Prateeti Ugale, Shourya Lingampally, James Dieffenderfer
et al.
The advent of wearable electronic textiles (e-textiles) is transforming human–computer interaction by enabling seamless, comfortable, and continuous connectivity between users and digital systems. Although the wearable e-textile market is poised for significant growth, there is a need for durable, reliable connectors to link e-textiles to digital systems. This study presents and evaluates two novel magnetic connectors—buckle and snap—integrated into textile substrates using conductive epoxy, conductive stitches, and solder as interconnect methods. Durability testing involved 5000 mating/unmating cycles at low, medium, and high forces, with electrical performance assessed through resistance and impedance measurements. Results showed significant increases in resistance and impedance with 1000-cycle intervals. However, both connectors retained robust electrical and mechanical integrity, with all resistance values remaining below 1.6 Ω, indicating no critical degradation. Buckle connectors consistently outperformed snap connectors, which is attributed to their design that reduces mechanical stress on interconnects. Conductive epoxy demonstrated superior stability and slower degradation compared to conductive stitches and solder, particularly under higher mating forces. Impedance results mirrored resistance trends, confirming reliability. These findings advance durable, user-friendly connectors for long-term e-textile use, addressing both mechanical endurance and electrical performance to enhance wearable computing and interactive environments.
This study aims to investigate the impact of calf compression sleeves (CCS) on the thermal and moisture comfort of individuals during indoor jogging, particularly focusing on sedentary populations. Methods: Mechanical and hygroscopic properties of various CCS were assessed using grey relation analysis to evaluate their thermal and moisture characteristics. Physiological indicators, including skin temperature and humidity, were measured during different stages of exercise in a controlled environment. The findings revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the thermal and moisture properties of CCS with varying thicknesses and densities. Participants wearing CCS experienced higher skin temperatures and sweating rates during exercise, indicating improved heat dissipation and moisture wicking capabilities. This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation strategy for CCS regarding thermal and moisture comfort, providing a basis for the functional design of sports equipment tailored to enhance comfort and performance for sedentary individuals engaging in indoor exercise.
Susmita Saha, Christopher Turner, Md Abu Sayeed
et al.
Cotton fiber friction plays a crucial role in regulating fiber flow during spinning, which is classified as fiber-to-fiber and fiber-to-metal friction. While prior research has primarily focused on fiber-to-metal friction, fiber-to-fiber friction has received less emphasis. In this paper, we propose a new method for measuring cotton fiber-to-fiber friction, which adheres to the principle of an ASTM method but includes modifications in sample preparation and testing procedures to meet industry demands. A side-by-side comparison between the two methods demonstrated that the new method is as effective as the ASTM method in differentiating cotton samples. Moreover, our proposed test specimen preparation allows for the testing of smaller sample quantities. A 10-day stability test verified the consistency of the friction test results, confirming the precision of the new method. Testing 312 cotton samples revealed no statistically significant correlation between fiber-to-fiber friction and other fiber quality parameters. This finding suggests that fiber-to-fiber friction, as measured by the new method, is a unique property of cotton fibers. Additionally, preparing card or draw slivers for such a large sample size would be impractical due to the substantial time, effort, and cost involved, further highlighting the effectiveness and practicality of the new friction testing method.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Nanotextiles are a major innovation in the textile industry, providing anti-stain, anti-static, and anti-wrinkle properties, along with electrical conductivity, while remaining flexible and comfortable for various applications. These features make nanotextiles ideal for applications in health monitoring, energy harvesting, drug delivery, military defense, and wearable technology. Integrating nanotechnology into textiles has created smart fabrics with better durability, strength, and multi-functionality, expanding their use in consumer and industrial sectors. This study reviews recent nano-textile advancements, focusing on key functionalization techniques and their effects on performance, sustainability, scalability, and market viability. This study highlights key factors affecting nanotextiles, including durability, wash ability, production challenges, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. It also explores global market trends, examining current demands, consumer preferences, and future growth potential. Additionally, challenges such as large-scale production, regulatory compliance, safety concerns, and long-term stability are analyzed. Addressing these issues is essential for wider adoption and commercialization. Furthermore, this paper outlines future research directions, emphasizing how nanomaterials can enhance textile properties, improve sustainability, and drive innovation in the industry. By advancing nanotechnology, researchers and manufacturers can unlock new possibilities across various sectors. The insights provided aim to inspire further development and expand applications in healthcare, defense, fashion, and smart wearable technologies.
Hybrid fabrics composed of wool and silver-metalized yarns were objects of interest as materials for electromagnetic shielding applications. They can be used where electromagnetic radiation levels, to some extent, exceed the permissible values. However, the shields made from these fabrics offer greater comfort to the user than those made from metalized fabrics. The influence of the hybrid fabric weave, silver-metalized yarn density, yarn fraction, and electrical properties, as well as the thickness of the fabric, surface mass, and apparent density on the shielding effectiveness, was investigated. The statistical analysis showed that the weave of the tested fabrics has a statistically significant impact on their shielding effectiveness. For plain weave fabrics, the shielding effectiveness value is 11 dB and 14 dB for low and high frequencies, respectively. For twill weave fabrics, the shielding effectiveness value is 15 dB and 14 dB for low and high frequencies, respectively. The shielding effectiveness of sateen wool fabrics decreased from 33 dB for low frequency to 12 dB for high frequency. The fabric sheet resistivity, resulting from the fraction of electroconductive yarn in the non-conductive textile material, also significantly affects the material’s ability to shield.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Cristina M. Luque-Jacobo, Elizabeth Medrano de Jara, Jose Carrasco Bocangel
et al.
As part of an implementation in the Peruvian textile industry, the use of different sources to obtain blue hues in alpaca fiber has taken on a prominent role. The present study investigated the optimization of the dyeing process of alpaca fibers using indigo carmine as dye. The methodology was based on a central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) with color strength (K/S) as response variable. The results demonstrate that the independent variables significantly affected the color strength (K/S). In this context, an increase in both mordant concentration (3.9887 g/L) and dyeing temperature (95 °C), coupled with lower exhaust time (30.0019 min), enhanced levels of superficial dye adsorption. Additionally, color fastness properties provided tolerable values according to the gray scale. In conclusion, the optimization of the dyeing process of alpaca fibers using indigo carmine enabled the achievement of a blue shade with satisfactory fastness properties in the fiber yarns.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Oil spills remain one of the greatest man-made ecological threats, despite numerous advanced cleanup approaches. They still pose a major challenge in the search for materials and technologies that work as efficiently and sustainably as possible. Promising natural materials include poultry feathers, which are produced in large quantities every day as a byproduct of the meat industry. In this study, the influence of different forms of absorbents (loose feathers, pillows, and sheets) based on chicken feathers and the addition of an inorganic absorbent, sepiolite, on their absorption capacity was investigated. The chemical and physical surface properties, like morphology, chemical composition, zeta potential, surface free energies and oil absorption capacities were analyzed. The Gibbs free energy of immersion wetting with oil and the work of adhesion of the adsorbents, calculated based on contact angle measurements, were confirmed by the tests of adsorption capacities according to the ASTM 726–12 standard. The results showed that pure loose feathers have the highest oil adsorption capacity, while feather pillows have only half, and composite sheets have only a quarter of this capacity. The addition of inorganic adsorbent sepiolite did not increase the absorption capacity of the composites.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Javier González-Benito, Miguel A. Lorente, Dania Olmos
et al.
In this work, materials with potential biomedical applications constituted by fibrous poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, are prepared by solution blow spinning (SBS). The SBS setup has a cylindrical collector for which the rotational speed and size are varied to study its effect on the final morphology of the materials. The morphology is inspected using field emission scanning electron microscopy and studied using image analysis. As a result, many doubts were generated because of the use of different methods of image analysis, therefore a simpler and more conventional method using Image J open-source software was used to ensure the accuracy of the final interpretation. It is shown that fiber size and orientation depend on the linear speed associated with the surface of the collector more than on its rotational speed; therefore, it can be said that the morphology of materials prepared by SBS will depend on the size, shape, and rotational speed of the collector. When the linear speed of the cylindrical collector increases, fibers get thinner, less entangled, and more oriented. It is clear, therefore, that the linear speed of material collection by solution blow spinning is a very important parameter of processing to control the final morphology of materials manufactured by that method. Since morphology can affect the final properties of the materials the simple variation of the linear speed might have important implications on their final performance for different biomedical applications.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Plant fiber classified as environmentally friendly material is a promising renewable engineering material rich in lignocellulose that can be employed in the pulp and paper industry as a substitution to wood which has been entailing negative environmental impacts due to acute deforestation. This paper assesses the feasibility of manufacturing biodegradable, writable and eco-friendly papers from waste coconut husk which is a low-cost and locally available biomass. The biomass was used along with wastepaper in different ratios. Papers of 60 gm−2 were produced with and without binder. Starch was added as binder to strengthen the paper and increase its resistance to bursting and abrasion. The properties of the paper were assessed through physical and mechanical tests. The mean thickness of the unreinforced and starch reinforced papers were 0.267 ± 0.012 mm and 0.282 ± 0.016 mm respectively. The reinforced 100% coconut husk paper specimens demonstrated greatest tensile and burst index of 19.25 Nmg−1 and 2.266 kPam2g−1 respectively requiring the highest number of 125 turns to get abraded. Unreinforced 60% coconut fibers showed lowest absorbency rate implying that it is 35 times more absorbent than 60 g/m2 normal paper. The paper specimens having highest mean recovery angle suitable for writing materials were the reinforced 60% Cocos Nucifera and 40% wastepaper (77.6°).
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Growing awareness on the environment has picked up momentum in the recent years. This has led the world towards the development of sustainable concepts and designs using locally available, natural materials. Natural fibers in the original as well as in the modified forms find immense applications in the field of engineering. Most of the surface modification compositions commonly adopted for the enhancement of fiber properties utilize harmful and expensive chemicals. This ultimately turns the fibers into potential source of leachates. The possibility of leachate formation and its effect on the environment need to be investigated in the case of surface-modified natural geotextiles. The effect of a newly devised surface modification formulation for coir geotextiles on the surrounding environment under various experimental conditions has been studied. The results of the study confirm that the coating is toxic-free and eco-friendly in terms of chemical concentrations and microbial growth. The promising results obtained from this study indicate the possibility of application of surface-modified geotextiles as a sustainable solution for a wide range of geotechnical engineering problems.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Pradeep Kumar Jena, Subhakanta Nayak, JyotiRanjan Mohanty
et al.
This research work describes the fabrication and study of abrasive wear behavior of novel epoxy composite reinforced with vetiver grass fiber (VF) and red mud (RM). Five types of composites were fabricated (i.e. C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5) by varying the percentage of vetiver grass and red mud. The dry sliding wear tests were conducted for each composition at different sliding velocities (0.392, 0.471, and 0.549 m/s) and sliding distances (188, 254, and 376 m) by applying normal loads of 5, 10, 15, and 20 N using pin-on-disc wear testing machine. The specific wear rate, wear loss, and coefficient of friction were plotted against the normal load and sliding distance at all sliding velocities. The result reveals that with the increase in red mud content in the composite enhances the mechanical as well as the wear properties. SEM observation for worn surfaces display fiber-matrix debonding, multiple cracks, fiber fracture, fiber pullout, debris formation and wear scars.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
The research in this paper aims to set up a new consumer profile definition method based on fuzzy technology and fuzzy AHP. The result of the study could be applied to garment recommendation systems for a special consumer. Consumer profiles are chosen as research objects. The fuzzy technology and fuzzy AHP are applied in this research, which aims to provide a new method of using fuzzy technology and fuzzy AHP to define consumer profiles. We define tall–short and fat–thin by fuzzy technology and set up the weights of consumer profile by fuzzy AHP methods. The fuzzy technology and fuzzy AHP are applied for building consumer profiles that can be used for a consumer-oriented intelligent garment recommendation system.
Most of the textile industries widely use cotton as a raw material. This truth has elevated the demand and cost of cotton fiber throughout the world. Although they have relatively different properties to that of cotton fiber, Boehmeria fibers which are bleached and softened having competent moisture management to that of cotton can be used for the manufacturing of blend yarn. Optimum yarn quality can be manufactured by blending the promising properties of Boehmeria and cotton which reduces the limitations by compensating the limited attributes of one component with the positive attributes of the other component. Blending Cotton with Beohmeria fiber enables the production of optimum quality of yarn at a reasonable cost. This study focuses on the mix compatibility of cotton and Boehmeria fiber for the production of yarn. The Bohemia fiber used for the study was by chemical degumming. By the chemical degumming from 1500 gm decorticated Boehmeria 1370 gm of bohemia fiber extracted which 91.3% fiber yield. The color of the extracted fiber is reddish yellow due to the presence of lignin, pectin, wax, and other unwanted materials. To make the color of the extracted fiber compatible with cotton, bleaching using H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) was carried out and the converted bleached fiber into staple length by chopping. To facilitate the mixing of the Boehmeria and cotton fiber; the first manual opening was carried out and further opening using waste feeder continued to open gently and to form a homogeneous mix. The mix Component ratio of 35% Bohemeria and 65% cotton was used. The mixed fibers were opened to individual fibers on carding. Finally, 33Ne (Ne = No of 840-yards yarn weighing in One pound) yarn was manufactured at a reasonable cost on a rotor spinning machine. The yarn has a strength of 10.822 tex (tex is mass in grams per 1000 meters), elongation of 5.026%, and a breaking load of 298.9 gm which is relatively low but reasonable. The results revealed the 35/65 blending of Boehmeria/cotton fiber can produce coarse to medium count yarn at a reasonable cost. The cost incurred to extract and prepare the Beohmeria fiber for the mix is relatively lower than that of cotton cost by 11% which in turn reduced the yarn cost by the same percentage.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
In order to better protect emergency personnel, a suitable material was sought that would meet various requirements. To achieve this, a project was carried out by the Saxon Textile Research Institute e. V. (STFI), Germany and the Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany, called “Molotov cocktail protection – protective clothing material for emergency forces”. First, suitable fiber mixtures were selected and then tested for a high accuracy of fit. Afterwards, specially designed fabrics were developed and produced to realize a smooth surface. In addition, a coating for high hydrophobia was established. To examine these newly developed fabrics, a test procedure was developed and modified. Results show correlations between fiber selection as well as yarn and fabric construction with the resulting fabric properties. Findings can be given in the form of technological and product-related recommendations.
Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc., Engineering machinery, tools, and implements
The textile industry is often criticized for its enormous negative impact on the environment and non-human working conditions, especially in third-world countries. One of the goals of sustainability measures is the transparency of communications regarding environmental impacts and the policy measures of companies. So-called sustainability reports have become one of the most popular ways to communicate with stakeholders regarding the sustainability efforts of companies. In this paper, we analysed the content of the sustainability reports of textile industry and apparel companies with an emphasis on environmental criteria. We focused on the number of environmental criteria and analysed the measures taken in a given period. The results revealed that, in all cases, more detailed information regarding the carbon and water footprint were reported every year. In general, companies reported the most about measures taken in the production and raw material extraction phases, and the least about the consumption stage. However, mostly positive information about environmental aspects were included in the analysed sustainability reports. Failures regarding sustainable development programmes were rarely mentioned.
Bilal Khaled, Loukham Shyamsunder, Josh Robbins
et al.
As composites continue to be increasingly used, finite element material models that homogenize the composite response become the only logical choice as not only modeling the entire composite microstructure is computationally expensive but obtaining the entire suite of experimental data to characterize deformation and failure may not be possible. The focus of this paper is the development of a modeling framework where plasticity, damage, and failure-related experimental data are obtained for each composite constituent. Mesoscale finite elements models consisting of multiple repeating unit cells are then generated and used to represent a typical carbon fiber/epoxy resin unidirectional composite to generate the complete principal direction stress-strain curves. These models are subjected to various uniaxial states of stress and compared with experimental data. They demonstrate a reasonable match and provide the basic framework to completely define the composite homogenized material model that can be used as a vehicle for failure predictions.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Mónica A. Silva, Efres Belmonte-Reche, Maria T. P. de Amorim
Water contaminated with toxic dyes poses serious problems for human health and environmental ecosystems. Unfixed reactive dyes and their hydrolyzed form are soluble in water, thus, their removal is particularly challenging. Among the different methodologies, adsorption is probably the most common since it is easy to handle and has a low cost. Here, the removal by adsorption of hydrolyzed Reactive Black 5 (hydRB5) from a model wastewater through cellulose acetate/hematite membranes (CA/α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), designated as M1, M2 and M3, was performed. The pristine cellulose acetate membrane (CA) was designated as M0. Toward understanding the adsorption mechanism of hydRB5 on membranes, the rate of adsorption and maximum value of the adsorption capacity were evaluated using kinetic and isothermal studies, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption mechanism follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, and data are best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm method with a maximum adsorption capacity of 105.26 mg g<sup>−1</sup> in pH~7. Furthermore, these membranes can be also regenerated by washing with NaOH and NaCl solutions, and the regeneration efficiency remains effective over five cycles. To complete the work, two statistical models were applied, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum value found is located in the usable region, and the experimental validation shows good agreement between the predicted optimum values and the experimental data. These composite membranes are also good candidates for the adsorption of other pollutants, even at industrial scale, due to their effective regeneration process and low production costs.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Shahid-ul-Islam, Luqman Jameel Rather, Mohd Shabbir
et al.
Coloration of textiles with natural dyes involves huge consumption of chemicals; mainly, metal salt mordants, which pose serious environmental challenges. To mitigate this pollution, more and more environmentally friendly, biodegradable, biocompatible and renewable products should be popularized in dyeing industry. This paper proposes a sustainable and metal salt-free dyeing of wool samples by employing natural mordants extracted from pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L), gallnut (Quercus infectoria L) and catechu (Acacia catechu). The color parameters of dyed wool samples were greatly found to be dependent on the chemical compounds present in respective biomordants and their interaction ability with the functional groups of wool and the dye molecules. The investigated biomordants exhibit different interactions with coloring compounds of Butea monosperma (palas) dye resulting in deep brown, olive green, dark brown, cinnamon, burgundy, and yellowish hues on wool. All the biomordants selected in this study improved dye performance and resulted in a broad beautiful spectrum of colors with acceptable fastness properties. The results encourage the search and exploitation of new plant species as a source of biomordants to replace metallic and toxic mordants currently used in textile industry.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.