Hasil untuk "Human anatomy"

J. Andrews-Hanna, Jay S. Reidler, J. Sepulcre et al.

S. Seeber

M. Gunnar, Karina M Quevedo

K. Benirschke, P. D. M. P. Kaufmann

W. Greulich, S. I. Pyle

A. Maslow

L. Pezawas, B. Verchinski, V. Mattay et al.

A variation in the BDNF gene (val66met) affects the function of BDNF in neurons, predicts variation in human memory, and is associated with several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we show that, in magnetic resonance imaging scans of a large sample of normal individuals, this polymorphism affects the anatomy of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, identifying a genetic mechanism of variation in brain morphology related to learning and memory.

Wei Li, Bing Wu, Chunlei Liu

B. Turney

Interuniversity Institute of Myology

INTRODUCTION: Hyaluronan (HA) is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan, widely used for medical and pharmaceutical applications including tissue muscle repair. A recent study demonstrates that HA activates muscle stem cells to repair damaged muscle. When muscle damage occurs, stem cells start producing and coating themselves with hyaluronic acid, driven by demethylase JMJD3, which allows muscle stem cell adaptation to inflammation and the initiation of muscle repair (Nakka et al., 2022). AIM:The aim of this work is to characterize the effect of Multifractionated - HA on myoblast rescue under inflammatory conditions, using C2C12 murine muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the potential of a HA mixture (2-1000 KDa, 1 mg/ml, Regenflex TeM, Regenyal Laboratories SRL) in increasing the proliferative and myogenic capacity of myoblasts in the presence or absence of pro-inflammatory agents (IL-1β, LPS), known to impair proliferation. RESULTS: Results revealed that TeM significantly improved reparative mechanisms and exerts a strong pro-proliferative effect, enhancing wound healing within 24 hours post-injury, even in the presence of inflammatory conditions. Additionally, we evaluated the myogenic potential of C2C12 cells treated with TeM by analyzing the gene and protein expression of key myogenic markers, including IGF-1, MyoD, Myogenin, Mrf4, myogenin, and , MHC-1, even under inflammatory conditions. Moreover, TeM treatment upregulated myogenic biomarkers, suggesting a positive impact on differentiation pathways. CONCLUSION: Regenflex T&M has been shown to increase the repair process in injured myoblast monolayers, to restore healing capacity under otherwise limiting conditions and to stimulate the muscle differentation process. This data streghtens the rationale for using infiltrative intramuscular T&M to promote the repair of injured muscles in clinical settings.

Caio Siqueira Kuhn, Marcelo Lucas de Lima Prado, Iapunira Catarina Sant’Anna Aragão et al.

Objectives: The Pulmonary Auscultatory Triangle (PAT) is a bilateral region on the back delimited by the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and scapula. Beyond its relevance for pulmonary auscultation, PAT also represents an important anatomical window for posterior thoracic approaches. While its anatomy has been extensively described in adults, data on its developmental morphology during fetal life remain scarce. This original morphometric study aimed to characterize the morphometry and morphology of the PAT in human fetuses and to evaluate differences according to sex, side, and gestational age. Methods: A total of 80 PATs from 40 human fetuses (20 male and 20 female) were examined. Using ImageJ software 1.54k, we measured margin lengths (inferior trapezius, medial scapular, and superior latissimus), area, and perimeter. Morphological classification was performed based on internal angles. Associations with sex, side, and gestational age were statistically assessed. Results: The mean gestational age was 28.6 weeks. PAT had a mean area of 103.2 mm² and a mean perimeter of 49.1 mm. Mean margin lengths were 20.1 mm for the trapezius, 12.4 mm for the scapular margin, and 16.6 mm for the latissimus dorsi. Three morphologies were observed: acute (42.5%), obtuse (25.0%), and rectangular (32.5%). A significant asymmetry in shape distribution was found between sides (<i>p</i> = 0.034). Weak but statistically significant positive correlations with gestational age were found for perimeter and for the trapezius and latissimus dorsi margins, indicating progressive enlargement with fetal growth. Conclusions: This study provides the first detailed morphometric and morphological description of the PAT in human fetuses. The findings establish a developmental anatomical baseline for the posterior thoracic wall and highlight growth-related changes and side-related variability.

Luiz Eduardo Sousa

Educação em saúde para a população é uma importante estratégia de difusão do conhecimento científico necessária para a construção de boas práticas de saúde. A discussão sobre saúde fortalece as práticas de autocuidado, de prevenção e adesão aos tratamentos, amplia o diálogo com profissionais e estimula mudanças de hábitos de vida. O câncer de próstata apresenta forte impacto na sociedade, sendo uma das principais causas de óbito oncológico sendo o segundo mais comum entre homens. Historicamente, existem características da identidade masculina, associadas a seu processo de socialização, que influenciam negativamente nas práticas de prevenção de doenças e autocuidado. Assim, a prevenção, o diagnóstico precoce e o sucesso do tratamento do câncer dependem, em parte, das ações dos homens em procurar uma equipe de saúde e em manter hábitos saudáveis. Com intuito de sensibilizar o público masculino, as ações educativas quebram tabus, informam e estimulam sólidas mudanças de hábitos de vida da população. Desta forma, as ações extensionistas do projeto tiveram como objetivo informar, educar e conscientizar a população sobre questões relacionadas ao câncer de próstata. O projeto foi desenvolvido com homens residentes em Ouro Preto (MG). A metodologia consistiu em: palestras educativas sobre anatomia do homem, câncer de próstata, dieta e atividade física; oficina de anatomia do homem no laboratório; dinâmica educativa; roda de conversa. Observamos que as ações preencheram lacunas importantes sobre o câncer de próstata, necessárias para conscientizar e estimular mudanças nas práticas de saúde e hábitos de vida, como medidas de autocuidado e prevenção da doença. Palavras-chave: Anatomia; Extensão Universitária; Comunicação; Homem Health education about prostate cancer – An anatomic approach   Abstract: Health education is one strategy for disseminating scientific knowledge necessary for a healthy lifestyle. Dialogue about health with the population improves self-care and prevention practices. It also increases adherence to treatments and expands dialogue with health professionals. Prostate cancer has a negative impact on society and is one of the biggest causes of death. Other than non-melanoma skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Brazil. The characteristics of men’s identity, shaped by their socialization, influence disease prevention and self-care practices. Thus, prevention, early diagnosis, and successful cancer treatment depend on seeking medical care at a health center and maintaining healthy habits. To sensitize the male audience, the educational activities break taboos and encourage adults to make lifestyle changes. In this way, the project aimed to inform, teach, and increase public understanding of prostate cancer. Men who live in Ouro Preto (MG, Brazil) participated in the project. Our methodology included: educational lectures on human anatomy, prostate cancer, nutrition, and physical activity; human anatomy workshops; educational activities such as games; and a conversation room. The activities filled knowledge gaps about prostate cancer. Also, the project applied efforts to encourage changes in health practices and lifestyle, such as self-care and disease prevention. Keywords: Anatomy; University Extension; Communication; Man

Noriko Ohyama, Masatoshi Matsunami, Minako Imamura et al.

Abstract The Ryukyu archipelago is located southwest of the Japanese islands, and people originally from this region, the Ryukyu population, have a unique genetic background distinct from that of other populations, including people from mainland Japan. However, few genetic studies have focused on the Ryukyu population. In this study, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, n = 15,224), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, n = 15,203), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT, n = 14,496) in the Ryukyu population. We found 13 loci with a genome-wide significant association (P < 5 × 10−8), three for ALT, four for AST, and six for GGT, including one novel locus associated with ALT: rs117595134-A in HMMR/HMMR-AS1, ß =  − 0.131, standard error = 0.024, P = 4.90 × 10−8. Rs117595134-A is common in the Japanese population but is not observed in other ethnic populations in the 1000 genomes database. Additionally, 77 of 80 loci derived from Korean GWAS and 541 of 716 loci from European GWAS showed the same directions of effect (P = 1.41 × 10−19, P = 2.50 × 10−44, binomial test), indicating that most of susceptibility loci are shared between the Ryukyu population and other ethnic populations.

Jonasz Tempski, Grzegorz Fibiger, Katarzyna Majka et al.

The labyrinthine artery (LA), is a major vessel responsible for blood supply of labyrinth and cochlea in the inner ear, as well as cranial nerves, including vestibulocochlear and facial nerves. Its origin varies throughout numerous reports, however the most commonly reported origins include anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and basilar artery (BA). Nevertheless, arteries such as superior cerebellar, vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar artery have also been reported as the sources of LA. What is more, the relationship between LA and vestibulocochlear and facial nerves has been described vaguely in many publications. The aforementioned not only represent anatomical idiosyncrasies, but the area of LA origin is also crucial from a clinical perspective, especially when performing a wide spectrum of skull base approaches, most commonly involving exposure of cerebellopontine angle. The thorough knowledge regarding LA course, branches, correlation with cranial nerves can be critical in prevention of iatrogenic lesions, which may occur during various approaches such as middle cranial fossa, rectosigmoid and labyrinthine (both trans- and retro) ones. Lastly, we should remember that many different variants of LA can lead to a broader range of symptoms in the case of vascular changes, such as aneurysms.This publication's aim is to provide a brief overview on all possible variants of labyrinthine arteries described in the literature, as well as its trajectories in relation to vestibulocochlear and facial nerves.

Tingfa Yan

Abstract Medical image retrieval (MIR) is an essential tool for diagnosis, clinical research, and education, facilitating radiologists’ access to semantically similar, prior cases. However, most deep learning–based MIR systems predominantly focus on visual similarity, neglecting the extensive domain knowledge encapsulated in standardized clinical ontologies. This oversight frequently results in retrievals that are visually similar yet semantically inconsistent, thereby diminishing their diagnostic utility and generalization capability across datasets. To address these challenges, we introduce an ontology-regularized hierarchical transformer framework that explicitly integrates anatomical and phenotypic knowledge into the MIR pipeline. Our model utilizes a multi-scale hierarchical vision transformer to extract fine-to-coarse image features, which are subsequently aligned with an ontology graph encoder derived from RadLex, the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA), and the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). We propose a graph-aware contrastive loss combined with a hierarchical margin term to draw embeddings of ontologically related concepts closer together, while distancing unrelated ones. Evaluation was conducted on two large-scale public datasets, MIMIC-CXR as the source domain and VinDr-CXR for cross-dataset testing, with additional experiments on DeepLesion for modality variation. The results indicate that our approach achieves significant improvements in retrieval quality, with a +17.3% enhancement in expert-judged semantic correctness and higher cross-dataset recall compared to robust transformer baselines. We further propose an Ontology-Consistency@k metric to quantify the semantic alignment of retrievals and demonstrate its correlation with expert ratings. Qualitative analyses revealed enhanced interpretability through concept-attribution maps that localize ontology-relevant areas. This study represents a step toward clinically meaningful, explainable, and generalizable MIR systems built entirely on publicly available data.

Flavio De Angelis, Anna Russo, Antonio Nappo et al.

Background/Objectives: This study explores the evolution and morphology of the human mandible, focusing on recent changes and adaptations over the last 2000 years. It aims to examine how functional, genetic, and environmental factors influence mandibular size, shape, and sexual dimorphism by analyzing key anatomical landmarks—the horizontal ramus (HR), ascending ramus (AR), and mandibular angle (MA). Methods: A retrospective approach was employed using computed tomography (CT) scans of 39 mandibular samples from various historical periods, ranging from the Roman Imperial Age to the present day. Imaging was conducted using a 64-slice multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scanner, and the resulting data were processed to generate detailed 3D reconstructions for morphological assessment. Results: The analysis reveals that present-day samples exhibit significantly less variation in AR and MA compared to archaeological specimens, suggesting a trend of gracilization over time. Statistically significant differences were found in MA, likely influenced by environmental, dietary, and cultural factors. Correlation analysis showed moderate to weak relationships between AR, HR, and MA across sample groups, with significant sexual dimorphism in AR within the archaeological sample. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further supported these findings, demonstrating a clear distinction between gracile modern mandibles and more robust ancient ones. Conclusions: These findings provide insights into the evolutionary trajectory of the human mandible, underscoring the influence of dietary and cultural shifts on mandibular structure over the past two millennia.

Madhvi Yadav, Saubhagya Srivastava, Manjiri Dighe et al.

Ultrasound is the primary, non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating renal anatomy and function in both acute and chronic settings. Familiarity with normal kidney morphology, cortical and parenchymal thickness, echogenicity, and Doppler parameters is essential for differentiating normal findings from early manifestations of disease. This review summarizes established reference ranges and anatomical variants from the 1950s to 2025, highlighting differences related to age, sex, body habitus, and ethnicity. Practical emphasis is placed on the interpretation of renal size, cortical thickness, echogenicity, and resistive indices in clinical scenarios such as chronic kidney disease, renovascular hypertension, acute obstruction, and renal transplantation. By integrating sonographic measurements with clinical and laboratory findings, clinicians can achieve timely diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and guide therapeutic decisions while minimizing the need for invasive or radiation-based imaging.

Ashley N. Thomas, Antonis Kalakoutas, Martin Yates et al.

ABSTRACT Background As a major systemic insult, cardiac surgery can lead to significant muscle loss, which increases the time to recovery as well as being correlated with mortality. Highly variable loss of muscle mass (0%–40% rectus femoris cross‐sectional area [RFcsa]) and strength in the week after surgery has aided understanding of mechanisms of sarcopenia after acute illness. To include muscle recovery, patients' muscle phenotype beyond the first week after surgery and up to their return as outpatients was studied and correlated with protein and metabolomic markers. Methods Patients undergoing elective aortic valve surgery were recruited. Muscle mass (RFcsa), strength (handgrip, knee extension and spirometry), body composition (by bioimpedance) and health‐related quality of life (generic questionnaire EQ‐5D‐5L) were determined pre‐operatively, 7 days after surgery and at outpatient follow‐up. Blood samples were taken on Days 0, 1, 3, 7 and follow‐up. The plasma metabolome was determined in 20 patients at Days 0, 3, 7 and follow‐up. Results Of 31 participants, 20 were male: mean age 68.8 years with a range between 48 and 85 years. Proportionate mean loss of RFcsa between pre‐op and Day 7 values was 6.44% [95% CI 4.21 to 8.68, n = 31]; between pre‐op and follow‐up 9.69% [95% CI 4.92 to 14.96, n = 22]; and between Day 7 and follow‐up 3.60% [95% CI −1.30 to 8.48, n = 22]. By contrast to measures of muscle bulk, the strength and functionality assessments (knee extension, handgrip, spirometry and short physical performance battery) decreased in the first week after surgery (pre‐op to Day 7) followed by a return to baseline (Day 7 to follow‐up). Health‐related quality of life (cross‐walk index) changed little over the course of the study but correlated positively at follow‐up with muscle bulk (RFcsa: r = 0.58 [95% CI 0.19 to 0.81] p = 0.005) and strength of knee extension (r = 0.54 [95% CI 0.14 to 0.79] p = 0.010) and handgrip (r = 0.63 [95% CI 0.27 to 0.83] p = 0.002: n = 22). Both pre‐operative and peak (Day 3) plasma levels of short‐chain acyl‐carnitine markers of mitochondrial dysfunction correlated with proportional muscle loss at follow‐up and with strength at all timepoints. Conclusions Prolonged follow‐up after aortic surgery demonstrated a divergence between the consistent recovery of strength and a significant proportion of patients continuing to lose muscle bulk. Markers of baseline and acute mitochondrial dysfunction predicted poor muscle outcomes up to outpatient follow‐up.

A. Dick, Pascale Tremblay

Noor Abdulhameed, Alice Babin, Kim Hansen et al.

Abstract Targeting brain insulin resistance (BIR) has become an attractive alternative to traditional therapeutic treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Incretin receptor agonists (IRAs), targeting either or both of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors, have proven to reverse BIR and improve cognition in mouse models of AD. We previously showed that many, but not all, IRAs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after intravenous (IV) delivery. Here we determined if widespread brain uptake of IRAs could be achieved by circumventing the BBB using intranasal (IN) delivery, which has the added advantage of minimizing adverse gastrointestinal effects of systemically delivered IRAs. Of the 5 radiolabeled IRAs tested (exenatide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, DA4-JC, and DA5-CH) in CD-1 mice, exenatide, dulaglutide, and DA4-JC were successfully distributed throughout the brain following IN delivery. We observed significant sex differences in uptake for DA4-JC. Dulaglutide and DA4-JC exhibited high uptake by the hippocampus and multiple neocortical areas. We further tested and found the presence of AD-associated Aβ pathology minimally affected uptake of dulaglutide and DA4-JC. Of the 5 tested IRAs, dulaglutide and DA4-JC are best capable of accessing brain regions most vulnerable in AD (neocortex and hippocampus) after IN administration. Future studies will need to be performed to determine if IN IRA delivery can reduce BIR in AD or animal models of that disorder.