A combinação de contributos dos estudos pós-coloniais, de património e de mobilidade constitui um prisma privilegiado para análise das metáforas de viagem e encontro. Tal como Paul Gilroy (1993) considerou os navios coloniais unidades culturais e políticas que navegavam nas várias partes do mundo atlântico, também é possível considerar, no presente pós-colonial, que os aviões transatlânticos servem de mediadores nas dimensões culturais e políticas das viagens. Sem dúvida, e durante os seus quase 80 anos de existência, a companhia aérea de bandeira TAP Air Portugal tem vindo a desempenhar um papel fundamental na conexão das comunidades de língua portuguesa dispersas geograficamente, mas ligadas política, económica, cultural e afetivamente. Após os importantes eventos institucionais, e relativamente recentes, como a fundação da Comunidade de Países de Língua Oficial Portuguesa, em 1996, e a Exposição Mundial de Lisboa de 1998, as relações pós-coloniais lusófonas ficaram mais visíveis, tanto internacionalmente quanto internamente. E nas representações de elementos da cultura expressos pela TAP, o Brasil tem tido um papel dominante. Enquadrando o meu trabalho em debates sobre a promoção de memórias sociais e patrimónios culturais, pretendo compreender a maneira como as relações luso-brasileiras têm vindo a ser representadas pela TAP. A nível metodológico, realizo uma análise do discurso, que incide sobre as noções usadas pela TAP (tais como “abraço”, “amizade” e “hospitalidade”); teoricamente, problematizo entendimentos sobre os conceitos de “portugalidade” e “brasilidade” como elementos-chave da ideia de “lusofonia”.
General Works, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
General Background: Compound words are an integral part of A.N. Tikhonov’s Word Formation Dictionary of the Russian Language, reflecting the dynamic nature of the Russian lexicon. Specific Background: Tikhonov’s systematic approach categorizes compound words within a word-formation paradigm, showcasing their role at various stages of derivation. Knowledge Gap: Despite their significance, there is limited analysis on how compound words, especially from the быстрый (fast) family, influence the broader Russian word-formation system. Aims: This study aims to analyze the compound word family of быстрый and explore its role within Tikhonov's framework, demonstrating how compound words contribute to the linguistic flexibility and precision of the Russian language. Results: The analysis reveals that compound words derived from быстрый display a diverse array of meanings and grammatical forms, showcasing the productive nature of compound word formation across different parts of speech. Novelty: This study highlights the interconnectedness of word-formation families, with compound words serving as a bridge between different grammatical categories, thus contributing to the adaptability of the language. Implications: The findings underscore the importance of compound words in understanding the morphological evolution of Russian, offering insights into how lexemes evolve and adapt to meet communicative needs.
Este artículo reflexiona sobre como las políticas neoliberales, en cuanto prácticas de gobierno y como narrativas, pretenden intervenir sobre los territorios indígenas y sus ecosistemas en la Amazonia colombiana. Serán abordadas las experiencias de los programas REDD+ como mecanismos económicos y políticos que intervienen en los ecosistemas como espacios de inversión y fuentes de lucro. El abordaje planteado promueve la discusión alrededor del concepto de Ornitorrinco del sociólogo brasilero Francisco de Oliveira (2003), que permite pensar las realidades amazónicas atravesadas por atributos económicos, conflictos y relaciones diferentes, en las que políticas neoliberales, por ejemplo, pueden alimentarse del atraso, el capital financiero se imbrica con precariedad, dando forma dialéctica a una realidad en contradicción permanente. Finalmente, se enfocará como los pueblos amazónicos se debaten entre la comercialización de los mal llamados “servicios ambientales” y la puesta en marcha de sus prácticas culturales como refugio común ante la maquinaria del capital.
Agnieszka Brelik, Wojciech Lewicki, Milena Bera
et al.
In recent years, the development of renewable energy sources has become one of the key demands in the European Union's policy. In Poland, the idea emerged that the energy potential of domestic agriculture may be an opportunity for broader use of the available agricultural biomass. Given that agricultural biogas has long been seen as one of the most promising directions for energy transition, the goal of the article was to assess the potential of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The research methodology was based on statistical measures related to analysing the structure and changes over time in individual years. The structure analysis was carried out for selected Polish provinces, for which empirical distributions were built and selected descriptive parameters were calculated. A similar study was made in relation to selected EU countries. In addition, according to the National Action Plan for Renewable Energy, at least one agricultural biogas plant should be established in each Polish municipality. On this basis, the article assesses the ecological effect of the project on agricultural biogas in Marcinkowice, in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship. The presented simulations allowed us to conclude that an agricultural biogas plant can be an ecological potential in the form of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels by reducing emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere while reducing fossil fuel consumption. It was important for the practice to confirm that investing in renewable energy sources, including the use of biogas, is part of the goals and directions of development related to the sustainable management of environmental resources and the development of renewable energy sources.
Theophilo Benedicto Ottoni Filho, Anderson Rodrigues Caetano, Marta Vasconcelos Ottoni
In soil hydraulics, it is crucial to establish an accurate representation of the relative hydraulic conductive curve (rHCC), K_r(h). This paper proposes a simple way to determine K_r(h), called the Modified Gardner Dual model (MGD), using a logarithmic extension of the classical Gardner exponential representation and including macropore flow effects. MGD has five parameters which are hydraulic constants clearly identified in the bilogarithmic representation of K_r(h). Two of them are related to the main inflection point coordinates of rHCC; from them, it is possible to determine the macroscopic capillary length of the infiltration theory. The model was tested in the suction interval 0 < h < 15,000 cm with a total of 249 soil samples from two databases, and employing a flexible representation of the Mualem-van Genuchten (MVG) equation as a reference. Using the RMSE statistics (with log base) to measure the fitting errors, we obtained a 31% reduction in errors (RMSE_MGD = 0.27, RMSE_MVG = 0.39). In 74% of the soils, including samples from the two databases, the reduction was 53% (RMSE_MGD = 0.19, RMSE_MVG = 0.40); the rHCC data fitting of this group was accurate over all the suction h intervals, with RMSE_MGD < 0.32 in each soil sample. In the remaining 26% of the samples, the quality of the MGD fitting degraded due mainly to the presence of multiple rHCC data inflection points. Therefore, in soils without this structural peculiarity, the proposed model revealed to be quite accurate in addition to being analytically simple. Another advantage of MGD is that its parameters depend mainly on the data with h around and lower than the main inflection suction value, which, in turn, never exceeded the 300-cm limit in this study. Hence, in soils that do not have multiple inflections, the extrapolations of the model in drier intervals (1000 cm < h < 15,000 cm) are reliable. The MGD parameter optimization software has been called KUNSAT. It is available in the Supplementary Material or from the corresponding author on request.
El bicentenario es una oportunidad no solo para conmemorar la Independencia de nuestro país, sino también, para visibilizar los diversos actores de la guerra civil de la Independencia del Perú y descentralizar las narrativas desde las regiones. El presente estudio describe y analiza la participación puneña en la guerra por la Independencia del Perú, que para el caso del Sur Andino fue un proceso largo y complejo. Algunos historiadores refieren que inició, incluso, con la rebelión de Tupac Amaru en Cusco en 1780, se intensificó con las juntas autonomistas de La Paz y Chuquisaca en 1809, además de la rebelión del Cusco de 1814; este periodo fue el más convulsivo y sanguinario en el altiplano. La presencia del virrey La Serna en el sur constitucional y la batalla de Zepita en 1823 demandaron levas y exacciones a la población puneña, que al fin proclamó y juró su independencia recién en diciembre de 1824.
Social sciences (General), Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Ulas Can Yıldırım, Oktay Banlı, Mehmet Gülü
et al.
Obesity is a global health problem that is increasing in prevalence and poses significant risks to the health of individuals. In recent years, bariatric surgery, especially sleeve gastrectomy, has become a widely adopted approach in the treatment of obesity. However, the role of post-operative physical activity, especially in women, has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study is to compare the body composition and blood lipid levels of adult obese women who do physical activity and those who do not for a year after bariatric surgery. Twenty-one women (PA group / non-PA group) participants with a sedentary lifestyle and a body mass index above 35 were included in the study. The PA group performed regular aerobic exercises, while the non-PA group maintained a sedentary lifestyle. Measurements were made in both groups preoperatively, at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. The results showed that physical activity has a significant effect on body composition. Regarding blood lipid levels, physical activity contributed to significantly improvements in cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels over the 12-month period. However, no significant relationship was found between physical activity and high-density lipoprotein levels. In summary, this study highlights the beneficial effects of physical activity on body composition and some blood lipid parameters in women after sleeve gastrectomy.
Abstract Despite a growing literature‐base devoted to document biodiversity patterns in cities, little is known about the processes that influence these patterns, and whether they are consistent over time. In particular, numerous studies have identified the capacity of cities to host a rich diversity of plant species. This trend, however, is driven primarily by introduced species, which comprise a large proportion of the urban species pool relative to natives. Using an experimental common garden study, we assessed the relative influence of local assembly processes (i.e., soil environmental filtering and competition from spontaneous urban species) on the taxonomic and functional diversity of native plant communities sampled over four seasons in 2016–2018. Taxonomic and functional diversity exhibited different responses to local processes, supporting the general conclusion that species‐ and trait‐based measures of biodiversity offer distinct insights into community assembly dynamics. Additionally, we found that neither soil nor competition from spontaneous urban species influenced taxonomic or functional composition of native species. Functional composition, however, did shift strongly over time and was driven by community‐weighted mean differences in both measured traits (maximum height, Hmax; specific leaf area, SLA; leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence, Chl a) and the relative proportions of different functional groups (legumes, annual and biennial‐perennial species, C4 grasses, and forbs). By contrast, taxonomic composition only diverged between early and late seasons. Overall, our results indicate that native species are not only capable of establishing and persisting in vacant urban habitats, they can functionally respond to local filtering pressures over time. This suggests that regional dispersal limitation may be a primary factor limiting native species in urban environments. Thus, future regreening and management plans should focus on enhancing the dispersal potential of native plant species in urban environments, in order to achieve set goals for increasing native species diversity and associated ecosystem services in cities.
A fin de que se verificara como se refleja en el presente una producción históricamente desigual del espacio urbano madrileño se eligieron quince muestras de tejidos urbanos, tres en cada una de las clases morfológicas discutidas por Rodríguez-Tarduchy (2011), cada cual en una distinta realidad socioeconómica en el marco de su clase (inferior, intermediaria y superior). La investigación se basó, para cada tejido, en el análisis de 22 indicadores morfológicos y veinte funcionales y posibilitó conclusiones cuantitativas sobre las variaciones de carácter funcional dentro de una misma clase morfológica, pero en distintos paisajes sociales, bien como entre distintas clases, considerando un amplio espectro del espacio urbano madrileño. Al final, todos los indicadores funcionales fueron correlacionados entre sí, amén de estos con los morfológicos, de modo a que fuera contestada la indagación sobre cómo, con base en la muestra estudiada, las formas y las funciones urbanas se influyen. Se obtuvieron correlaciones consistentes entre densidades urbanas, edad media de la edificación, diversidad de funciones urbanas, valor del suelo, diversidad social, accesibilidad por transporte público y dimensión media de la manzana.
Christian Mikovits, Thomas Schauppenlehner, Patrick Scherhaufer
et al.
Austria aims to meet 100% of its electricity demand from domestic renewable sources by 2030 which means, that an additional 27 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> of renewable electricity generation are required, thereof 11 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> from photovoltaic. While some federal states and municipalities released a solar rooftop cadastre, there is lacking knowledge on the estimation of the potential of both, ground mounted installations and rooftop modules, on a national level with a high spatial resolution. As a first, in this work data on agricultural land-use is combined with highly resolved data on buildings on a national level. Our results show significant differences between urban and rural areas, as well as between the <i>Alpine</i> regions and the <i>Prealpine- and Easter Plain</i> areas. Rooftop potential concentrates in the big urban areas, but also in densely populated areas in Lower- and Upper Austria, Styria and the Rhine valley of Vorarlberg. The ground mounted photovoltaic potential is highest in Eastern Austria. This potential is geographically consistent with the demand and allows for a production close to the consumer. In theory, the goal of meeting 11 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> in 2030 can be achieved solely with the rooftop PV potential. However, considering the necessary installation efforts, the associated costs of small and dispersed production units and finally the inherent uncertainty with respect to the willingness of tens of thousands of individual households to install PV systems, installing the necessary solar PV on buildings alone is constrained.
In this study; the impact of global climate change on the water resources of Ankara, located in the Sakarya and Western Black Sea basins, was investigated. In the study, IPCC AR4 and AR5 scenario outputs and long term precipitation and temperature datasets were used together. The main source of the water in the sub-basins where the regulators and dams are located is the precipitation in the winter and spring seasons. According to the results of the study, at the end of the projection period, precipitation anomalies in the sub-basin where the regulator is located reach up to10% in the winter season. In the same basin, precipitation anomalies in spring season ranging from - 20% to 10% are expected. At the end of the projection period, in the winter season it is expected that reach up to 10% in the sub-basins where the dams are located. In the spring season, negative precipitation anomalies are expected, up to 10% according to SRES A2 outputs and varying according to other scenario outputs. At the end of the projection period, temperature anomalies are expected between 2° C and 6°C in winter and spring seasons.
Yedilbayev Bauyrzhan, Shokanova Akmaral, Akhmetova Zauresh
et al.
Developed economic - ecological model of modern large city on the example of Almaty, based on the main provisions of statistical theory, theories of logistics and the similarity of the General plan of development of Kazakhstan megapolis, the strategy of transport development of Kazakhstan, programs to reduce the traffic load on the highways regulations of international and national importance, as well as on the basis of predictive decisions arising from the comprehensive consideration of the issues city transport road ecology (CTRE). It includes for the first time scientifically grounded ecological and economic indicators and daily ecological model of Almaty which were initial data for further researches and calculations. However, this complex problem practically in all textbooks and manuals on ecology is considered factually, i.e. separately without interrelation, and questions of interrelation or mutual influence of emissions of motor transport in aggregate with infrastructure SRN (traffic lights, intersections, sidewalks, avenues, etc.) on environment are not still considered in the world literature. Besides there are no data on distribution of exhaust gases (EG) of motor vehicle in the residential area near highways in any source. Therefore, even it is difficult to expert to define the main sources of pollution of urban air environment.
O comércio de rua existe no Brasil desde o período colonial, praticado por negros livres e por
escravos. O objetivo deste estudo é mostrar modificações nesse comércio em cidades como Rio
de Janeiro e Recife, do período imperial até o Estado Novo de Vargas, pontuando influências
orientais, sobretudo islâmicas, introduzidas por escravos e colonizadores portugueses, até o
advento de novos imigrantes europeus nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Parte-se da análise de
excertos e imagens de obras de três autores: Jean-Baptiste Debret, em Viagem pitoresca e histórica
ao Brasil (1835-1839); Gilberto Freyre, em Casa-grande & Senzala (1933), Sobrados e mucambos
(1936) e Guia prático, histórico e sentimental da cidade do Recife (1934); Cecília Meireles (1941), na
crônica “Pelas ruas do Rio”, publicada na revista Travel in Brazil, ilustrada com fotografias de Jean
Manzon. Pretende-se também mostrar a intersecção entre esse comércio e concepções de
viajante e de turista.
E. Mahdavie Nezhad, S. Z. Hosseini, H. Maleki Nezhad
et al.
In water systems, precipitation is considered as input and evaporation as the output of the system. Water availability can be estemated from the relationship between these two factors. Therefore, evapotranspiration is the most important factor after precipitation in hydrological cycle. Evapotranspiration is influenced by climatic parameters such as temperature, wind, humidity and sunshine hours. In this research, changes in PET and effective climatic parameters, influencing on PET changes including temperature, wind, humidity, and solar radiation were investigated. For this purpose, PET in 14 weather stations of Yazd province were calculated using the FAO-Penman-Monteith method. Due to the lack of sunshine hours data in some stations, regeneration of the incomplete data was done by using regression method. Due to the lack of wind speed data at some stations, their reconstruction by using data from other stations was done by applying three methods of Inverse Distance Weighted, Kriging and Cokriging. After calculating potential evapotranspiration, PET data were zoned and their monthly and annual trends tested by Mann-Kendall test. Despite occurrence of climate change and increasing of temperature in 13 stations out of the 14 stations, it is expected an increase in potential evapotranspiration in past few decades, while, there is a decreasing trend in PET. Investigating on the effective parameters in potential evapotranspiration showed that wind speed has declined in the last few decades, and despite of an increase in temperature, potential evapotranspiration rate reduces in 64.3% of the stations. General trend of evapotranspiration was -0.86 in this period, which indicates a decrease in evapotranspiration in the Yazd province.
No presente artigo serão analisados os textos metódicos e metodológicos fundamentais de Alfred Hettner (1859-1941) publicados no espaço de tempo de 1901 a 1908. Com estes textos Hettner almejava dois objetivos: em primeiro lugar, ele queria dar à Geografia enquanto disciplina então recém-institucionalizada nas universidades alemãs uma posição segura na sistemática das ciências; em segundo lugar, ele pretendia clarificar quais conteúdos, como e por que os mesmos deveriam pertencer a esta nova disciplina. No resultado das análises será mostrado que Hettner conseguiu derivar logicamente – através da mudança da base ontológica – tanto a autonomia como também a unidade da Geografia. O elemento que conecta todos os textos é a perspectiva corológica por ele desenvolvida. Esta encontra-se na base da aquisição e análise de quadros de distribuição, variações e diferenciações espacialmente referenciados e, conforme as ideias de Hettner, deve ser aplicada igualmente na Geografia Física e na Geografia Humana. Na medida em que percebe o “mundo” a partir das lentes desta perspectiva, o geógrafo, segundo a concepção de Hettner, é capaz de constituir uma coleção de fatos científicos autônoma e diferenciável de outras ciências; mas, sobretudo, na medida em que ele aplica os fundamentos da investigação corológica, pode delimitar espaços em diferentes níveis escalares de modo metodologicamente claro e seguro.
Palavras-chave: Geografia Regional. Corologia. História e Epistemologia do Pensamento Geográfico. Teoria e Metodologia da Geografia. Alfred Hettner.
THE GRADUAL CONSOLIDATION OF HETTNER’S GEOGRAPHY CONSTRUCT: 1901-1908
Abstract: This paper analyzes Hettner’s basic methodical and methodological essays, which were published between 1901 and 1908. With these essays Hettner pursued two goals: firstly, he wanted to give geography a new position in the system of sciences as a subject just now institutionalized at German universities; Second, he wanted to clarify what content should and why should belong to this new discipline. As a result of the analyzes, the paper shows that by shifting the ontological basis Hettner was able to derive logically both the autonomy and the unity of geography and to substantiate it systematically. The connecting element of all essays is the chorological perspective he has developed. It is designed to capture and analyze spatial distribution patterns, variances, and disparities, and according to Hettner’s ideas it should be applied equally in physical geography and human geography. By perceiving “the world” through the lenses of this perspective, the geographer, according to Hettner, is able to constitute an independent sample of scientific facts that can be distinguished from other sciences; Above all, however, by applying the principles of chorological observation, he can delimit spaces at different scale levels in a methodologically reliable and clean manner.
Keywords: Regional Geography. Chorology. History e epistemology of geographical Thought. Theory and methodology of Geography. Alfred Hettner.
LA GRADUAL CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL CONSTRUCTO DE GEOGRAFÍA DE HETTNER: 1901-1908
Resumen: En este artículo se analizarán los textos metódicos y metodológicos fundamentales de Alfred Hettner (1859-1941) publicados en el espacio de tiempo de 1901 a 1908. Con estos textos Hettner anhelaba dos objetivos: en primer lugar, quería dar a la Geografía como disciplina entonces recién institucionalizada en las universidades alemanas una posición segura en la sistemática de las ciencias; en segundo lugar, pretendía aclarar qué contenidos, cómo y por qué deberían pertenecer a esta nueva disciplina. En el resultado de los análisis se mostrará que Hettner logró derivar lógicamente - a través del cambio de la base ontológica - tanto la autonomía como también la unidad de la Geografía. El elemento que conecta todos los textos es la perspectiva corológica por él desarrollada. Esta se encuentra en la base de la adquisición y análisis de cuadros de distribución, variaciones y diferenciaciones espacialmente referenciadas y, según las ideas de Hettner, debe aplicarse igualmente en la Geografía Física y la Geografía Humana. En la medida en que percibe el “mundo” a partir de las lentes de esta perspectiva, el geógrafo, según la concepción de Hettner, es capaz de constituir una colección de hechos científicos autónoma y diferenciable de otras ciencias; pero sobre todo en la medida en que aplica los fundamentos de la investigación corológica, puede delimitar espacios en diferentes niveles escalares de modo metodológicamente claro y seguro.
Palabras clave: Geografía Regional. Corología. Historia y Epistemología del Pensamiento Geográfico. Teoría y Metodología de la Geografía. Alfred Hettner.
Michael Müller, Udo Schickhoff, Thomas Scholten
et al.
Little is known about how soil properties control tree growth at its upper limit. This paper reviews the state of knowledge and discusses the results specifically related to ecozones, to the scale-dependent importance of single factors, and to new findings from a near-natural treeline ecotone in Rolwaling Himal, Nepal. This paper identifies gaps in literature and shows where new research is needed, both conceptual and geographical. The review shows that at a global scale and throughout diverse ecozones, growing season soil temperature is considered a key factor for tree growth. Soil temperatures differ greatly at a local scale, and are mainly determined by local climatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions. Our result of 7.6 ± 0.6°C for growing season mean soil temperature at treeline in Rolwaling is 1.2 K higher compared to the postulated 6.4 ± 0.7°C for alpine treelines. We suggest a broadening of the ±0.7°C error term to cover the wide range at a local scale. The role of major soil nutrients and soil moisture for treeline shift has been underestimated by far. In Rolwaling, significantly decreasing nutrient availability (N, K, Mg) in soils and foliage with elevation might explain why treeline shift and global warming are decoupled. Further, soil moisture deficits early in the year impede seedling and sapling establishment, which could be an important mechanism that controls treeline position. These findings question previous results which argue that alpine treelines are unaffected by soil nutrient availability and soil moisture. We assume that specific combinations of soil properties as well as single soil properties limit tree growth even below climatic treelines.
Se realizó un catastro del número, superficie y equivalente en agua de los glaciares (incluidos los glaciares rocosos) insertos dentro de las categorías operativas del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas por el Estado (SNASPE) a nivel nacional. La determinación del número y la superficie de glaciares dentro de áreas protegidas se realizó mediante el cruce de las bases de datos del inventario nacional de glaciares de la Dirección General de Aguas (DGA), y los polígonos del SNASPE del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA). Se estimó el equivalente en agua de los glaciares y se asumió una densidad del hielo de 0,9 gr cm-3. Los resultados arrojaron que a nivel nacional el SNASPE tiene bajo su jurisdicción el 43% de los glaciares y el 83% de la superficie de hielo del país. No obstante lo anterior, existen grandes diferencias macrozonales puesto que la zona norte y sobre todo la zona centro pueden estar subrepresentadas en términos de conservación glaciológica, con solo el 10% y el 3,8% respectivamente de superficie de hielo bajo alguna categoría SNASPE, asunto de gran relevancia, toda vez que la zona norte presenta conflictos permanentes de escasez de agua por su condición de aridez y por competencia entre actividades productivas. La zona centro concentra aproximadamente el 65,9% de la población a nivel nacional con las consiguientes demandas hídricas que ello implica. Por el contrario, la zona sur (47%) y la zona austral (90%), presentan gran cantidad de su superficie de hielo bajo alguna categoría SNASPE.
Le domande in questa intervista seguono e riprendono l’intervento di Luca Trevisani al convegno tenutosi nel novembre del 2013 presso il Museo del Novecento di Milano. Trevisani era stato invitato per “rappresentare” una nuova generazione di artisti, che, nati tra gli anni Settanta e i primi anni Ottanta si sono trovati ad operare proprio all’inizio del nuovo millennio.