Machine learning (ML) has become a cornerstone of critical applications, but its vulnerability to data poisoning attacks threatens system reliability and trustworthiness. Prior studies have begun to investigate the impact of data poisoning and proposed various defense or evaluation methods; however, most efforts remain limited to quantifying performance degradation, with little systematic comparison of internal behaviors across model architectures under attack and insufficient attention to interpretability for revealing model vulnerabilities. To tackle this issue, we build a reproducible evaluation pipeline and emphasize the importance of integrating robustness with interpretability in the design of secure and trustworthy ML systems. To be specific, we propose a unified poisoning evaluation framework that systematically compares traditional ML models, deep neural networks, and large language models under three representative attack strategies including label flipping, random corruption, and adversarial insertion, at escalating severity levels of 30%, 50%, and 75%, and integrate LIME-based explanations to trace the evolution of model reasoning. Experimental results demonstrate that traditional models collapse rapidly under label noise, whereas Bayesian LSTM hybrids and large language models maintain stronger resilience. Further interpretability analysis uncovers attribution failure patterns, such as over-reliance on neutral tokens or misinterpretation of adversarial cues, providing insights beyond accuracy metrics.
WANG Jiawei(王佳薇), GONG Shuying(龚淑英), FAN Fangyuan(范方媛)
et al.
Granular green tea is a significant category of famous high-quality green tea in Zhejiang Province. In this study, we conducted comparative experiments on key technical parameters, including moisture resurgence, second fixation and stir-frying techniques, during the primary processing of granular green tea and systematically analyzed their effects on sensory quality and chemical composition. The results indicated that appropriately controlling the rehumidification time (1.5 h), reducing the moisture content of the second fixed leaves (40%), decreasing the amount of tea leaves per frying pan (4 kg/pan), and selecting a frying pan with better air permeability (60-type) effectively enhanced the dry tea appearance and the emerald color of the tea liquor and improved the freshness of the aroma and taste. Moderate rehumidification and a lower moisture content in the second fixed leaves increased the content of catechins and some key umami amino acids, whereas a lower loading amount of tea leaves per frying pan increased the total amino acid content; a higher moisture content in the second fixed leaves increased the water extract content. Higher-quality samples with superior aroma and freshness had higher levels of floral compounds such as linalool, geraniol, and α-terpineol. Conversely, a longer rehumidification time, greater moisture content in the second fixed leaves, more tea leaves per frying pan, and lower air permeability of the stir-frying machine led to higher temperatures and moisture and increased the relative content of compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid, heptanoic acid, and 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone in the aroma profile. In conclusion, this study identifies an optimal processing combination for improving the overall quality of granular green tea and provides a theoretical basis for refining its processing technology.(颗粒形绿茶是浙江省名优绿茶的重要品类。本研究针对颗粒形绿茶初制中回潮、二青、炒制等工序的关键技术参数开展对比试验，系统分析不同技术参数对颗粒形绿茶感官品质及化学组分的影响。结果表明，适当控制回潮时间（1.5 h）、降低二青叶含水率（40%）、适当减少炒制投叶量（4 kg/小锅）及选用透气性能较好的炒锅（60型），能够提升颗粒形绿茶外形及茶汤的翠绿色泽，并提高香气滋味的鲜爽性。适度回潮和较低的二青叶含水率有助于提升儿茶素含量及部分对鲜味具有重要贡献的氨基酸含量；较低的炒制投叶量可提升氨基酸总量；而较高的二青叶含水率则有利于提升水浸出物含量。在香气鲜爽性高、品质较优的样品中，芳樟醇、香叶醇、α-松油醇等具有花香特征的化合物的相对含量较高；而长时间回潮、较高的二青叶含水率、较高的炒制投叶量及较低透气性的锅型所引起的较高温度及含水率，则会促进正十六烷酸、庚酸、6，10，14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮等香气组分的积累。本研究明确了提升颗粒形绿茶综合品质的适宜工艺组合，为优化其加工技术提供了理论依据。)
The implementation of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in English language education is increasingly relevant in the context of globalization, particularly in higher education aimed at preparing students for professional demands. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ESP instruction in the English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Ekasakti Padang. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, involving classroom observation, interviews with lecturers and students, and analysis of syllabi and teaching materials. Findings indicate that ESP is partially applied, focusing on the development of academic and vocational language competencies. However, several challenges persist, such as limited lecturer training in ESP pedagogy and the lack of domain-specific teaching resources. The study concludes that successful ESP implementation requires institutional support, ongoing professional development, and curriculum adaptation based on needs analysis.
Cristina Dolciotti, Paolo Andre, Maria Paola Tramonti Fantozzi
et al.
In 16 healthy volunteers (age 42-69 years, 8 females) we investigated chewing effects on postural learning. Initially, the Centre of Pressure (CoP) position in bipedal stance was recorded (1 minute) in 4 conditions: Hard support (HS)-Open Eyes (OE), HS-Closed Eyes (CE), Soft Support (SS)-OE, SS-CE. Following 2 minutes of Chewing (C, n = 8 subjects, 4 females) or rhythmic Hand Grip (HG, n = 8 subjects, 4 females), 10 unipedal stance test (1 minute) were performed for 30 minutes in both groups in HS-OE, with a progressive decrease in CoP Velocity and Path Length. Since the 95% Area of body sway decreased only in the HG group, the Length in Function of Surface (LFS, indicative of balance energy expenditure), increased in the HG and remained constant in the C group. Soon after and 5 hours post-training, bipedal stance tests were performed for 8 minutes, in the same order as before. In both groups, the changes in unipedal stance parameters were found persistent 5 hours post-training. In SS-OE condition of bipedal stance, CoP Velocity was reduced and 95% Area increased by postural training, in the HG and C group, respectively. These modifications were significantly correlated to the corresponding changes in unipedal stance and led to a LSF decrease in the C group. In conclusion, the CoP Velocity during unipedal training was not affected by the previous motor activities. Chewing allowed for a larger compliance concerning the extent of CoP oscillation. Postural training in unipedal stance seem to favour the development of modifications in bipedal stance, according to the conditioning activity. Chewing before a postural training promotes a postural strategy characterized by a constant and a lower energy cost in unipedal and bipedal stance, respectively. Further experiments are necessary to verify whether such a change may promote a more secure balance in trained people.
Roger E. Cohen, Kristen B. W. McQuinn, Alessandro Savino
et al.
Radial stellar population gradients within dwarf galaxies provide a promising avenue for disentangling the drivers of galaxy evolution, including environment. Within the Local Volume, radial stellar age gradient slopes correlate with interaction history, contrary to model predictions, so dwarfs that are isolated provide a critical control sample. We measure radial stellar age gradients in the relatively isolated gas-rich dwarf irregular Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte Galaxy (WLM), combining JWST NIRCam and NIRISS imaging with six archival Hubble Space Telescope fields over semimajor axis equivalent distances of 0 ≲ R _SMA ≲ 4 kpc (≲3 R _hl ). Fitting lifetime star formation histories to resolved color–magnitude diagrams, radial age gradients are quantified using τ _90 and τ _50 , the lookback times to form 90% and 50% of the cumulative stellar mass. We find that globally, the outskirts of WLM are older on average, with ( δτ _90 , δτ _50 )/ δ R _SMA = (0.82 ${}_{-0.10}^{+0.10}$ , 1.60 ${}_{-0.22}^{+0.23}$ ) Gyr kpc ^−1 (stat.), in good agreement with simulations. However, we also detect an azimuthal dependence of radial stellar age gradients, finding that stars on the leading edge of WLM (relative to its proper motion) are both younger and have a flatter age gradient compared to the trailing edge. This difference persists over 0.6 ≲ R _SMA ≲ 3.2 kpc (∼0.5–2.5 R _hl ) and lookback times up to ∼8 Gyr, and is robust to the assumed stellar evolutionary model. Our results are consistent with star formation triggered by ram pressure stripping from a circumgalactic and/or intergalactic medium, suggested by recent H I observations. If confirmed, processes typifying dense environments, such as ram pressure stripping, may be more relevant to the evolution of isolated galaxies than previously thought.
Abdulrahman Alrumayh, Khaled Alhassoon, Fahd Alsaleem
et al.
This paper presents a novel design of a continuum robot driven by electromagnets and springs, offering enhanced precision in multi-degree-of-freedom bending for diverse applications. Traditional continuum robots, while effective in navigating constrained environments, often face limitations in actuation methods, such as wire-based systems or pre-curved tubes. Our design overcomes these challenges by utilizing electromagnetically driven actuation, which allows each segment of the robot to bend independently at any angle, providing unprecedented flexibility and control. The technical challenges discussed emphasize the goals of this work, with the main aim being to develop a motion control system that uses electromagnets and springs to improve the accuracy and consistency of the robot’s movements. By balancing magnetic and spring forces, our system ensures predictable and stable motion in 3D space. The integration of this mechanism into multi-segmented robots opens up new possibilities in fields such as medical devices, search and rescue operations, and industrial inspection. Finite element method (FEM) simulations validate the efficiency of the proposed approach, demonstrating the precise control of the robot’s motion trajectory and enhancing its operational reliability in complex scenarios.
У статті узагальнено результати комплексного історико-наукового дослідження життєвого шляху та наукового доробку професора Дмитра Кіндратовича Педаєва. Вона є продовженням циклу історико-біографічних студій, присвячених висвітленню внеску вчених, які своєю невтомною працею наприкінці ХІХ — на початку ХХ ст. заклали підвалини сучасного природознавства. Д. К. Педаєв є одним із засновників Харківської метеорологічної школи та належить до нечисленної групи науковців, які виконували перші аерологічні й актинометричні дослідження на території України. За редакцією Д. К. Педаєва вийшли друком багатосерійні довідкові видання, що впродовж 1910-х — 1930-х рр. складали основу для подальших робіт у галузі регіональної кліматології та слугували переконливим орієнтиром для наступних узагальнень. Основні напрями роботи талановитого вченого та організатора науки були зосереджені у сферах геофізики, метеорології та кліматології Слобожанщини і Придніпров’я. Встановлено, що у низці публікацій стисло згадано окремі аспекти наукової, організаційної та педагогічної діяльності вченого, проте досі була відсутня комплексна праця, присвячена відтворенню його повної наукової біографії. Завдяки вивченню архівних ретроінформаційних ресурсів з’ясовано основні віхи наукової біографії Д. К. Педаєва, встановлено етапи його науково-дослідницької роботи; підтверджено його участь у розбудові метеорологічної науки в Україні та створенні гідрометеорологічних структур у 1920-х — 1930-х роках; наведено приклади широкої громадсько-просвітницької діяльності вченого. Розглянуто багатоаспектну організаційно-розпорядчу діяльність проф. Д. К. Педаєва у Сільськогосподарському науковому комітеті України, Українській метеорологічній службі, Гідрометеорологічному комітеті УСРР. Висвітлено основні етапи науково-педагогічної діяльності вченого у Харківському інституті народної освіти, Науково-дослідному гідрометеорологічному інституті, Харківському інженерному гідрометеорологічному інституті та Харківській астрономічній обсерваторії.
Marcus William Kruger, Jana du Plessis, Pravani Moodley
Introduction: Unstable pelvic fractures cause significant bleeding, morbidity, and mortality. Commercially available Pelvic Circumferential Compression Devices (PCCDs) are used in the initial resuscitation and management of these cases. In the trauma-burdened, resource limited setting of Southern Africa, the available alternative is a pelvic sheet binder (PSB). For optimal results placement should be at the greater trochanters (GTs). Prior studies have shown that practitioners are inaccurate in their placement. This study aimed to describe placement of PSBs by doctors and factors influencing placement. Methods: This was a multicentre, prospective, observational, simulation-based study. Doctors working in Emergency Departments (EDs) and Trauma Emergency Units (TEUs) in Johannesburg were asked to place a PSB on two healthy male models of differing body mass index (BMI), as simulated patients (SPs). Outcomes were based on PSB position relative to the GTs, marked using an ultraviolet pen, and photographed under ultraviolet light. Data on techniques of placement, as well as practitioner factors, were also collected to investigate their influence on accuracy. Results: In this study 147/176 (83.5 %) of the PSBs placed were correct (trochanteric). Of those placed on the normal BMI SP 71/88 (81 %) were correct and 76/88 (86 %) of those on the increased BMI SP. BMI did not appear to influence accuracy of placement. Practitioner factors that had statistically significant association with accurate placement included the following: Working in the TEU, work experience of ≥6 years, a diploma in primary emergency care (DipPEC, College of emergency medicine, South Africa), all methods of placing the PSB and inspecting to find the GTs. Conclusion: The overall accuracy of PSBs placement was high (83.5 %). Additional postgraduate training (DipPEC) and work experience improved placement accuracy. This study highlighted the importance of additional trauma training and areas of possible future research, such as optimal binder width and method of securing PSBs.
The study focuses on addressing the image defocusing issue caused by motion errors in highly squinted Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The traditional auto-focusing algorithm, Phase Gradient Autofocus (PGA), is not effective in this mode due to difficulties in estimating the phase gradient accurately from strong point targets. Two main reasons contribute to this problem. Firstly, the direction of the energy-distributed lines in the Point Spread Function (PSF) does not align with the image’s azimuth direction in highly squinted mode. Secondly, the wavenumber spectrum of high squint SAR images obtained using the Back-Projection Algorithm (BPA) varies spatially, causing aliasing in the azimuth spectrum of all targets. In this paper, a new auto-focusing method is proposed for highly squinted SAR imaging. The modifications to the BP imaging grids have been implemented to address the first problem, while a novel wavenumber spectrum shifting and truncation method is proposed to accurately extract the phase gradient and tackle the spatial variation issue. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified through simulations with point targets and processing of real data. The evaluation of the image shows an average improvement of four times in PSLR (Peak-Sidelobe-to-Noise Ratio).
Abstract The application of thermodynamic reasoning in the study of learning systems has a long tradition. Recently, new tools relating perfect thermodynamic adaptation to the adaptation process have been developed. These results, known as fluctuation theorems, have been tested experimentally in several physical scenarios and, moreover, they have been shown to be valid under broad mathematical conditions. Hence, although not experimentally challenged yet, they are presumed to apply to learning systems as well. Here we address this challenge by testing the applicability of fluctuation theorems in learning systems, more specifically, in human sensorimotor learning. In particular, we relate adaptive movement trajectories in a changing visuomotor rotation task to fully adapted steady-state behavior of individual participants. We find that human adaptive behavior in our task is generally consistent with fluctuation theorem predictions and discuss the merits and limitations of the approach.
Heather Symecko, Robert Schnoll, Rinad S. Beidas
et al.
Abstract Background Germline genetic testing is recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) for individuals including, but not limited to, those with a personal history of ovarian cancer, young-onset (< 50 years) breast cancer, and a family history of ovarian cancer or male breast cancer. Genetic testing is underused overall, and rates are consistently lower among Black and Hispanic populations. Behavioral economics-informed implementation strategies, or nudges, directed towards patients and clinicians may increase the use of this evidence-based clinical practice. Methods Patients meeting eligibility for germline genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer will be identified using electronic phenotyping algorithms. A pragmatic cohort study will test three sequential strategies to promote genetic testing, two directed at patients and one directed at clinicians, deployed in the electronic health record (EHR) for patients in OB-GYN clinics across a diverse academic medical center. We will use rapid cycle approaches informed by relevant clinician and patient experiences, health equity, and behavioral economics to optimize and de-risk our strategies and methods before trial initiation. Step 1 will send patients messages through the health system patient portal. For non-responders, step 2 will reach out to patients via text message. For non-responders, Step 3 will contact patients’ clinicians using a novel “pend and send” tool in the EHR. The primary implementation outcome is engagement with germline genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer predisposition, defined as a scheduled genetic counseling appointment. Patient data collected through the EHR (e.g., race/ethnicity, geocoded address) will be examined as moderators of the impact of the strategies. Discussion This study will be one of the first to sequentially examine the effects of patient- and clinician-directed strategies informed by behavioral economics on engagement with breast and ovarian cancer genetic testing. The pragmatic and sequential design will facilitate a large and diverse patient sample, allow for the assessment of incremental gains from different implementation strategies, and permit the assessment of moderators of strategy effectiveness. The findings may help determine the impact of low-cost, highly transportable implementation strategies that can be integrated into healthcare systems to improve the use of genomic medicine. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05721326. Registered February 10, 2023. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05721326
The article considers the problem of finding the optimal on average control of the trajectories of continuous stochastic systems with incomplete feedback. This class of problems includes control problems in which the initial states are described by a given distribution law; random effects on the control object are taken into account; and it is also assumed that information is available only about some coordinates of the state vector. As special cases, the problems of determining the optimal open-loop control and control with complete feedback in the presence of information about all state vector coordinates are considered. A method for parameterization of the control law based on expansions in various systems of basis functions is described. The problem of parametric optimization obtained is solved using a new metaheuristic multi-agent algorithm based on the use of extended PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers to control the movement of agents. Solutions of three model examples of control of nonlinear continuous stochastic systems with interval constraints on the amount of control for all possible cases of state vector awareness are presented.
Junjie Wu, Gesine Mollenhauer, Ruediger Stein
et al.
Abstract The changes in atmospheric pCO2 provide evidence for the release of large amounts of ancient carbon during the last deglaciation. However, the sources and mechanisms that contributed to this process remain unresolved. Here, we present evidence for substantial ancient terrestrial carbon remobilization in the Canadian Arctic following the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat. Glacial-retreat-induced physical erosion of bedrock has mobilized petrogenic carbon, as revealed by sedimentary records of radiocarbon dates and thermal maturity of organic carbon from the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Additionally, coastal erosion during the meltwater pulses 1a and 1b has remobilized pre-aged carbon from permafrost. Assuming extensive petrogenic organic carbon oxidation during the glacial retreat, a model-based assessment suggests that the combined processes have contributed 8 ppm to the deglacial CO2 rise. Our findings suggest potentially positive climate feedback of ice-sheet retreat by accelerating terrestrial organic carbon remobilization and subsequent oxidation during the glacial-interglacial transition.
Stéphanie Watier-Grillot, Damien Costa, Cédric Petit
et al.
<h4>Introduction</h4>Contaminated drinking and recreational waters account for most of the reported Cryptosporidium spp. exposures in high-income countries. In June 2017, two successive cryptosporidiosis outbreaks occurred among service members in a military training camp located in Southwest France. Several other gastroenteritis outbreaks were previously reported in this camp, all among trainees in the days following their arrival, without any causative pathogen identification. Epidemiological, microbiological and environmental investigations were carried out to explain theses outbreaks.<h4>Material and methods</h4>Syndromic diagnosis using multiplex PCR was used for stool testing. Water samples (100 L) were collected at 10 points of the drinking water installations and enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts performed. The identification of Cryptosporidium species was performed using real-time 18S SSU rRNA PCR and confirmed by GP60 sequencing.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 100 human cases were reported with a global attack rate of 27.8%. Cryptosporidium spp. was identified in 93% of stool samples with syndromic multiplex PCR. The entire drinking water network was contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. The highest level of contamination was found in groundwater and in the water leaving the treatment plant, with >1,000 oocysts per 100 L. The same Cryptosporidium hominis isolate subtype IbA10G2 was identified in patients' stool and water samples. Several polluting activities were identified within the protection perimeters of the water resource. An additional ultrafiltration module was installed at the outlet of the water treatment plant. After several weeks, no Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in the public water supply.<h4>Conclusions</h4>After successive and unexplained gastroenteritis outbreaks, this investigation confirmed a waterborne outbreak due to Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2. Our study demonstrates the value of syndromic diagnosis for gastroenteritis outbreak investigation. Our results also highlight the importance of better assessing the microbiological risk associated with raw water and the need for sensitive and easy-to-implement tools for parasite detection.
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Public aspects of medicine
We report experimental and theoretical studies of spin dynamics in lattice structures of permalloy (Ni80Fe20) nano-ellipses, with four different types of networks including honeycomb and square lattices. The lattices are patterned at the center line of the co-planar wave guide and consist of non-contacting or contacting ellipses. Micromagnetic simulations show excellent agreement with the broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) experimental results. We find the existence of a spin-wave mode localized in the vertex region of the contacting nano-ellipse network. Our finding has important implications when designing an artificial spin ice (ASI) network for functional magnonics.
Авторами досліджено основні напрями організації сталого господарювання виходячи з осучаснених наукових уявлень про сталий розвиток з використанням підходів фінансоміки. Методологічною основою представленого у статті дослідження є традиційні загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи наукового пізнання (монографічний, аналітичний, моделювання та ін.), адаптовані до логіки розв’язування проблеми організації сталого господарювання, в рамках якої природні ресурси розглядаються як економічні активи. В межах ідеологеми сталого розвитку окреслено сутнісні ознаки концепту сталого господарювання в умовах підвищення ролі фінансових активів у формуванні екологічно і соціально орієнтованого простору життєдіяльності суб’єктів господарювання. У концепті сталого господарювання наголошено на необхідності узгодження сучасних підходів фізичної економії з енвайронментальним напрямом екологічної економіки і класичними положеннями економічної теорії. Надано пропозиції щодо фінансизації природно-господарської сфери на засадах сталості та удосконалення фінансової логістики у природно-ресурсній сфері. Звернено увагу на те, що фінансовий капітал має заходити у сферу природокористування як початковий інвестиційний та операційний капітал, а також у вигляді реінвестицій та фінансових потоків, спрямованих на відновлення природних ресурсів. Визначено, що реінвестування у природний капітал частини вилученої природної ренти забезпечує відновлення природних активів і відтак впливає на функціонування просторових соціо-еколого-економічних систем у режимі сталого господарювання, проте вимагає відповідних інституціональних перетворень та створення інфраструктури капіталізації природних ресурсів. Запропоновано модель динаміки співвідношення між інвестиціями у природно-господарську систему та ефектом досягнення сталого господарювання у форсайт-проєкті як інструменті полісуб’єктного управління сталим розвитком, а також алгоритмічну структурну схему організації сталого господарювання з використанням інформаційно-комунікаційних платформ управління територіальними ресурсами. Застосування такого підходу дозволить реально забезпечити ефективне фінансування природно-господарської сфери з використанням механізмів структурного управління і сек’юритизації природних ресурсів, «зелених» фінансових активів та інших інструментів сучасної фінансоміки.
Актуальність дослідження обумовлена науково-технологічною та інноваційною периферійністю вітчизняної економічної системи господарювання. Його метою є виявлення характерних ознак і проблем сучасної стратегічно-наукоємної та науково-інноваційної політики в контексті світового соціально-економічного розвитку, а також обґрунтування необхідності формування в Україні нової моделі державної інноваційної політики суспільно-економічного поступу. Дослідження виконано із застосуванням загальнонаукових і статистичних методів, вітчизняних і зарубіжних аналітичних джерел, міжнародної статистики. В роботі підкреслено, що з початку ХХІ ст. промислово розвиненими країнами активно впроваджується нова модель державної інноваційної політики соціально-економічного розвитку, спрямована на відновлення промислового виробництва (реіндустріалізацію) на інноваційній основі здебільшого шляхом використання внутрішніх регіональних науково-інноваційних ресурсів. В Україні зараз переважають регіональні економіки індустріально-аграрного, а не аграрно-індустріального типу, які не здатні забезпечити конкурентоспроможний науково-інноваційний та стратегічно-наукоємний індустріальний розвиток, тобто економічну модель, спроможну знизити суспільно-економічні ризики, пов’язані з інтеграцією в європейський та світовий науково-інноваційний простір. Обґрунтовано, що для реалізації такої моделі потрібно розробити амбітну державну стратегію наукоємно-інноваційного національно-цивілізаційного поступу на базі використання системного механізму кластерно-мережевого нарощування й розвитку наукоємного потенціалу промисловості та національно-регіональної інноваційної інфраструктури, основою функціонування якої мають стати регіональні наукові центри НАН і МОН України. Показано, що українська економіка, яка продовжує залишатись інноваційно-периферійною в контексті світового соціально-економічного розвитку, має шанс стати конкурентоспроможною за рахунок нарощування потенціалу складності виробництва, високих технологій та людського капіталу, враховуючи те, що Україна все ще залишається ракетно-космічною державою.
Xesús Feás, M. Pilar Vázquez-Tato, Julio A. Seijas
et al.
Fifteen years ago, at least one multimated female yellow-legged Asian hornet (<i>Vespa velutina</i> Lepeletier 1836) arrived in France, which gave rise to a pan-European invasion. In this study, the isolation and characterization of chitin (CHI) that was obtained from <i>Vespa velutina</i> (CHI<sub>VV</sub>) is described. In addition, an easy procedure is carried out to capture the raw insect, selectively and with high rates of success. The chitin contents of dry VV was observed to be 11.7%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state NMR (ssNMR), elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) characterized the physicochemical properties of CHI<sub>VV</sub>. The obtained CHI<sub>VV</sub> is close to pure (43.47% C, 6.94% H, and 6.85% N), and full acetylated with a value of 95.44%. Additionally, lifetime and kinetic parameters such as activation E and the frequency factor A using model-free and model-fitting methods, were determined. For CHI<sub>VV</sub> the solid state mechanism that follows the thermodegradation is of type F2 (random nucleation around two nuclei). The invasive Asian hornet is a promising alternative source of CHI, based on certain factors, such as the current and probable continued abundance of the quantity and quality of the product obtained.
Plants are autotrophic organisms that self-produce sugars through photosynthesis. These sugars serve as an energy source, carbon skeletons, and signaling entities throughout plants’ life. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression plays an important role in various sugar-related processes. In cells, it is regulated by many factors, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), microRNAs, the spliceosome, etc. To date, most of the investigations into sugar-related gene expression have been focused on the transcriptional level in plants, while only a few studies have been conducted on post-transcriptional mechanisms. The present review provides an overview of the relationships between sugar and post-transcriptional regulation in plants. It addresses the relationships between sugar signaling and RBPs, microRNAs, and mRNA stability. These new items insights will help to reach a comprehensive understanding of the diversity of sugar signaling regulatory networks, and open onto new investigations into the relevance of these regulations for plant growth and development.