Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

S. Freud

أ.د. ستار جبار الجابري

إن التجربة الإسبانية في التحول الديمقراطي تعدّ إحدى أهم التجارب العالمية منذ عقد السبعينيات من القرن العشرين، لأنها جاءت في أعقاب نظام ديكتاتوري صارم، وبدأ التحول الديمقراطي بعد وفاة الجنرال فرانسيسكو فرانكو نهاية العام 1975، الذي يعد نقطة تحول في تاريخ إسبانيا، إذ تعدّ عملية تحول ديمقراطي ناجحة ومؤثرة, والواقع أن تجربة إسبانيا جديرة بالتأمل, فهي ليست تجربة انقلابية أو ثورية أو فوضوية, بل على العكس فقد قاد النظام بنفسه عملية إصلاح سياسي طويلة انتهت إلى تكريس نظام ديمقراطي قوي، وسنتناول في بحثنا هذا ثلاثة محاور: أولها عن التحول الديمقراطي في إسبانيا، وثانيها عن قانون الأحزاب السياسية في إسبانيا، وثالثها الأحزاب السياسية ودورها في الحياة الحزبية الإسبانية.

Ghazaleh Tarkalam

Iranian architecture has left its mark on world history, with its influence reaching the farthest corners of Europe through the creation of Byzantine architecture. The traditional architecture of Iran, as described by Professor Pirnia, is built upon five principles. These principles highlight the evolution of Iranian civilization over time. Mohsen Foroughi, an exemplary Iranian architect, has skillfully merged the essence of Iranian architecture with contemporary ideals, exemplified by his masterpiece, the "Maison de l’Iran" in Paris, designed in a modern style. In this study, we aimed to explore how Foroughi incorporated these five principles of Iranian architecture into his project in France. Employing a descriptive and analytical method, we assessed the physical and structural components of Iranian architecture, examining how Foroughi's work aligns with the principles and values of Iranian architecture. Our findings demonstrate that Foroughi is in line with traditional Iranian architectural values, contextual materials, and climate-friendly design in his works. Furthermore, Foroughi's expertise in Statics, Material Studies, and Structural techniques sciences enabled him to successfully execute large-scale projects. The Maison de l’Iran exemplifies his understanding of modern styles while honoring the principles of Iranian architecture. His work has been instrumental in shaping modern Iranian architecture, reflecting his artistic creativity and inspiration from Iran's architectural heritage.

Noah W. Tuchow, Jason T. Wright

We present HZ_evolution, a Python package to characterize the habitable histories of exoplanets. Given inputs of a planet's current effective flux and host star properties, HZ_evolution calculates its instellation history, the evolution of the star's Habitable Zone, and the duration the planet spends inside or outside the Habitable Zone.

Myong Chol Jung, Julien Monteil, Philip Schulz et al.

We present the history-aware transformer (HAT), a transformer-based model that uses shoppers' purchase history to personalise outfit predictions. The aim of this work is to recommend outfits that are internally coherent while matching an individual shopper's style and taste. To achieve this, we stack two transformer models, one that produces outfit representations and another one that processes the history of purchased outfits for a given shopper. We use these models to score an outfit's compatibility in the context of a shopper's preferences as inferred from their previous purchases. During training, the model learns to discriminate between purchased and random outfits using 3 losses: the focal loss for outfit compatibility typically used in the literature, a contrastive loss to bring closer learned outfit embeddings from a shopper's history, and an adaptive margin loss to facilitate learning from weak negatives. Together, these losses enable the model to make personalised recommendations based on a shopper's purchase history. Our experiments on the IQON3000 and Polyvore datasets show that HAT outperforms strong baselines on the outfit Compatibility Prediction (CP) and the Fill In The Blank (FITB) tasks. The model improves AUC for the CP hard task by 15.7% (IQON3000) and 19.4% (Polyvore) compared to previous SOTA results. It further improves accuracy on the FITB hard task by 6.5% and 9.7%, respectively. We provide ablation studies on the personalisation, constrastive loss, and adaptive margin loss that highlight the importance of these modelling choices.

Guy S. Alitto

José Antolín Nieto Sánchez

Este artículo estudia las transformaciones del aprendizaje que tuvieron lugar en Buenos Aires entre la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y los primeros treinta años del XIX. La hipótesis central apunta a que se dio un cambio trascendental entre un modelo paternalista de aprendizaje importado de la metrópoli española a otro de fuerte raigambre francesa en el que primaban los beneficios obtenidos por parte del empleador más que la enseñanza impartida. En este cambio de modelo se analiza el papel desempeñado por las formas retributivas. Además, la muestra de casi 200 escrituras de aprendizaje custodiadas en el Archivo General de la Nación permite realizar comparaciones con lo sucedido allí donde también se han podido obtener muestras seriadas de contratos de aprendizaje, como en Lima, México o Puebla de los Ángeles, y en la propia metrópoli, Madrid o Cádiz. Esta comparación es de interés para la investigación sobre el artesanado precapitalista, pues entre todas estas ciudades Buenos Aires era la única que no contó con gremios, institución que por lo general se ha vinculado estrechamente con el aprendizaje artesano.

دعاء احمد محمد, وئام عدنان عباس

تمثل المؤسسات الدينية وعلى رأسها القضاء أهم مظاهر التطور، ففي القضاء يكون استقامة المجتمع وعدله، حيث حظي القضاء على مر العصور بمكانة رفيعة من خلال اهتمام الخلفاء والسلاطين بهذه المؤسسة، كما تطرق البحث إلى التغيير الكبير الذي حصل في الديار المصرية عند زوال حكم الفاطميين وابتداء حكم بني أيوب من خلال تغيير مذهب البلاد من الإسماعيلي إلى الشافعي وتغيير كل ما يلزم تغييره، هذا فضلاً عن ذكر أهم القضاة الذين تولوا المنصب خلال حقبة الدراسة.

İsmail Metin, Hakan Temir

Language is a fundamental phenomenon that enables the expression of thoughts, the transmission of knowledge, and social interaction. Language education is an activity that facilitates cross-cultural communication and helps individuals gain the skills to communicate effectively worldwide. Knowing multiple languages opens one up to different cultures and perspectives. Government officials in France, who intend to be a civilized and interactive society that does not want to lag behind in the world order they live in, have taken significant steps in the field of language education. In 1795, they established Inalco, a specialized institution for Eastern languages, and began training experts who would learn the languages spoken in the Islamic world, including Ottoman Turkish. Since its inception, Inalco has systematically expanded its range of languages, incorporating Turkish, Arabic, Chinese, Persian, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Hebrew, and many other Eastern languages. Those who learn and speak these languages help France maintain strong ties with the East and continue to engage with the states in that region, whether remotely or closely. With a history spanning approximately four centuries, Inalco has not only been a center for language education but also stands as a leading institution among Oriental studies, nurturing numerous orientalists and providing opportunities for the production of works in various fields. In line with its mission, the institution has specialized in Eastern languages and civilizations for an extended period, producing pioneering figures whose work promotes cultural interaction and fosters intercultural understanding. Expanding its scope continually through its institutional experience, Inalco now conducts research on almost every world language and civilization. With its expertise in language and culture and its deep-rooted history, Inalco is recognized as a respected institution globally. Language experts trained at Inalco have actively participated in the French government's diplomatic and trade relations by providing translation services to officials. They have also maintained instructional positions to teach their respective languages to the younger generations and played significant roles in promoting an understanding of the cultures they were engaged with. Although their primary work was in the field of oriental studies, they have been instrumental in uncovering, evaluating, and categorizing elements of Eastern culture, thus contributing to the preservation of these cultural aspects. Many Eastern scholars, such as Silvestre de Sacy, Louis Bazin, Régis Blachère, Louis Massignon, and others, have been nurtured here, serving both their own countries and Eastern culture. However, it’s a fact that there hasn’t been enough research on institutions like Inalco in academic circles. Therefore, after introducing Inalco’s establishment, operation, and fields of activity, this study will focus on Inalco’s mission as an Oriental studies institution. The study which was created through field research, observation, and information obtained from authoritative sources, aims to fill this research gap. With a history spanning about four centuries, Inalco is not only a language education center but also a leading institution within Oriental studies. It has produced numerous orientalists and contributed to works in various fields. Established in 1795 in France, Inalco has long been dedicated to producing leading figures specializing in Eastern languages and civilizations, in line with its founding mission. Focusing on Oriental studies for a significant period, Inalco has encouraged cultural interaction through its studies of Eastern languages and civilizations, fostering intercultural understanding. Expanding its scope continually through its institutional experience, Inalco now conducts research on almost all world languages and civilizations. With its expertise in language and culture and its deep-rooted history, Inalco is recognized as a respected institution globally. However, it’s a fact that there hasn’t been enough research on institutions like Inalco in academic circles. Therefore, after introducing Inalco’s establishment, operation, and fields of activity, this study will focus on its mission as an Oriental studies institution. The study, created through field research, observation, and information obtained from authoritative sources, aims to fill this research gap.

Uswatun Hasanah

This article analyzes the history of Islamic intellectual progress during the Abbasid Dynasty which in Islamic literature is said to be the city of Baghdad as the center of Islamic civilization. In the Abbasid period, not only the Arabs filled the dynamics of Arab life, but also the Indians, Africans, Europeans, Persians, Chinese so as to form a cosmopolitical society, open, and easily accept new things that were considered useful.The dispute with the civilization of other nations brought a new influence so that science developed rapidly. In addition, the main influence is the leadership pattern of the caliphs who can provide progressive and revolutionary policies, namely providing support for the movement to translate foreign manuscripts, providing facilities for science lovers by establishing many libraries, especially Bayt al-Hikmah as an institution of education and science studies and as a library so that Muslim intellectuals are born.Key words: Abbasid Dynasty, Islamic Intellectuals

Mohamed Abou-Shouk, N. Zoair, Emadeddin Abulenein

University of Sharjah, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of History and Islamic Civilization, Sharjah, UAE

Rafael Gil-Bautista, Carmen Gil-Huedo

La importancia de la nieve durante la época preindustrial es bien conocida. Para recogerla y disponer de ella se edificaron neveros o casas/pozos de nieve, que compendiaban el saber popular y la pericia de los alarifes que los excavaron. No fue casual que su periodo de construcción coincidiera con la Pequeña Edad del Hielo, como tampoco lo fue la adaptación y alteración del paisaje elegido para su emplazamiento. La necesidad y el uso del hielo para la salud pública, la conservación de alimentos, la fabricación de aguas heladas o los beneficios económicos a sus gestores y fiscales a la Hacienda, entre otros, no pasaron desapercibidos. Los archivos locales y regionales nos aproximarán a estos aspectos. En esta ocasión nos centraremos en los neveros murcianos, principalmente los de Sierra Espuña, donde se concentra un gran número de estas arquitecturas populares, hoy en desuso, pero entonces imprescindibles.

Luciene Cristina Risso

The objective of the research was to carry out a participatory mapping of memory geographies when the Quilombola community of Mandira (Brazil) lived near the Mandira River and Fazenda Andrade, in a temporality that covers the final years of the 19th century to the year 1975, integrating collaborative narratives in the non-hegemonic historical construction and cultural valorization. The elders' memories evoked fragments of stories from the way of life of the past, related to landscapes and places. From 1965 onwards, many transformations took place, culminating in the relocation of part of the community to the eastern end of the territory, after the land expropriation process in 1975. As a result, the rural neighborhood of their ancestors was abandoned and the forests entered a process of ecological succession, however this place is claimed to be annexed to the territory. Thus, the fact that they resist in their territory and the power of memory contributed to this research supporting the struggle and affirmation of identity.

Junwen Chen, Gaurav Mittal, Ye Yu et al.

Online action detection is the task of predicting the action as soon as it happens in a streaming video. A major challenge is that the model does not have access to the future and has to solely rely on the history, i.e., the frames observed so far, to make predictions. It is therefore important to accentuate parts of the history that are more informative to the prediction of the current frame. We present GateHUB, Gated History Unit with Background Suppression, that comprises a novel position-guided gated cross-attention mechanism to enhance or suppress parts of the history as per how informative they are for current frame prediction. GateHUB further proposes Future-augmented History (FaH) to make history features more informative by using subsequently observed frames when available. In a single unified framework, GateHUB integrates the transformer's ability of long-range temporal modeling and the recurrent model's capacity to selectively encode relevant information. GateHUB also introduces a background suppression objective to further mitigate false positive background frames that closely resemble the action frames. Extensive validation on three benchmark datasets, THUMOS, TVSeries, and HDD, demonstrates that GateHUB significantly outperforms all existing methods and is also more efficient than the existing best work. Furthermore, a flow-free version of GateHUB is able to achieve higher or close accuracy at 2.8x higher frame rate compared to all existing methods that require both RGB and optical flow information for prediction.

R. Cook, Richard Hofstadter

Farras Kartika Kusumadewi, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

The study of Islamic history today may not have been regulated through literature, either in foreign languages or using Indonesian (translations or works of the nation's children). Many books have studied the history of Islam that we can get to fill our information, but no one book is so complete, one literature with another can complement each other to form knowledge of Islamic history. From the thought that no single work is perfect and on the contrary will complement each other, the author of this book aims to present the book Sejarah Peradaban Islam to be a reference and teaching material for the history of Islamic civilization course. The author hopes that this work will not only serve as a reference for students majoring in history at various universities, but has also become a public reading as an important contribution to reinventing Islamic civilization in the past, present, and future.Previously, this book entitled Sejarah Islam was only published in a limited edition (30 copies) by Rayhan Intermedia six years ago for student reading. After undergoing revisions in several parts as well as adjusting the curriculum and lecture materials, a book with the title Sejarah Peradaban Islam was presented. This book is intended for everyone, from all walks of life. Although it focuses on Islam, it can be read by anyone who wants to gain additional knowledge about Islamic history.The flow of study in the book does not follow the periodization of Islamic history as written by Harun Nasution, which is divided into the classical period (650-1250 AD), the middle period (1250-1800 AD), and the modern period (1800 AD). His presentation in the book is more based on the growth and development of Islamic civilization in various regions and the reign of a certain caliph or king, however, it does not ignore the characteristics of the times and the character of the period in which Islam grew and developed. In certain parts of the book, it also reviews the roots and implications of the social revolution, the glorious achievements of the rulers, and the peaks of the development of Islamic civilization in various parts of the world.The book of Sejarah Peradaban Islam from Ahmadin needs to be reviewed to know what is in the book, considering some of the previous things. In addition, also to find out what weaknesses and strengths are contained in the book, it is possible to recommend the book as additional reading for others.

Alexandr N. Dyachenko

The article is devoted to the publication and analysis of new burial materials of the pre-Scythian period (9th – 7th centuries BC), obtained as a result of excavations of several burial mounds in the Volgograd region. The work was carried out by the expedition of Volgograd State University from the end of the past to the beginning of the present century. The burial mounds were located on the coastal terraces of the Don river and some of its tributaries, as well as on the steppe watersheds associated with the Don basin. The sample includes seven pre-Scythian burials, the burial rite and clothing material of which allows us to correlate them with the previously discovered monuments of the Chernogorovskaya Culture of the southern Russian steppes and date them within the boundaries of the initial stage of the early Iron Age. According to archaeological and anthropological data, various components were involved in the formation of this culture in the Lower Volga region and the neighbouring Don and the Volga-Ural regions. The basis was autochthonous substrates of the Late Bronze Age, as well as cultural formations derived from them at the final stage of the Late Bronze Age. The combination of local and imported cultural traditions is also reflected in the grave inventory of the studied series, especially in the ceramic complex, which shows technological and typological features of various origin. The variety of elements of the funeral rite and the mixed nature of the accompanying inventory of the presented burial series reflect the complex processes of cultural genesis in the Lower Volga region in the pre-Scythian period during transition to a nomadic economy.

حامد شکوری

پری د‌‌ر زبان فارسی انگاره‌ای (مفهومی) د‌‌وگانه و رازآمیز است، گروهی از معانی، آن را بود‌‌ه‌ای ستود‌‌ه می‌خوانند‌‌ که نیکو، زیبا و مهربان است و گروهی د‌‌یگر نکوهید‌‌ه و تباهش می‌د‌‌انند‌‌ چنان‌که به انسان آسیب می‌رساند‌‌ و پری‌زد‌‌ه‌اش می‌کند‌‌. اما با این وجود‌‌ پری از آغاز تا امروز د‌‌ر فرهنگ ایران جا د‌‌اشته و با چهره‌های رنگ‌به‌رنگ د‌‌ر زبان و هنر ایرانی نمود‌‌ یافته است. پژوهش د‌‌ر پیشینة پری نشان داد سبب د‌‌وگانگی انگارة پری آن است که د‌‌ر آموزه‌های پیشازرتشت ایزد‌‌بانوی باروری، عشق و خواهش‌های تنانه بود‌‌ه اما زرتشت با آمد‌‌ن خود‌‌ او را از انجمن اهوراییان راند‌‌ه و د‌‌ر رد‌‌ة اهریمنان سیاهه کرد‌‌ه است. با آمد‌‌ن اسلام انگاره‌های نوینی به ذهنیت ایرانی و زبان فارسی افزود‌‌ه می‌شود‌‌ که ایرانیان به ناخود‌‌آگاه آنها را با پری باستانی خود‌‌ آشتی می‌د‌‌هند‌‌؛ این انگاره‌های تازه سبب می‌شود‌‌ که پری بار د‌‌یگر چهرة ستود‌‌نی خود‌‌ را بازیابد‌‌ و د‌‌ر هنرهای ایرانی مانند‌‌ نگارگری و تعزیه به همراه د‌‌یگر بود‌‌ه‌های فرازمینی نقش‌آفرین شود‌‌. پری د‌‌ر نگارگری د‌‌ر اوج زیبایی تصویر می‌شود‌‌ اما با نشانگانی مانند‌‌ رنگ سرخ، برخی از سویه‌های شوخ و شیطان خود‌‌ را هم هوید‌‌ا می‌کند‌‌. پری د‌‌ر تعزیه نقش بسیار پررنگی د‌‌ارد‌‌ و چهار بار با خویشکاری‌های گوناگون روی صحنه می‌آید‌‌. او به شیوه‌های رنگارنگ به قهرمانان مقد‌‌س یاری می‌رساند‌‌. این خویشکاری‌ها آمیزه‌ای است از ویژگی‌های باستانی پری با آموزه‌های نوین اسلامی که د‌‌ر واژه‌ها و انگاره‌هایی مانند‌‌ ملک، جن و حورالعین د‌‌ید‌‌ه می‌شود‌‌. د‌‌ر پایان، این همه، د‌‌ر پیکر یک اثر هنریِ پخته و زیبا ساختار یافته‌اند‌‌ و به بینند‌‌گانِ باورمند‌‌ پیشکش می‌شوند‌‌. پریِ بازیافته بود‌‌ه‌ای نیکو و د‌‌وست‌د‌‌اشتنی است که اگر رگه‌هایی از شوخ و شنگی و فریبند‌‌گی هم د‌‌ر او به جا ماند‌‌ه از ناگزیری ویژگی‌های زنانگی است.

Marcio A. Jorge Silva, Sandro B. Pinheiro

We address a Timoshenko system with memory in the history context and thermoelasticity of type III for heat conduction. Our main goal is to prove its uniform (exponential) stability by illustrating carefully the sensitivity of the heat and history couplings on the Timoshenko system. This investigation contrasts previous insights on the subject and promotes a new perspective with respect to the stability of the thermo-viscoelastic problem carried out, by combining the whole strength of history and thermal effects.

Inácio Bó, Li Chen

We provide an original analysis of historical documents to describe the assignment procedures used to allocate entry-level civil service jobs in China from the tenth to the early twentieth century. The procedures tried to take different objectives into account through trial and error. By constructing a formal model that combines these procedures into a common framework, we compare their effectiveness in minimizing unfilled jobs and prioritizing high-level posts. We show that the problem was inherently complex such that changes made to improve the outcome could have the opposite effect. Based on a small modification of the last procedure used, we provide a new mechanism for producing maximum matchings under constraints in a transparent and public way.