergoing prolonged glucocorticoid therapy for pneumonia.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing data extracted from the Dryad database. Kaplan–Meier curves, multivariable Cox regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and subgroup analyses were used to assess the association between PNI and ACM in patients with pneumonia who received glucocorticoids.ResultsThe study incorporated a total of 639 pneumonia patients who received glucocorticoid therapy. The ACM rates were 22.5% at 30 days and rose to 26.0% at 90 days. Multivariable Cox regression showed that, after full adjustment for potential confounders, every 2-unit decrease in PNI was associated with a 10% higher 30-day mortality hazard (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.05–1.15, p < 0.001) and a 9% higher 90-day mortality hazard (HR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.04–1.14, p < 0.001). Compared with patients with PNI ≥ 43, patients with PNI < 43 had a 118% increased risk of 30-day mortality (HR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.28–3.81, p = 0.005) and a 96% increased risk of 90-day mortality (HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.20–3.19, p = 0.008). Further validation using RCS analysis revealed a robust inverse relationship between PNI scores and ACM, and subgroup analyses revealed no significant interactions.ConclusionAmong pneumonia patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy, a decreased PNI was associated with an increased risk of 30-day and 90-day mortality, particularly in those with a PNI < 43.

Eric Bosa Nobela, Romance Dissieka, Marieke Vossenaar et al.

Nuria Ikhsyania, Cesilia Meti Dwiriani, Lilik Kustiyah

Growth disorders are also common in children. The Health Belief Model (HBM) predicts that maternal perception of child vulnerability to growth disorders motivates adequate feeding practices. Addressing these concerns can effectively drive intervention. This study examined the impact of nutrition education delivered via Instagram on complementary feeding (MPASI) practices in infants aged 6–12 months. This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Bogor City in the year 2024. The sample consisted of 76 breastfeeding mothers, selected using a randomized method. Participants were divided into two groups: the intervention group, which engaged in interactive Instagram discussions after receiving nutrition education (n= 38), and the control group (n= 38), which only received nutrition education. Data were collected through interviews using structured questionnaires. Educational materials were provided twice a week for four weeks via Instagram. The data were analyzed using t-tests. Results: A significant difference (p < 0,05) was observed in the effect of nutrition education delivered via Instagram, both within each group and between groups, in terms of dietary diversity, feeding frequency, and adequacy. In conclusion, interactive education through Instagram has a more significant impact on improving scores in most components of the Health Belief Model (HBM) related to complementary feeding practices.

Chiamaka Pamela Uchendu, Ezeda Patricia Kalu

Recognizing the profound impact of economic hardship on children's well-being, this research used a scoping review approach to explore strategies for supporting child development and care amidst financial distress. An extensive search was performed using the electronic databases of articles such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Semantic Scholar. The study selected and extracted data from the literature according to the PRISMA-SCR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews) to map the current literature for gaps in knowledge regarding effective Interventions and support mechanisms. The research studies show that financial stress is associated with children’s deteriorating mental and physical health, lack of education, and difficulties in childcare. Chronic stress, poor basic needs, and emotional struggles lead to poor academic performance as well as poverty which becomes cyclical and likely to follow the child to adulthood. Promising areas of focus include social support systems, which may include mental health services, equal education for citizens, and policy changes to social policies and welfare. Much more needs to be done in future to develop and deploy strategies that will help the children in financial difficulties to become more resilient.

Iolanda Cioffi, Daniela Martini, Cristian Del Bo’ et al.

Plant-based diets represent a valid strategy to improve human health and increase food sustainability. The availability of legume-based products, a good source of proteins and fibers, could help consumers to promote healthy dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different legume-based pastas on energy intake and appetite in healthy volunteers. Four ad libitum (protocol 1) and iso-caloric pre-load meals (protocol 2) were tested using a randomized repeated measure design. The test meals consisted of lentils pasta (LP), chickpeas pasta (CP); durum wheat pasta (DWP) and gluten free pasta (GFP), served with tomato sauce. Protocol 1: the ad libitum lunch meal was consumed then EI registered. Protocol 2: subjective appetite was assessed by visual analogue scale before and after the pre-load meal for 2 h until an ad libitum buffet was served to assess EI. Twenty (age: 39.2 ± 8.41 years; BMI: 23.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2) and 40 (age: 42.6 ± 8.7 years; BMI: 23.8 ± 4.2 kg/m2) healthy subjects were respectively recruited for each protocol. ANCOVA analysis showed an overall effect of meals and sex on EI within meal and at the subsequent meal, resulting in a lower EI after LP compared to DWP (p < 0.05). Appetite sensations were significantly influenced solely after the pre-load meal, where repeated measures ANCOVA showed increased post-prandial satiety after LP and CP (p < 0.05) compared to DWP in females, whereas a reduction in desire to eat and higher fullness was found following LP compared to the other meals in both sexes (p < 0.05). Overall, lentil-based pasta seemed to acutely affect EI both within and at the subsequent meal, especially in females. Consumption of legume-based pasta might enhance legume intake by modulating appetite feelings and increasing food sustainability. However, further studies are needed to support these results in the long-term and considering different target populations.

Marianna Moraes

The phenomenon of multi-species families is increasingly linked to the growing awareness of the benefits of emotional support and service animals. As more people adopt various animals into their homes, it becomes crucial to understand how these family arrangements influence travel experiences. The presence of these animals during travel directly impacts the well-being and safety of travellers, contributing to the emotional and behavioural dynamics of multi-species families in transit. Consequently, the hospitality, tourism, and transportation industries must adapt to accommodate the growing number of tourists travelling with their animals, whether for work or leisure. The United States is the focus of this research due to its significant role in regulating emotional support and service animals, allowing for comparisons with the diverse regulations across European countries. This study aims to: (1) investigate current U.S. legislation regarding emotional support and service animals; (2) explore the challenges faced by owners of these animals during travel; and (3) highlight the practical experiences of owners travelling with emotional support and service animals. The methodology used is an exploratory qualitative review. The research highlights the experiences of Em and Jennifer, Brazilian students who travelled to the USA with their animals, illustrating the variations in travel experiences with emotional support and service animals. In conclusion, while acceptance and accommodation of these animals are evolving, particularly in the US hospitality industry and tourist attractions, challenges and a lack of understanding still exist in some establishments. This underscores the importance of studies like this to raise awareness and educate about the needs of families that rely on their animals. The increasing prevalence of multi-species families positively influences the availability of pet-friendly services, which can significantly impact travellers’ choice of accommodation when accompanied by their pets.

Amira, S. El-mahrouky, Marwa, M. Helmy, Aml, S. Elnawawy

This study aimed to enhance gummy candy by incorporating date paste and varying ratios of gelling agents—gelatin (12%, 15%, and 17%) and starch (2%, 4%, and 6%)—to evaluate their effects on rheological and physicochemical properties. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon extract and citric acid solution was investigated as natural preservatives against Escherichia coli O:157 (wild-type strain 93111), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 25923), and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for citric acid solution against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were recognized at the concentrations 2%, 1% and 0.5% respectively; while it was 4%, 0.03% and 4% respectively for the cinnamon extract. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of citric acid solution was recorded only at 0.5% for both E. coli and S. aureus, while for cinnamon extract, it was recorded at 4% for C. albicans. The final concentrations incorporated into the gummy candy formulations were 2% citric acid solution and 4% cinnamon extract. The gummy candy treatments displayed pseudoplastic behavior. Gel strength values ranged from 9.20 to 24.68 N, moisture content from 19.34% to 23.27%, and water activity from 0.68 to 0.74. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity ranged between 72.58% and 83.9%. Total soluble solids (TSS) ranged from 61.3 to 75.4°Brix, while total sugars and reducing sugars were between 50.15%–63.4% and 42.35%–53.77%, respectively.

Achara Boonkong, Baichen Jiang, Fallah Samuel Kassoh et al.

Food safety scandals have heightened the general public concern about food quality, safety, and environmental friendliness in food markets globally. Several studies have ascertained that consumers are willing to pay a premium price for food products with quality and safety information labels. However, most of these studies are country-specific, while few studies have investigated consumer preferences in a comparative context. In this study, we employed the Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) to examine 1,900 Chinese and 2,986 Thai consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for brand, traceability, and green and organic certification labels on rice. A mixed logit model (MXL) was used to compute consumers’ WTP. The results demonstrate that consumers from both countries preferred green and organic certified labels. However, Chinese consumers’ preference for green and organic certified rice outweighs that of Thai consumers. For brand labels and green and organic certifications, Thai consumers are willing to pay more than the Chinese due to awareness and trust. However, Chinese consumers are willing to pay more for information with traceability labels than Thai consumers because of the increase in household income and health consciousness. The MXL also shows that trust, income, and age are factors associated with consumers’ preferences for certified rice in both countries. To boost consumers’ preferences for certified rice, relevant stakeholders need to implement the use of brand labels, traceability, and certification labels in the rice value chain.

EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP), Claude Lambré, José Manuel Barat Baviera et al.

Abstract The food enzyme pectinesterase (pectin pectylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.11) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain PME by DSM Food Specialties B.V. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its recombinant DNA. It is intended to be used in fruit and vegetable processing, for juice production and fruit and vegetable processing for products other than juices. Dietary exposure to the food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.095 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. The toxicity studies were carried out with a xylanase obtained from A. niger strain XEA. The Panel considered this food enzyme as a suitable substitute for the pectinesterase to be used in the toxicological studies, because both production strains are derived from the same recipient strain, the location of the inserts is comparable, no partial inserts were present and the production methods are essentially the same. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 1,852 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, resulting in a margin of exposure of at least 19,495. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and two matches with pollen allergens were found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure to this food enzyme, particularly in individuals sensitised to pollen allergens, cannot be excluded. The Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Biswajeet Acharya, Amulyaratna Behera, Prafulla Kumar Sahu et al.

Abstract Bamboo shoots are a unique and versatile ingredient that has been a part of traditional cuisine and medicine in India for centuries. This review article provides an overview of the culinary heritage of bamboo shoots in India, with a particular focus on the Northeast region. The article discusses the traditional methods of consumption and processing of bamboo shoots, along with the various traditional recipes that use bamboo shoots. The article also explores the nutraceutical potential of bamboo shoots and its bioactive components, along with the role of hydrogen cyanide in bamboo shoots. Furthermore, the impact of bamboo shoots on human health is analyzed. The review concludes with future prospects and the need for further research to fully understand the potential of bamboo shoots as a source of food and medicine.

EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP), Claude Lambré, José Manuel Barat Baviera et al.

Abstract The food enzyme α‐amylase (4‐α‐d‐glucan glucanhydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1) is produced with the genetically modified Bacillus licheniformis strain NZYM‐AY by Novozymes A/S. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is considered free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in starch processing for the production of glucose syrup and other starch hydrolysates, and distilled alcohol production. Since residual amounts of total organic solids are removed by distillation and by the purification steps applied during the production of glucose syrups, dietary exposure estimation was considered unnecessary. The production strain of the food enzyme fulfils the requirements for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment. As no other concerns arising from the manufacturing process have been identified, the Panel considers that toxicological tests are not needed for the assessment of this food enzyme. A search for similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and one match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use (other than distilled alcohol production) the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood for this to occur is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme did not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Richard Atinpoore Atuna, Flora Christine Amagloh, Flora Christine Amagloh et al.

The study assessed the nutrient value and desirability of eight improved soybean varieties, for use in soymilk, tofu and as an ingredient to enhance staple foods. The soymilk, tofu, and soybean residue (okara) yields were determined across all varieties. The okara was subsequently used in composite with cassava, as a recipe refinement of gari, a popular cassava-based ready-to-eat food. Multiple composite ratios were compared against a control of 100% cassava gari; 80% cassava: 20% okara, 70% cassava: 30% okara, and 50% cassava: 50% okara. The soymilk and tofu from the various varieties and okara enriched-gari were also evaluated for proximate and sensory qualities (n = 50) using standard protocols. No differences (p &gt; 0.05) existed among soybean varieties in terms of soymilk (p = 0.55; 13.0–14.1 L), tofu (p = 0.05; 0.12–0.15 kg/L) or okara (p = 0.08; 3.17–3.97 kg) yields. The proximate parameters evaluated for soymilk did not vary significantly (p &gt; 0.05) among varieties. However, for total solids (3.33–7.93°Brix; p &lt; 0.01) there were significant differences. Generally, there was an increasing trend in the crude protein, moisture, crude fat and total ash contents for the okara-enriched gari as the okara inclusion increased from 20 to 50%. Thus, the crude protein content of the 50% okara-enriched gari, the formulation with the highest okara incorporation was almost 11-times higher than the 100% cassava gari. The swelling capacity of the okara-enriched gari ranged from 3.29–5.47 and for water holding capacity 439.7–482.1%. The okara-enriched gari was equally preferred by consumers, except for colour which consumers were mostly indifferent towards. The 50%-okara enriched gari composite was compared equally with 100% cassava gari control. The sensory data showed that the “Favour” soybean variety was desirable for soymilk production while Salintuya 1 was desirable for tofu production. Recipe refinements using the desired varieties and compositing okara with cassava may help fill the protein gap among the vulnerable group in Ghana by improving the protein quality of ready-to-eat foods such as gari.

Michael Murimi, Billy Wadongo

The study aimed to find the extent of applying revenue management (RM) practices in star-rated hotels in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine RM policies and implementation, application of RM techniques, and the use of RM systems. The study used a quantitative approach and adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The study targeted 225 revenue managers from all-star-rated hotels in Kenya. The findings revealed that RM is a practice in star-rated hotels, even though not in all hotels. Hotels reported having RM policy and implementation taking place. There was an adoption of RM techniques. A dynamic RM team and the presence of social media integration with RM were identified. The findings revealed that by large, starrated hotels interact with RM systems and sub-systems on the use of RM systems. Some hotels use either one or a combination of two systems. Furthermost, hotels were found to have automated their revenue collection. It was also revealed that they have adopted integrated RM soft-wares. The hotels were found to have meaningful RM data and information, RM pricing devices, and non-pricing devices. In comparison, information reveals a slightly above average presence of RM application in hotels in Kenya. The empirical evidence presented in this paper reveals that some hotels have not entrenched RM applications in terms of policies and implementation, RM tools and techniques, and their RM systems are lacking. The paper proposes that for full realization and maximization benefits associated with RM practices like predicting the growth of hotels, reducing operational costs, improving yields, and generating revenue, the industry should fully embrace RM applications.

N. Nurlaela Arief , Melia Famiola , M. Rahman Roestan et al.

The focus of this research was to review of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implementation of sustainable geo-tourism development in West Java Province, Indonesia. This study employed data analysis and semi-structured interviews to examine the implementation of a CSR Programme in geo tourism. This study proposed a sustainable business model that refers to the strategic management process. In the case of the CSR Programme of PT. Bio Farma Indonesia (BFI), this has played an essential role through new ways possible to achieve economic, social and environmental success, by accommodating the creation of business growth while promoting benefits to the community through shared value creation. The implementation of the sustainable model concept by the company through adopting well thought out business processes, as well as being a part of the solution for society and the environment is commendable.

Jeffrey M. Beckett, Madeleine J. Ball

Information regarding Zn status in the Australian population is very limited. Mild deficiencies in Zn have been associated with CVD, impaired immune function and poor healing. A cross-sectional study of 497 northern Tasmanian adults (24–82 years of age) was conducted to assess Zn status. Dietary intakes were assessed by FFQ and serum concentrations of Zn were evaluated using International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group methodology. Mean Zn intakes were 12·6 (sd 4·4) mg/d for men and 10·9 (sd 3·6) mg/d for women. It was found that 52 % of men but only 9 % of women consumed less than the Australia/New Zealand estimated average requirement for Zn. Mean serum Zn was 13·0 (sd 2·4) µmol/l in men and 13·0 (sd 2·5) µmol/l in women. Overall, 15 % of men and 7 % of women had low serum Zn levels. Furthermore, low serum Zn was observed in 18 % of men 50 years or older and 30 % of men 70 years or older. The present results suggest that mild Zn deficiency may be prevalent in older Tasmanian adults, particularly men; and due to the importance of Zn in many areas of health, this could be of public health concern.

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)

Following a request from the European Commission to address the risks and benefits as regards fish/seafood consumption related to relevant beneficial substances (e.g. nutrients such as n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) and the contaminant methylmercury, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on health benefits of seafood consumption in relation to health risks associated with exposure to methylmercury. In the present Opinion, the NDA Panel has reviewed the role of seafood in European diets and evaluated the beneficial effects of seafood consumption in relation to health outcomes and population subgroups that have been identified by the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Consultation on the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption and/or the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the context of a risk assessment related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food as relevant for the assessment. These included the effects of seafood consumption during pregnancy on functional outcomes of children’s neurodevelopment and the effects of seafood consumption on cardiovascular disease risk in adults. The Panel concluded that consumption of about 1‑2 servings of seafood per week and up to 3‑4 servings per week during pregnancy has been associated with better functional outcomes of neurodevelopment in children compared to no consumption of seafood. Such amounts have also been associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease mortality in adults and are compatible with current intakes and recommendations in most of the European countries considered. These associations refer to seafood per se andinclude beneficial and adverse effects of nutrients and non-nutrients (i.e. including contaminants such as methylmercury) contained in seafood. No additional benefits on neurodevelopmental outcomes and no benefit on coronary heart disease mortality risk might be expected at higher intakes.

Mayara Longo, Ricardo Luís Fernandes Guerra, João Paulo Botero

EFSA Panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids (CEF)

Abstract This scientific opinion of EFSA deals with the risk assessment of the substance cyclic oligomers of (butylene terephthalate), CAS No. 263244‐54‐8, REF. No. 45676 for which the CEF Panel concluded that there is no safety concern for the consumer if the substance is only used in PET, PBT, PC, PS and rigid PVC plastics up to 1% w/w, in contact with aqueous, acidic and alcoholic foods, for long term storage at room temperature