Hasil untuk "Marketing. Distribution of products"

Dr Belinda Senooane

The negative consequences of unsustainable energy consumption have intensified the urgency to promote conservation behaviour at the individual level. While technological advances and policy interventions have been useful in shaping energy conservation behaviours, individual-level behaviours have emerged as a critical avenue for energy conservation. Drawing on the Values–Attitudes–Behaviour (VAB) framework, this study develops and tests a model explaining the role of self-efficacy and response efficacy in shaping energy conservation behaviour, with value for energy conservation and attitudes towards energy conservation serving as mediators. Data were collected from a sample of 504 energy users in South Africa and analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings revealed that response efficacy has a significant, positive influence on both the value of energy conservation and the attitude towards energy conservation. Self-efficacy, while predicting value for energy conservation, had no effect on attitude. The study also confirmed that values and attitudes influence energy conservation behaviour and that both have a positive mediating effect. The study contributes to the energy conservation literature by establishing the role of efficacy beliefs in influencing the value of energy conservation and highlighting the central role of values and attitudes in energy conservation. The study also provides policymakers with insights on how to promote energy conservation by leveraging efficacy beliefs.

Raletić Jotanović Saša, Jovičić Dragoljub, Damnjanović Jelena

Devastating information about the pollution of the environment sounds the alarm, telling us that nowadays all market subjects are obliged to act in a socially responsible way more than ever. As consumers' experience is often a decisive factor of consumers' behaviour, and socially responsible behaviour as well, in this paper we analyse consumers' experience as a basis of ecologically responsible trade, keeping in mind that it is also a kind of ecological responsibility. The region of former Yugoslavia is analysed in this paper because we believe that there have been no cross-cultural studies in this region into consumers' experience as a basis for ecologically responsible trade. This cross-cultural research was conducted on a sample of 900 respondents through a questionnaire. The statistical data that were used were: descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The results of the research show that there are differences between countries from the region of former Yugoslavia when it comes to consumers' experience as a basis for ecologically responsible trade. The obtained results have a practical application, which is seen in the possibility that the market respondents who are engaged in ecologically responsible trade in the region of former Yugoslavia adequately define and position the consumers' experience in their strategies as a tool that can manage ecologically responsible trade. Theoretical application is seen in the possibility of using the results as a basis for future research.

А.R. Sagynayev, А.N. Aituar, Z.M. Adilkhanova

The economy structure, availability of resources and production capacities generally define the involvement of country’s goods in global production chains. This research aims to evaluate the degree of global value chain (GVC) involvement for Kazakhstani industries for understanding the country's integration into the global economy and its competitiveness in international markets. The evaluation of the involvement of Kazakhstani goods in GVCs incorporates widely acknowledged indicators of forward and backward integrations introduced by World Bank experts. This analysis delves into the causal relationships within the demand model, providing insights into the intricacies of Kazakhstani goods' integration into production chains. The results revealed that Kazakhstan's participation in GVCs is predominantly driven by forward participation. The peak of GVC involvement occurred during 2004-2008, with total participation exceeding 45%, particularly in sectors like mining, energy production, rubber and plastic products, and base metals. While the role of the country as a global provider of commodity sector goods has been long discussed in literature, results of this study defined the industries with relatively higher degree of backward integration. Certain sectors including rubber and plastic products, computer and electronic equipment, transport equipment, and textiles, exhibit higher backward participation rates (30.3%, 25.5%, 24.3%, and 26% respectively) compared to forward participation. This suggests a significant reliance on imported components, emphasizing a notable proportion of the cost structure for exports in these sectors. The base metals sector stands out with a participation rate exceeding 40%, indicating a notable position in the global value chain. The practical significance of the work relates to the defining industries that can be backward integrated to GVC. While the study discussed Kazakhstan's position in GVC and explored opportunities for defining high-end production, it underscores the need for further in-depth research to assess the potential for integrating Kazakhstan into GVC as a manufacturing site. Key words: global value chains, international markets, trade policy, forward and backward integration, trade indicators

Agnieszka Cyburt

The aim of the study was to determine the level of financial independence of 81 small communes of Poland’s Lubelskie Voivodship (up to 5,000 inhabitants per commune) and to assess its significance for their financial stability. The following methods were used: literature analysis, ratio analysis and diagnostic survey. Financial data from 2017-2021 was adopted for the analysis. 69 heads of communes participated in the conducted survey. It was established that in the opinion of these leaders, income potential and financial independence are important factors affecting the financial stability of small communes, and their low level poses a threat to this stability. Three ratios were used to assess financial independence. The analyses showed that small communes were characterized by a low level of income independence and a high dependence on revenues transferred from the state budget, which is evident in the value of the expenditure independence ratio achieved.

S. Jumambayev, Zh. Temerbulatova, A. Dosmbek

For successfully solving the problem of entering Kazakhstan among the 30 developed countries of the world, a decisive transition to an innovative economy and the adoption of measures to modernize the labor market are required. Under “modernization of the labor market” it is proposed to understand the modernization in accordance with the latest scientific achievements, new requirements and norms in this area, adopted in the leading developed countries.The purpose of the article is to select the option of modernizing the labor market in Kazakhstan based on the analysis of labor market models of the leading developed countries of the world.The main directions of scientific research are determining the relationship between the models of socio-economic development of countries and their labor markets, identifying the features of labor mar-ket models, identifying of factors affecting the efficiency of the labor market and, accordingly, on the position of countries in the world according to the global competitiveness index (GCI).Scientific and practical significance of the work: different interpretation of the concept of “modern-ization of the labor market” is given, which led to comparative analysis of models of labor markets in developed countries and Kazakhstan. The methods of grouping, correlation and regression analysis were applied. The study of the relationship between GDP, employment, average wages and labor productiv-ity allowed to characterize the features of the functioning of labor markets. The research results made it possible to concretize and systematize measures to modernize the labor market. The labor market mod-ernization project should become an integral part of the program of economic reforms in the country.

Wen Yi, Lu Zhen, Yong Jin

This paper considers promoting off-site construction using government subsidy. A three-stage Stackelberg game model is formulated for the optimal subsidy design for the government, accounting for the decisions of government, suppliers (owners of off-site construction yards), and customers (entities that buy precast concrete from the suppliers). The government has two objectives: one is to maximize the use of precast concrete produced by regional yards and the other is to reduce green-house gas emissions from the transport of precast concrete. A number of properties of the three-stage Stackelberg game framework have been analyzed. We find that an inappropriately designed subsidy scheme may decrease the use of precast concrete produced by regional yards and increase green-house gas emissions from the transport of precast concrete, compared with a no-subsidy benchmark.

mesaoud benmouiza, azouz makhloufi, mokhetar rennane

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل نشاط وآلية عمل خلية معالجة الاستعلام المالي كهيكل متخصص في الوقاية من تبييض الأموا لوتمويل الإرهاب في الجزائر خلال الفترة 2005-2018. يتم هذا النشاط من خلال  تتبع أهم المهام التي قامت بها تلك الخلية منذ بداية عملها، وتحليل دورها في الوقاية من تبييض الأموال وتمويل الإرهاب وفقا لما توفر لدينا من احصائيات. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن خلية معالجة الاستعلام المالي، تلعب دورا مهما في الوقاية من تبييض الأموال وتمويل الإرهاب ‏في الجزائر من خلال تقنيتين أساسيتين: تقارير التصريح بالشبهة والتقارير السنوية السرية

L. Rybina, V. Garkavenko

There is a range of behavior change models used in social marketing. The past studies suggest that theories can serve as valuable frameworks for the design and evaluation of health interventions. This article aims to provide a revision of theoretical models used in social marketing and health promotion, specifically Theory of Reasoned Action, and test this theory on health risk behavior change. Smoking behavior among youth was selected as a specific context for this study due to importance of the health of youth for the economic and social development of Kazakhstan and opportunity to prevent or reduce smoking behaviors and subsequently mitigate negative consequences of smoking among youth. A deductive approach was undertaken and quantitative survey method was applied. The total sample after cleaning for incomplete data consisted of 2307 respondents. The study found that the Theory of Reasoned Action successfully predicted cigarette smoking behavior among youth. The TRA could provide solid explanations of intention to uptake cigarette use. The results indicated that attitude toward cigarette smoking and subjective norm directly influenced intention to use cigarettes. These findings might usefully be integrated in an intervention program aimed at reducing or preventing smoking initiation, especially among youth. Social marketing health intervention programs are recommended to be directed at the attitude and subjective norms by targeting underlying beliefs.

Mariusz Grębowiec

W artykule dokonano próby oceny innowacyjności sektora owoców i warzyw w opinii polskich konsumentów. Bazując na dostępnej literaturze, artykułach i czasopismach branżowych oraz informacjach opublikowanych na stronach internetowych scharakteryzowano zmiany na polskim rynku owoców i warzyw, innowacyjność sektora owoców i warzyw, rodzaje innowacji związanych z nowymi technologiami i procesami oraz z nowymi metodami marketingowymi i organizacyjnymi, a także wskazano trendy i bariery nabywcze konsumentów w sektorze owocowo-warzywnym. Dla pełnego zobrazowania stopnia znajomości i rozpoznawalności wybranych innowacji oraz stosunku do tego typu produktów konsumenta przeprowadzono badania ankietowe.

Aidha Syah, Lilik Noor Yuliati

The food selection is a process that consumers do every day before consuming any food. The food which is selected for consumption will have an effect for our health. This study aimed to analyze the influence of values and attitudes toward healthy food choices. Design research was using cross sectional study with a survey method using a self-report questionnaire and involving 288 students of PPKU IPB selected by cluster random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS for descriptive, different test of an independent t-test, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there are significant differences in values and attitudes between men and women and meanwhile there was no significant difference in the selection of healthy foods between men and women. Values and attitudes of students have a positive relationship to the choice of healthy foods. The results also showed that the attitude had a positive and significant effect on the choice of healthy foods, otherwise values had no significant effect on the choice of healthy foods.

Krystyna Brzozowska

Infrastructure is indispensable, but indirect, factor of economic and civilization growth. A huge pace of changes evolved from technical and technological progress, and after it a demand for financial capital. Most countries is not able to cover capital absorbing infrastructure projects from highly tight budgets. A crucial issue is to find and implement some complementary sources, like PPP, private infrastructure funds, special designed for infrastructure needs public funds or project bonds. An aim of an article is to indicate difficulties in contemporary world in procuring funds to cover infrastructure projects on background of growing project needs of public infrastructure. The study in kind of scientific contribution of a great extend of practical application has a form of review based of thematic literature, published data and personal experiences from conducted for several years monitoring of infrastructure projects funding market, and its main task is to present a scale of unbalance between project infrastructure demand and potential sources of their funding.

Denis Klimanov, Ekaterina Frolkina

As the customer relationship management process comes to play an increasingly important role in business success, a number of authors are attempting to evaluate the impact of various CRM process components on the quality of company interaction with customers and, ultimately, on company performance. This paper explores the impact of CRM systems on the quality of companies’ customer understanding. This understanding is measured in the context of an international pharmaceutical company in the Russian market. The field research is based on quantitative data from online questionnaires and telephone interviews. The sample consists of 64 company representatives and 217 ophthalmologists. The authors developed and tested a model of physician loyalty drivers and studied employees’ perceptions of the CRM system. The findings of this paper demonstrate that, despite the fact that a CRM system is actively used and perceived as a crucial part of the customer relationship management process within the company, understanding of key customer loyalty drivers needs to be significantly improved. The paper contributes to existing theory by evaluating the link between the use of CRM applications and customer relationship performance as well as by developing a physician prescription loyalty influencers framework in the context of the Russian pharmaceutical market. This research could be used by other pharmaceutical companies as well in order to understand the influence of their CRM applications on customer loyalty and also to identify the drivers of physicians’ prescriptions.

Magdalena Rzemieniak

Rozwój województwa lubelskiego powinien koncentrować się na strategicznych dziedzinach polskiej gospodarki oraz województwa. Szansą na uruchomienie dźwigni rozwoju jest wzrost przedsiębiorczości mieszkańców Lubelszczyzny. Racjonalne wykorzystanie energii z tzw. źródeł odnawialnych tj. energii rzek, wiatru, promieniowania słonecznego, geotermalnej lub biomasy, jest jednym z istotnych komponentów zrównoważonego rozwoju przynoszącym wymierne efekty ekologiczno-energetyczne. Wzrost udziału odnawialnych źródeł energii w bilansie paliwowo-energetycznym świata, przyczynia się do poprawy efektywności wykorzystania i oszczędzania zasobów surowców energetycznych, poprawy stanu środowiska poprzez redukcję zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery wód oraz redukcję ilości wytwarzanych odpadów. Strategia rozwoju województwa powinna zakładać rozwój produkcji ze źródeł odnawialnych, wykorzystanie regionalnych źródeł energii, promocję ekoenergii wśród odbiorców końcowych oraz rozwój działalności badawczo – wdrożeniowej. Te działania wymagają świadomych, celowych i profesjonalnych działań promocyjnych prowadzonych w kierunku różnych grup docelowych oraz interesariuszy (stakeholders). Celem artykułu jest wykazanie wpływu działań promocyjnych na rozwój sektora OZE, a także gruntowna analiza i przegląd dostępnej dokumentacji, na podejmowana działania propagujące sektor OZE. W publikacji stawiana jest następująca hipoteza – dla efektywnego i skutecznego rozwoju sektora OZE niezbędne są działania promocyjne, wyprofilowane pod kątem potrzeb informacyjnych otoczenia. Metodami badawczymi zastosowanymi w niniejszym opracowaniu są badania w postaci analizy desk research prowadzone na źródłach wtórnych, zarówno zewnętrznych, jak i wewnętrznych, obserwacja uczestnicząca (jako eksperta Urzędu Miasta Lublin oraz Urzędu Marszałkowskiego w Lublinie) oraz obserwacja nieuczestnicząca. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w okresie styczeń – czerwiec 2015 r.

Syarifah Md Yusof, Raziah Md Tahir

Islam memperuntukkan zakat sebagai salah satu cara dalam penyelesaian isu hutang. Namun masih terdapat sebilangan individu yang tidak mampu menyelesaikan hutang sehingga diisytiharkan muflis. Masalah keberhutangan dan muflis bukan sahaja menimbulkan kesan yang negatif kepada individu tersebut malah ahli keluarga turut menerima tempiasnya. Persoalannya, adakah semua golongan yang berhutang dan muflis layak untuk mendapatkan zakat bagi mengatasi masalah ini? Sejauh manakah tafsiran asnaf al-gharimin yang sedia ada di Malaysia merangkumi semua golongan yang berhak menerima zakat? Artikel ini bertujuan meneliti tiga perkara utama. Pertama, meneliti isu hutang dan muflis dari perspektif Islam. Kedua, meneliti isu hutang dan muflis di Malaysia. Ketiga, meneliti adakah tafsiran asnaf al-gharimin bagi setiap negeri di Malaysia menyeluruh merangkumi setiap golongan yang berhak menerima zakat. Untuk itu, analisis kandungan berdasarkan data sekunder dijadikan kaedah utama dengan meneliti tafsiran zakat asnaf al-gharimin di setiap negeri di Malaysia. Kajian ini mendapati tafsiran asnaf al-gharimin adalah tidak menyeluruh dan tidak seragam antara negeri-negeri di Malaysia. Oleh itu, penambahbaikan terhadap tafsiran asnaf al-gharimin perlu dilakukan oleh pihak yang berkaitan.   Kata kunci: Asnaf al-gharimin, zakat, hutang.

Beata Rudzka

W tekście omówiono ujęcie wydatków na ochronę środowiska w polskim budżecie zadaniowym, zaprezentowane zostały planowane przez dysponentów części budżetowych i Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej wydatki/koszty, mierniki i cele na rok 2011

Sanep Ahmad, Nora Yusma Mohamed Yusop

Sistem perbankan Islam adalah satu sistem yang menekankan keadilan berdasarkan konsep perkongsian keuntungan. Malangnya kebanyakan produk pembiayaan perbankan Islam masa kini adalah pembiayaan-hutang yang bercanggah dengan dasar keadilan perbankan Islam. Lantaran itu perbankan Islam perlu meningkatkan produk pembiayaan yang bercirikan keadilan berdasarkan pembiayaan-ekuiti. Sehubungan itu makalah ini cuba menerokai kemungkinan bagaimana pembiayaan-hutang boleh diubahsuai kepada pembiayaan-ekuiti. Pengubahsuaian akan dilakukan ke atas Bai’ Bithaman Ajil (BBA) memandangkan kaedah BBA merupakan kaedah yang paling banyak diamalkan pada masa kini. Analisis ubahsuai dilakukan secara teori daripada konsep murabahah dalam BBA kepada konsep musyarakah mutanaqisah (MMQ), manakala bukti empirikal dilakukan berasaskan kepada pengalaman Teras Dara Consortium (TDC). Kajian mendapati bahawa konsep pembiayaan-hutang dalam BBA boleh diubahsuai kepada pembiayaan-ekuiti berkonsepkan MMQ. Pengalaman TDC membuktikan bahawa pengamalan konsep ini tetap mendatangkan keuntungan, dapat mempercepatkan unit jualan, dapat menambah penyertaan golongan berpendapatan rendah dan dapat mengubah motif pembiayaan daripada keuntungan kepada kebajikan. Implikasinya ialah perubahan sedemikian dapat meningkatkan fungsi sebenar perbankan Islam serta dapat meningkatkan taraf kebajikan masyarakat.  

Magdalena Krzyżanowska

Celem opracowania jest wskazanie nowych kierunków badań naukowych w dziedzinie marketingu. Tłem do ich przedstawienia stały się uwagi na temat wyboru problemu badawczego oraz kategorii jego analizy. Zawarto w nich postulaty odnoszące się do sposobów formułowania problemów badawczych, tak aby miały charakter naukowy, a nie menedżerski oraz większej dyscypliny w tworzeniu nowych pojęć. Istotą propozycji nowych kierunków badań jest silne ich osadzenie w kontekście rynku i rozszerzenie perspektywy, która ma obejmować nie tylko przedsiębiorstwo w jego relacjach z nabywcami, ale także z innymi podmiotami rynku. Ponadto, podniesiona została kwestia zależności między rynkami oraz ich wpływu na przedsiębiorstwo oraz jego marketing. Te ogólne postulaty zostały zilustrowane jedenastoma kierunkami badań, których podjęcie służyłoby rozwojowi marketingu.

Agnieszka Miedzik, Aleksandra Wicka

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych na próbie wygodnej (166 respondentów) klientów indywidualnych korzystających z produktów ubezpieczeniowych. Głównym celem badania było rozpoznanie z jakich rodzajów produktów korzystają klienci i jakimi motywami kierują się wybierając ubezpieczyciela. Dokonano także określenia odczuwalności obciążenia jakim jest dla gospodarstwa domowego płacona składka ubezpieczeniowa. Stwierdzono, że najpowszechniej nabywanym ubezpieczeniem są ubezpieczenia komunikacyjne OC i AC, ubezpieczenia na życie i ubezpieczenia mieszkania. W zakupie ubezpieczeń wykorzystywano przede wszystkim sprzedaż w placówkach firmy i przez agenta. Najczęściej korzystano z produktów PZU, a następnie Warty. W wyborze firmy kierowano się przede wszystkim tym, że zakupiono w niej wcześniej inne ubezpieczenie. Osoby z wyższym wykształceniem, lepiej zarabiające oraz mieszkańcy miast zakupywali przeciętnie więcej produktów ubezpieczeniowych.