In Chinese language semantic analysis, the processed languages often reveal similar representations in models for different application scenarios, resulting in similar language models. With that characteristic, evolutionary multitask optimization (EMTO) algorithms, which realize the synergy optimization for multiple tasks, have the potential to optimize such models for different scenarios. EMTO is an emerging topic in evolutionary computation (EC) for solving multitask optimization problems (MTOPs) with the help of knowledge transfer (KT). However, the current EMTO algorithms often involve two limitations. First, many KT methods usually ignore the distribution information of populations to evaluate task similarity. Second, many EMTO algorithms often directly transfer individuals from the source task to target task, which cannot guarantee the quality of the transferred knowledge. To overcome these challenges, an auxiliary–population–based multitask optimization (APMTO) is proposed in this paper, which will be further applied to Chinese semantic understanding in our future works. We first propose an adaptive similarity estimation (ASE) strategy to exploit the distribution information among tasks and evaluate the similarity of tasks, so as to adaptively adjust the KT frequency. Then, an auxiliary-population-based KT (APKT) strategy is designed, which uses auxiliary population to map the global best solution of the source task to target task, offering more useful transferred information for the target task. APMTO is tested on multitask test suite CEC2022 and compared with several state–of–the–art EMTO algorithms. The results show that APMTO outperforms the compared state–of–the–art algorithms, which fully reveals its effectiveness and superiority.
Virginia García-Entero, Noel Moreira, Sergio Vidal Álvarez
et al.
Presentamos dos capiteles tardorromanos inéditos elaborados en mármol blanco de Almadén de la Plata (Sevilla), según demuestran los análisis arqueométricos realizados (petrografía, microscopía óptica, catodoluminiscencia óptica, difracción de rayos X y geoquímica isotópica (87Sr/86Sr). Las piezas están reutilizadas como benditeras en la iglesia de Santa María Magdalena en la localidad toledana de El Viso de San Juan. La revisión de la documentación de archivo referente a la propia iglesia desde inicios del siglo XVI (expedientes de Reparación de Templos y Visitas Pastorales), nos permite situar la primera mención a las mismas en un inventario de inicios del siglo XX y proponer para los capiteles un origen en el cercano yacimiento de Santa María de Abajo (Carranque, Toledo) donde pudieron haber formado parte de la decoración arquitectónica de su edificio palacial, a partir de paralelos documentados en este enclave.
In the process of establishing the Institute of Archaeology, the role of
Vladimir Petković turned out to be crucial. Starting in the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia and ending in the post-war Federal People’s Republic of
Yugoslavia, the process had a constant which was contained in the idea and
intention to organize and coordinate archaeological research in Serbia under
the umbrella of a scientific institution. The initiation of the process,
regarding that, lasted a little more than ten years and had several stages.
The beginning was marked by a change at the head of the main museum
institution - the History and Art Museum, in the spring of 1935. Instead of
Vladimir Petković, that year Milan Kašanin was appointed as the director of
the museum, and the change did not take place in a peaceful manner and
without controversy. The decision to leave the museum after several years
probably influenced Petković to implement the first attempt to form the
Institute of Archaeology. It can be assumed that he, together with Nikola
Vulić, during the summer of 1935, prepared a plan for the formation of an
archaeological scientific organisation that would be a counterpart to the
museum, and certainly have a role in coordinating planned scientific studies
of archaeological sites, monuments, and material culture in the territory of
Serbia. The strongly emphasised need for the coordination of archaeological
work in the country was stated very concisely first in the Decree on the
establishment of the Institute of Archaeology of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
in the summer of 1939. It can even be stated that within some of the
proposed articles of the document, the predetermined dominance of the
Institute over other institutions can be observed. The reason that led the
Minister of Education, Stevan Ćirić, to convene the Commission in order to
take further steps towards the formation of a scientific organisation is
currently unknown. In this paper, a well-founded assumption was made that
one of the main reasons could be a reflection on the work of the Kondakov
Institute in Belgrade, primarily due to the intention of its collaborators
to conduct research in Yugoslavia. Petkovic’s position on the issue of
expeditions carried out independently by foreigners was expressly negative.
In addition, the arrival of the “Kondakovs” in Belgrade and the strained
relations with the museum, where the former director was still on the
sidelines, created a new opportunity for Petković to open the issue of
establishing the Institute of Archaeology. Probably together with other
Byzantologists (Grujić and others), Petković, as a leading figure in this
field in the country, was able to influence representatives of the Ministry
of Education to bring up the issue of forming a scientific archaeological
institution. The proposed Founding Regulation lists certain tasks that the
future scientific organisation would undertake. One of them was the
supervision of fieldwork, but also a note that all research managers in the
country would be obliged to submit a report to the Institute after the
research has been completed. Such suggestions indicate that the
Establishment Decree was written under Petković’s influence. The third
attempt to establish the Institute of Archaeology based on Petković’s
initiative would take place after the Liberation. Under the auspices of the
new state leadership, the Academy implemented a programme for the formation
of scientific institutions based on the example of the USSR. According to
the programme, one of the first institutes that was supposed to be formed
was the Institute of Archaeology, based on the proposal of Vladimir
Petković, which was presented at the end of 1945. At the sessions, where the
future manager was present, it was noted that the Institute of Archaeology
should have the task of supervising field studies and coordinating the work
of all professional institutions in the country. It seems that Petković once
tried to officially found the Institute in 1946 after he requested a loan
for excavating Caričin Grad and the necessary material for fieldwork in the
name of war reparations. However, this idea was not realised, probably due
to the writing of the Memoir on the establishment of academy institutes,
which was compiled by Aleksandar Belić, the president of the SAS at that
time, for the Presidency of the Government of the Republic of Serbia. In
January 1947, Aleksandar Deroko’s Elaboration on the establishment of the
Institute of Archaeology SAS was completed, in which one of the prominent
tasks was to organise “collaboration” with all related scientific
institutions in the country and abroad. In the context of the circumstances
at the time, we assumed that the Elaboration was compiled under Petković’s
supervision or influence. The content of this document was the basis used to
draw up the statutes of the Institute of Archaeology SAS, which were
handwritten by the future manager. The documentation for establishing the
institution was intended for the Committee for Scientific Institutions,
University and Higher Education Institutions of the Republic of Serbia. This
social institution, specially formed by the state, aimed to approve budget
funds and control the work of scientific organisations. On May 31, 1947,
Vladimir Petković was appointed director of the Institute of Archaeology SAS
by decree of the Committee. The formation of an archaeological scientific
institution at SAS is a legacy from the interwar period. Numerous attempts
to establish the Institute of Archaeology, whose leading initiators were
Miloje Vasić and Vladimir Petković, bore fruit only after the Second World
War. The work of the newly founded institution in the new state during the
time of its first administrator, Vladimir Petković, was established on the
old idea of coordinating archaeological works within the country, which was
an attempt to organise the complex situation in the sector of monument and
archaeological heritage both inter-institutionally on domestic soil and with
interested foreign partners. The systematic study of monument complexes and
archaeological sites throughout the country is organised using a
multidisciplinary approach and in conjunction with carefully designed
research topics and appropriate field activities. The Institute of
Archaeology tries to maintain the same approach even today, constantly
improving it with the help, above all, of methods from natural sciences and
remote sensing.
Despite being a visible phenomenon, the theoretical aspects of miniaturisation have been investigated only in the last decade and seldom applied to miniatures found in archaeological excavations. Scholars rarely paid attention to Late Cypriot (LC) miniatures and usually understood them as votives. Albeit not entirely rejectable, this interpretation does not acknowledge the archaeological context and social background in which miniatures circulated. Recent archaeological and anthropological researches show that miniatures are far more complex objects. Rather than simply being votives, toys, and cheap copies of their bigger counterpart, the miniatures are multifaceted expressions of the material culture. The paper combines theoretical works on miniaturisation and two case studies (miniature oxhide ingots from Enkomi and miniature pottery from Athienou), to review the role of miniatures in LC material culture and society.
(AR)
تًمثل دراسات التاريخ الاجتماعي ومنها موضوع الدراسة (الإرث عند العرب قبل الإسلام)، جانباً مهماً من حياة الأمم والشعوب؛ ونظراً لاختلاف طريقة كسب العرب (البدو – الحضر) للأموال، اختلف نظام الإرث بينهم، بالرغم من اتفاقهم على توزيع الإرث وفق الأعراف والتقاليد القبلية إما للنسب أو السبب.
ولرسوخ هذا العُرف القبلي نجد أن العمل به قد استمر بالرغم مما ألحقه من أضرار في حياة بعض فئات المجتمع العربي قبل الإسلام حتى السنة الثالثة من الهجرة النبوية، وتحديداً بعد غزوة أحد عندما نزلت آيات المواريث، حيث نجد أن الشرع الحكيم يذكر تفاصيل الميراث في القرآن الكريم، في حين كانت أغلب الأحكام الشرعية تُذكر في القرآن مجملة وتبينها السنة بالتفصيل.
وبالتالي فإن هذه الدراسة سوف تخدم أحد أحداث السيرة النبوية، وما يتعلق بأموال خديجة بنت خويلد رضي الله عنها التي توفيت في السنة العاشرة من البعثة.
وستعتمد هذه الدراسة على نصوص مختارة، سواءَ أكانت نقوشاً أو شعراً جاهلياً، أو ما تم ذكره في المصادر والمراجع العربية والمعربة والأجنبية.
(EN)
Studies of social history, including the subject of the study (Heritage in Arab regions before Islam), are an important aspect of the life of all peoples. Due to the different ways of earning money by Arabs (Bedouins - urban), the heritage distribution method differed among them, despite their agreement to distribute heritage according to the tribal customs and traditions, either in ancestry or effect.
Concerning the consolidation of this tribal custom, we find that it continued despite its damages that inflicted on the life of some groups of Arab society before Islam until the third year of the Prophet's migration, specifically after the Battle of Uhud when the Quranic verses of heritage were revealed. We find that the Sharia mentions the details of heritage in the Holy Quran. Most of the Islamic Shariah provisions were generally mentioned in the Quran and clarified in detail in Sunnah.
Therefore, this study will discuss an important point in the biography of the Prophet Muhammad related to the wealth of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, may Allah be pleased with her, who died in the tenth year of the Prophet's Messengership.
This study will depend on selected texts, whether they were inscriptions or pre-Islamic poetry, or what was mentioned in Arabic, translated, and foreign sources and references.
Funerary usage of Galeria da Cisterna (Almonda) and Gruta do Caldeirão began at the onset of the Neolithic and continued until Early Medieval times. At Cisterna, the thin Holocene deposit was unstratified; at Caldeirão, the stratigraphic sequence underwent post-depositional disturbance. Using radiocarbon dating, typological considerations, spatial distribution patterns, and physical anthropological data, these palimpsests can be disentangled to a significant extent. At both sites, the earliest depositions fall in the c. 5250–5500 cal BC interval and are associated with large numbers of beads. Wares extensively decorated with shell and comb impressions are likely to belong in this phase. Another style of decoration – shell impressions forming bands below the rim and garlands between prehension knobs – probably dates to a slightly later time. Burial continued at both sites through the c. 5000–5250 cal BC time range, but which decorative styles were then in fashion remains difficult to ascertain; it is likely that the irregular arrangements of shell impressions seen in some Cisterna vessels are among them. At Caldeirão, non-Cardial impressed and incised wares date to c. 4500–5000 cal BC, while undecorated wares are associated with human bone samples demonstrating two different periods of burial during the c. 3500–4000 cal BC interval. Most if not all of the nine Cardial individuals directly dated at the two sites died coevally with the more recent of the Mesolithic interments found in the shell-midden sites of the Tagus estuary.
Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, Zbigniew Godziejewski, Iwona Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin
Fieldwork of the Polish–Egyptian Mission to Saqqara in the 2020 season continued on the eastern bank of the Dry Moat, resulting in the discovery of a rock-cut structure directly south of Corridor 1. Fieldwork also included exploration of a rock-cut chapel adjacent to the tomb of Merefnebef, part of the Sixth Dynasty funerary complex located south of the tomb. Both areas yielded new burials belonging to the so-called Upper Necropolis, which overlies the remains of late Old Kingdom funerary structures. Conservation work constituted an important part of the 2020 fieldwork program.
In this paper, we are interested in the inverse problem for the biharmonic equation posed on a rectangle, which is of great importance in many areas of industry and engineering. We show that the problem under consideration is ill‐posed; therefore, to solve it, we opted for a regularization method via modified auxiliary boundary conditions. The numerical implementation is based on the application of the semidiscrete finite difference method for a sequence of well‐posed direct problems depending on a small parameter of regularization. Numerical results are performed for a rectangle domain showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Dado a importância de se conhecer a disponibilidade e o consumo de frutas, legumes e vegetais, o presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar as feiras-livres, os feirantes e os alimentos comercializados na cidade de Pelotas/RS. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizados com todos os feirantes que comercializavam frutas, vegetais e/ou verduras na cidade de Pelotas. A coleta ocorreu entre fevereiro a agosto de 2014 e incluiu produtores e revendedores advindos de feiras convencionais e ecológicas. Dos 37 locais de feiras, 34 eram convencionais (92%) e três (8%) eram ecológicas. Quanto ao local de permanência das feiras, 80% se dava na zona central da cidade (81%). Em relação aos 125 comercializantes participantes, a maioria era do sexo masculino (65%), com idade maior que 60 anos (26%), cor de pele branca (98%) e com baixo nível escolar (entre 5 a 8 anos) (44%). A maior parte dos legumes e verduras, como alface (34%) e abóbora (29%), eram produzida pelos feirantes, todavia alimentos consumidos no dia a dia, como batata rosa (34%) e cebola (34%), eram, na maior parte dos casos, revendidos. Constatou-se que a maior disponibilidade dos produtos advindos das feiras se dá na zona central da cidade, distanciando o acesso ao produto da população que vive em distritos mais afastados. É preciso que ações legislativas por parte do município sejam feitas para incentivar a manutenção, a permanência e a propagação das feiras livres ao redor da cidade.
Реакције Аустрије на Наполеонову „Медитеранску експедицију“ у основи представљају наставак политике конфликта са снагама револуционарне Француске, започете још избијањем Рата Прве коалиције, 1792. године, али и завршну фазу процеса свеобухватног преустројства у контексту софистиковане аустријске политике према простору Азије у цјелини, која је трајала још од 1774. године. Основу аустријске перцепције чинила је све разгранатија мрежа дипломатских и конзуларних представништава на простору Средоземља са интернунцијатуром у Истанбулу као неупитном централом. Вијести о француским плановима, продорима и повлачењима које је у Беч редовно слао интернунције Филип фон Херберт-Реткил, одликовале су се ексклузивним информацијама, попут првих сазнања о контактима Француза са првом саудијском државом односно сљедбеницима учења Мухамеда ибн Абд ал-Вахаба. Праћење француског напредовања на простору Малте, Египта и Сирије током 1798. и 1799. године служило је Бечком двору и као основ за логистичке припреме новог рата са највећим противником, који ће избити управо 1799. године, као дио глобалног Рата Друге коалиције. Због потпуне блокаде трговине која је настала француским продором на простору Блиског истока дошло је и до колапса аустријске трговачке политике према простору Азије, што ће се у коначници показати као суштинска промјена, јер Аустрија никад више неће обновити интензитет наступа који је на том простору имала у претходне двије деценије.
Aufgaben der Montanarchäologie
Diese Arbeit hat in Deutsch, in Archäologie Österreiches, 6, 1995, 2, s, 23-29, veröffentlicht. Für seine theoretische Importanz, wir vorschlagen hier eine rumänische Übersetzung.
In 2012 and 2013, the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alameinfocused on research and conservation in the public part of the ancient town, the dwelling housesand the necropolis. A site presentation program was continued in the area south of a public square,where remains of Roman public baths, in use from the 2nd to the 4th century, have survived.Current maintenance and conservation was carried out on the site of dwelling houses and, in 2013,on the aboveground mausoleum of tomb T21 in the necropolis. Conservation of mural paintingswas undertaken also during the seasons.