We investigate the synchronization of speech and co-speech actions (i.e., manual game moves) in a dyadic game interaction across different levels of information structure and mutual visibility. We analyze cross-modal synchronization as the temporal distance between co-speech actions and corresponding (1) pitch accent peaks and (2) word onsets. For (1), we find no effect of mutual visibility on cross-modal synchronization. However, pitch accent peaks and co-speech actions are more tightly aligned when game moves are prosodically prominent due to information structural needs. This result is in line with a view of a tightly coupled processing of modalities, where prominence-lending modifications in the prosodic structure attract corresponding manual actions to be realized in a way similar to ‘beat’ gestures. For (2), we do find an effect of mutual visibility, under which co-speech actions are produced earlier and more tightly aligned with word onsets. This result is in line with a view in which co-speech actions act as communicative affordances, which may help an early disambiguation of a message, similar to ‘representational’ co-speech gestures.
Scott Marriner, Julie Cantelon, Wade R. Elmore
et al.
Abstract The pervasive nature of media multitasking in the last fifteen years has sparked extensive research, revealing a nuanced but predominantly negative association with executive function. Given the cognitive demands and technological landscape of the modern battlefield, there is a critical interest in understanding how these findings may or may not extend to military members. To understand this relationship, we investigated the hypothesis that self-reported media multitasking behaviors would be negatively associated with performance-based measurements of executive function in a military population. Results found no significant relationship between overall media multitasking and any measures of executive function. However, average media multitaskers performed significantly better than heavy media multitaskers in a task-switching paradigm. Furthermore, we examined whether self-regulation moderated this relationship. Unlike previous research in non-military samples, we did not find that the impact of media multitasking on executive function was more pronounced among military members with lower self-regulation. By uncovering the nuanced interplay between these variables, this research contributes to a more thorough understanding of the cognitive implications of media multitasking both in general and within a military context.
BackgroundHealth consciousness is a critical determinant of individuals’ engagement in health behaviors, while social capital influences health-related questions. This study aims to explore the relationship between social capital-comprising social participation, social trust, social networks, and social reciprocity, and health consciousness in China, with particular emphasis on regional variations.MethodsThis study utilizes data from the 2021 Chinese Social Survey (CSS2021) and employs descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression, and subsample regression to examine the effects of social capital on health consciousness, with a focus on regional differences across China.ResultsThere are significant regional differences in health consciousness among Chinese residents. Overall, the proportion of residents exhibiting a high level of health consciousness accounted for more than half (67.3%), with eastern China leading at 68.8% and the western region at a lower level of 64.3%. Social participation, social trust, and social reciprocity were found to significantly influence health consciousness. Regionally, the eastern region was influenced by social participation, social trust, and social networks; the central region by social participation alone; and the western region by social reciprocity (p < 0.05). In terms of socio-demographic and economic characteristics, the eastern region’s health consciousness was significantly influenced by age, gender, education, family economic status, and happiness. In the central region, factors included gender, marital status, education, family economic status, recent medical experience, and social equity cognition. In the western region, marital status, education, income group, family economic status, and social insurance satisfaction were significant factors (p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study highlights significant regional disparities in health consciousness among Chinese residents with variations closely linked to socioeconomic development. Social capital, including social participation, social trust, social networks, and social reciprocity, plays a crucial role, with its impact varying across regions. Factors such as age, gender, education, income, and family economic status influence health consciousness differently depending on the region. The findings underscore the need for region-specific health policies that address socioeconomic factors and strengthen social capital, aiming to improve health consciousness and public health outcomes across China.
Valentina Bandiera, Silvia Primativo, Roberta Daini
et al.
Recently we have shown that, while reading two words presented simultaneously, one in the fovea and one in the parafovea, participants are more accurate and faster when the two words are semantically related. The present study confirmed and supported the previous results by using the same Rapid Parallel Visual Presentation Paradigm (RPVP) and by changing the relative proportions of unrelated vs. semantically related word pairs. Indeed, differently from other studies where semantically unrelated and related word pairs were equally represented (50% each), in the present study only 30% of word pairs were semantically related. Results showed again an advantage when the two words were semantically related and we interpreted these findings in terms of automaticity between lexical/sublexical units processing and semantic access.
The development of executive function (EF) has become a central focus in early cognitive development research. While movement is frequently used to measure EF in young children and may significantly contribute to its development, many leading EF theories do not fully explore the role of movement. This review investigates the critical role of movement in the development of EF during early childhood through the framework of embodied cognition, particularly drawing on the central themes outlined by Lawrence Shapiro. By applying Shapiro's themes, this narrative review examines whether and how these embodied cognition concepts are integrated into leading theories of EF development. The analysis identifies key gaps where current theories could benefit from a deeper incorporation of embodied cognition. This work aims to support future research that emphasizes the importance of movement in fostering EF during early childhood.
This article aims to provide a comparative analysis between Husserl’s phenomenology and the Pāli Abhidhamma. To conduct this analysis, I will mainly draw on some books of the Abhidhamma and three works by Husserl. What emerges from this study are interesting convergences between the two systems of thought, which allow us to consider, in some respects, a true Buddhist phenomenology codified in the Abhidhamma. While not perfectly coinciding with Husserl’s phenomenology, it is similar enough to allow for a comparative study and perhaps even more. The intent is also to propose the possibilities of a true Buddhist phenomenology based on its methodology, and thus, not to see differences with Husserl’s approach as a limitation, but as something that can enrich the phenomenological methodology itself.
Analyzing the factors that influence maritime manufacturing firms’ environmental behavior is of significant theoretical and practical importance, particularly from a managerial cognition perspective. This study applies the regulatory focus theory to examine the complex relationship between environmental quality, regulation, and firms’ environmental actions. Our findings reveal a U-shaped relationship between regional environmental quality and local firms’ environmental consciousness. In regions with either better or poorer environmental conditions, firms demonstrate higher environmental consciousness. Specifically, firms in regions with better environmental quality exhibit a “promotion focus” on environmental issues, leading to proactive engagement in green innovation. Conversely, firms in regions with poor environmental quality adopt a “prevention focus” by pursuing ISO 14001 certification to maintain legitimacy and mitigate penalties. Moreover, we find that incentive regulations are more effective at stimulating green innovation among firms operating in regions with good environmental quality. In contrast, mandatory regulations drive higher ISO 14001 certification rates among firms located in areas with poor environmental quality. This study offers insights into the internal and external motivators of firms’ environmental behavior, contributing to the literature on corporate environmental responsibility. Additionally, it provides policy recommendations to encourage active participation in environmental initiatives among maritime manufacturing firms.
Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
Mar Martín-Signes, Ana B. Chica, Paolo Bartolomeo
et al.
Abstract Consciousness, a cornerstone of human cognition, is believed to arise from complex neural interactions. Traditional views have focused on localized fronto-parietal networks or broader inter-regional dynamics. In our study, we leverage advanced fMRI techniques, including the novel Functionnectome framework, to unravel the intricate relationship between brain circuits and functional activity shaping visual consciousness. Our findings underscore the importance of the superior longitudinal fasciculus within the fronto-parietal fibers, linking conscious perception with spatial neglect. Additionally, our data reveal the critical contribution of the temporo-parietal fibers and the splenium of the corpus callosum in connecting visual information with conscious representation and their verbalization. Central to these networks is the thalamus, posited as a conductor in synchronizing these interactive processes. Contrasting traditional fMRI analyses with the Functionnectome approach, our results emphasize the important explanatory power of interactive mechanisms over localized activations for visual consciousness. This research paves the way for a comprehensive understanding of consciousness, highlighting the complex network of neural connections that lead to awareness.
ObjectivesThis study examined potential bias against Biracial defendants using a juror decision-making paradigm. We also tested whether encouraging mock jurors not to endorse racial essentialism (belief that racial groups have inborn, immutable traits that influence behavior) would mitigate bias.MethodsCanadian jury-eligible participants (N = 326) read a fabricated first-degree murder of a police officer case (involving a Black, White, or photo-morphed Black-White Biracial defendant), then made verdict decisions, completed a heuristics questionnaire, and answered racial categorization questions.ResultsWhile there were no significant effects on verdicts, those higher in heuristic thinking tended to estimate a lower percentage of European ancestry for a Biracial defendant when the defense lawyer drew attention to race.ConclusionsFindings suggest that individual differences such as the tendency to rely on heuristic thinking may alter how racially ambiguous targets are perceived.
Julie Vaisarova, Lezxandra Saguid, Anne S. Kupfer
et al.
Childhood is a pinnacle of both creativity and curiosity, and although these constructs theoretically overlap, few studies have probed whether they are directly related in childhood or driven by similar cognitive and emotional processes. Across two online Zoom sessions, 36 3- to 6 year-olds completed six tasks measuring diverse manifestations of curiosity and creativity, as well as tasks assessing vocabulary, self-esteem, and executive function. Caregivers also completed questionnaires regarding their children's curiosity. Only two significant, positive correlations were found between indices of creativity and curiosity: between originality of ideas (creativity) and breadth of exploration (curiosity), and between creativity on a production-based task and parent-reported breadth of exploration (curiosity). Further, the two constructs were predicted by different child characteristics. Age was the main predictor of creativity; originality of children's ideas in two divergent thinking tasks decreased with age, while fluency and holistic ratings of production-based tasks increased. Self-esteem, in turn, was the strongest predictor of curiosity, correlating positively with several subtypes of parent-reported curiosity. The results of this exploratory study suggest creativity and curiosity may not be as closely linked in childhood as some have proposed, and that pinpointing their relations will require careful attention to the individual components and expressions of each construct.
Briony Banks, Anna M. Borghi, Raphaël Fargier
et al.
Abstract concepts are relevant to a wide range of disciplines, including cognitive science, linguistics, psychology, cognitive, social, and affective neuroscience, and philosophy. This consensus paper synthesizes the work and views of researchers in the field, discussing current perspectives on theoretical and methodological issues, and recommendations for future research. In this paper, we urge researchers to go beyond the traditional abstract-concrete dichotomy and consider the multiple dimensions that characterize concepts (e.g., sensorimotor experience, social interaction, conceptual metaphor), as well as the mediating influence of linguistic and cultural context on conceptual representations. We also promote the use of interactive methods to investigate both the comprehension and production of abstract concepts, while also focusing on individual differences in conceptual representations. Overall, we argue that abstract concepts should be studied in a more nuanced way that takes into account their complexity and diversity, which should permit us a fuller, more holistic understanding of abstract cognition.
The self-to-other model of empathy (SOME) states that a key reason for the empathic deficiency in autistic individuals is the imbalance of the self–other switch. The existing interventions of theory of mind contain training of self–other transposition ability but combined with other cognitive trainings. The self–other distinction brain areas of autistic individuals have been revealed, but the brain areas of the self–other transposition ability and its intervention have not been investigated. There are normalized amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuations (mALFFs) within 0.01–0.1 Hz and many normalized amplitudes of frequency fluctuations (mAFFs) within 0–0.01, 0.01–0.05, 0.05–0.1, 0.1–0.15, 0.15–0.2, and 0.2–0.25 Hz. Therefore, the current study established a progressive self–other transposition group intervention to specifically and systematically improve autistic children’s self–other transposition abilities. The transposition test with a three mountains test, an unexpected location test, and a deception test was used to directly measure autistic children’s transposition abilities. The Interpersonal Responsiveness Index Empathy Questionnaire with perspective-taking and fantasy subscales (IRI-T) was used to indirectly measure autistic children’s transposition abilities. The Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) was used to measure autistic children’s autism symptoms. The experiment was designed with two (intervention: experimental group vs. control group) independent variables and two (test time: pretest vs. posttest or tracking test) × three (test: transposition test vs. IRI-T test vs. ATEC test) dependent variables. Furthermore, it used eyes-closed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate and compare the relevant maternal mALFFs and average energy rank and energy rank variability of mAFFs of autistic children’s transposition abilities, autism symptoms, and intervention effects. The results showed the following: (1) There were many improvements (pretest vs. posttest or tracking test) greater than chance 0 in the experimental group, such as the three mountains, lie, transposition, PT, IRI-T, PT tracking, cognition, behavior, ATEC, language tracking, cognition tracking, behavior tracking, and ATEC tracking improvements. However, there was no improvement greater than chance 0 in the control group. (2) The maternal mALFFs and maternal average energy rank and energy rank variability of mAFFs could predict the autistic children’s transposition abilities, autism symptoms, and intervention effects with some overlap and some difference in maternal self–other distinction, sensorimotor, visual, facial expression recognition, language, memory and emotion, and self-consciousness networks. These results indicated that the progressive self–other transposition group intervention successfully improved autistic children’s transposition abilities and reduced their autism symptoms; the intervention effects could be applied to daily life and last up to a month. The maternal mALFFs, average energy rank, and energy rank variability of mAFFs were three effective neural indictors of autistic children’s transposition abilities, autism symptoms, and intervention effects, and the average energy rank and energy rank variability of mAFFs were two new neural indictors established in the current study. The maternal neural markers of the progressive self–other transposition group intervention effects for autistic children were found in part.
ABSTRACT This introductory paper offers an overview of transformational paths suggested by the contributors of this issue and the recent work of other scholars. Going forward, by drawing on the essence of existing scholarship, it suggests an inner transformation pathway for the suppliers, facilitators and receivers of tourism. The ultimate goal is to embark on a journey towards a state of awakening that transcends to the higher self of consciousness and a sense of connectedness (and therefore mindfulness) towards all living beings and the earth in general. To address the question of “how to move towards a higher state of consciousness?,” a transformational tourism paradigm is presented, which suggests an inner path towards a state of “Being,” stimulated by peak travel experiences and B-cognition, which can initiate harmony of the gross and subtle elements of human existence and transcend the self to the ultimate higher purpose of life.
People and other animals can search for information inside their heads. Where does this ability come from, and what does it enable cognitive systems to do? In this article, we address the behavioral and cognitive similarities between search in external environments and internal environments (e.g., memory). These require both maplike representations and the means to navigate them, and the latter involves modulation between exploitation and exploration analogous to a foraging process called area-restricted search. These findings have implications for understanding a number of cognitive abilities commonly considered to be hallmarks of the human species, such as well-developed executive control and goal-directed cognition, autonoetic consciousness (i.e., self-awareness), deliberation, and free will. Moreover, this research extends our conception of what organisms may share these abilities and how they evolved.
The increasing sophistication of social robots has intensified calls for transparency about robots’ machine nature. Initial research has suggested that providing children with information about robots’ mechanical status does not alter children's humanlike perception of, and relationship formation with, social robots. Against this background, our study experimentally investigated the effects of transparency about a robot's lack of human psychological capacities (intelligence, self-consciousness, emotionality, identity construction, social cognition) on children's perceptions of a robot and their relationship to it. Our sample consisted of 144 children aged 8 to 9 years old who interacted with the Nao robot in either a transparent or a control condition. Transparency decreased children's humanlike perception of the robot in terms of animacy, anthropomorphism, social presence, and perceived similarity. Transparency reduced child-robot relationship formation in terms of decreased trust, while children's feelings of closeness toward the robot were not affected.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that can involve nervous system commitment known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). The diagnostic of NPSLE is complex because the symptoms range from focal symptoms (e.g., strokes, thrombotic events) to diffuse disorders affecting cognition, mood and level of consciousness (e.g. acute confusional state, psychosis). Both type of manifestations of NPSLE differ in their pathological mechanisms. The focus of this review will be on the mechanisms that lead to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and to the neuroinflammation related with the diffuse manifestations of NPSLE.