Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Aleksei Ageev

The article is devoted to the analysis of the perception of the internal and foreign politics of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801) by the Neapolitan diplomat in St. Petersburg Antonino Maresca, Duke di Serracapriola (1750-1822) on the basis of his official dispatches and personal letters, which were perlustrated and preserved in copies in F. 6 of the AVPRI («Sekretnejshie dela, perlyustraciya»). From the very beginning of the reign of Emperor Paul I, Duke di Serracapriola highly assessed the personal qualities and abilities of the monarch, portrayed his reforms in the military and civilian areas positively and characterized his policy as «sound» («la politica sana»), based on firm principles and the pursuit of justice. Being a man of conservative views and an ardent opponent of the French Revolution, the Neapolitan diplomat positively perceived to a number of restrictions imposed by Paul I against revolutionary symbols and the spread of republican ideas. The foreign policy of Emperor Paul I was also evaluated positively by the Duke di Serracapriola. From his point of view, its main goal was to achieve a «common peace» based on a fair balance of power in Europe and in accordance with the interests of the allies of the Russian Empire. Since the autumn of 1797, Duke di Serracapriola, as an opponent to the policy of the Viennese Court, in his dispatches and letters began to openly oppose Austria's actions to the foreign policy of the Russian Empire that he regarded more consistent with the goals of ensuring the security of Europe. This opposition only intensified by 1800, when diplomatic ties between Russia and Austria were severed due to numerous disagreements. In addition, by the same time, the Duke di Serracapriola showed considerable criticism of the policy of Great Britain as dangerous to the interests of the «small» Italian states and not consistent with the «saving» principles of Emperor Paul I. It seems that the Duke di Serracapriola was inclined to significantly idealize Paul I and his internal politics. At the same time, he assessed the foreign policy of the Russian Empire much more realistically than representatives of other European states. It seems that this was facilitated by both the personal views of A. Maresca and the very position of the Kingdom of Naples as a remote and "peripheral" state with which the Russian Empire maintained diplomatic ties throughout the reign of Emperor Paul I.

مژده مخلصی

صائب تبریزی، شاعر بزرگ مکتب اصفهان، در خلق اشعار خویش توجهی ویژه به اسطوره‏ها داشته و از بسیاری از شخصیت‏های اساطیری برای بیان مفاهیم و مضامین خود بهره برده است. او در کنار شیوۀ معمول و مرسوم اسطوره‏پردازی، رویکردی متفاوت را نیز در تلمیح‏آوری در آثار خود به نمایش می‏گذارد. وی از زاویه‏ای نامتعارف به اساطیر نگریسته و طرزی دیگر را در پرداختن به آن­ها برگرفته است. بخش عمدۀ این نوع نگاه را می‏توان برخاسته از درک و دریافت متفاوت شاعر نسبت به جایگاه خویش و واقعیت پیرامون دانست. نوشتار حاضر، با اتخاذ نظریه‏پردازی داده‏بنیاد به­عنوان روش تحقیق، انحاء بروز این دریافت متفاوت را در اسطوره‏پردازی صائب می‏کاود و چگونگی خودارجاعی و بازنمایی شاعر به­عنوان آفرینندۀ اثر را در این شیوۀ پرداختن به اسطوره‏ها به بررسی می‏نشیند. این پژوهش، تلمیحات صائب را نمایندۀ خودآگاهی شاعر دانسته و اسطوره‏پردازی او را نمودی از نگاه فردی و ویژۀ وی یافته است، نگاهی متأمل و آمیخته با واقع‏گرایی و انسان‏مداری که افسانۀ محض را نپسندیده و نپذیرفته، و سعی در تغییر آن دارد.

Marco Genovese, Ivano Ruo-Berchera

Quantum illumination represents one of the most interesting examples of quantum technologies. On the one hand, it can find significant applications; on the other hand, it is one of the few quantum protocols robust against noise and losses. Here we present a short summary of the history of this quantum protocol.

Solal Rapaport, Laurent Pautet, Samuel Tardieu et al.

Version Control Systems (VCS) like Git allow developers to locally rewrite recorded history, e.g., to reorder and suppress commits or specific data in them. These alterations have legitimate use cases, but become problematic when performed on public branches that have downstream users: they break push/pull workflows, challenge the integrity and reproducibility of repositories, and create opportunities for supply chain attackers to sneak into them nefarious changes. We conduct the first large-scale investigation of Git history alterations in public code repositories. We analyze 111 M (millions) repositories archived by Software Heritage, which preserves VCS histories even across alterations. We find history alterations in 1.22 M repositories, for a total of 8.7 M rewritten histories. We categorize changes by where they happen (which repositories, which branches) and what is changed in them (files or commit metadata). Conducting two targeted case studies we show that altered histories recurrently change licenses retroactively, or are used to remove ''secrets'' (e.g., private keys) committed by mistake. As these behaviors correspond to bad practices-in terms of project governance or security management, respectively-that software recipients might want to avoid, we introduce GitHistorian, an automated tool, that developers can use to spot and describe history alterations in public Git repositories.

Pavel Ermilov

The author continues his study of the ways in which the political concept of federation is used to describe church organisation, this time taking as a basis the texts of Orthodox authors. These writers borrowed the idea of a federative structure of early Christian communities from Protestant historians of the 18th century and from subsequent works of Protestant scholars, for whom such notions became a component of the prevailing doctrine. In the writings of Russian theologians the concept of federation seems to have travelled the same path as in the West, having come into use against the background of a general fascination with political projections in theology and having lost its relevance under the influence of various criticisms. In Greek theology the picture turns out to be much more complex. In the course of the development of Greek historiography in the nineteenth century, federalism and democracy were declared to be the characteristic features of the model of organisation of the Eastern Christian Church, developed through the synthesis of the new religion and Hellenistic culture. In the twentieth century these ideas were revised. In modern Orthodox theology there is an agreement on the incorrectness of describing the Church using the concept of federation. Nevertheless, this image has come to be used as a polemical cliché in intra-Orthodox discussion, which is used to denote any form of rejection of the monocentric model of Church unity.

Notizia, Palmiro

This article examines the available textual evidence from late Early Dynastic/Early Sargonic Ur concerning an unnamed ensi₂ of the northern Babylonian city of Gizuna (ŠID.NUNki). Based on a new interpretation of UET 2, Suppl. 44 and U 32450+U 32457, it is argued that a seven-day burial ceremony in honour of the ruler/governor of Gizuna was held, during which animals were sacrificed at his grave (sur₃-maḫ). It is suggested that the body of the ensi₂ was interred at Ur, either in the Early Dynastic ‘Royal Cemetery’ or in the later ‘Akkadian Cemetery’. A careful review of the late Early Dynastic/Early Sargonic cuneiform tablets from Ur further reveals the existence of an organisation called Ekisa(g) (‘pleasant-place house’), which probably handled the funerary offerings presented to the men and women buried in the city necropolis. If this is correct, then Ekisa(g) may have been the Sumerian name of the burial complex commonly known as the ‘Cemetery of Ur’.

Andrey Ivanovich

The first temple in the Chelyabinsk fortress in the context of the sacralization of space during the Russian colonization of the Urals and Siberia. The article, on the basis of the sources involved, deals in general terms with the main problems of temple building in the frontier zone in the process of Russian colonization of the Urals and Siberia from the late XVI to the 1730s. Sources are acts of record documentation: decrees, orders, reports. The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationship between state and church structures in temple building. The work is done within the framework of cultural history. The main institutions of the colonization process were the structures of the state and the church, the direct actors were peasants, merchants and servicemen of various categories, and the Posad population. The consolidation of Russia in new territories was carried out through the sacralization of space. The starting point in this process was the construction of the first Orthodox church. Initially, the question of building a temple was raised by both the secular authorities and parishioners, depending on the specific situation. Then the functions of establishing the ecclesiastical and administrative structure were delegated by the center to the field. If earlier the chain looked like this: Orthodox first settlers - the center in Moscow - the royal decree in place of the voivode - implementation, execution of the decision on the spot; then a new link appears at the diocesan level in the person of the bishop. This was caused, first of all, by the increasing scale of colonization, the complication of the secular and ecclesiastical-administrative structure. In the record correspondence, the idea of the impossibility of the existence of an Orthodox person without a temple can be traced. To find out the initiators of the nomination of the first temple in the Chelyabinsk fortress, an analysis of the names of the bishops of the Siberian Metropolis, in charge of which the fortress was located, was undertaken; monks of the Assumption Dalmatian Monastery in 1735, whose archimandrite was instructed to lay the church; the heads of the families of the fortress, recorded in the census of 1739 – 1740. From this it was concluded that the "symphony" of the initiative "from above" and the initiative "from below" was made.

Mary Bannister

Elena Sevostyanova

On the basis of archive materials, the author analyzes the activity of the Trans-Baikal branch of the Committee of Her Imperial Majesty Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna on providing charitable aid to the families of persons called up for military service (ZOKEF). In the article, organizational, financial and human resources are identified, as well as the main types of the aid. The author tries to analyze the role of the military Governor, the regional elite, and various social and professional groups. When the organizing the ZOKEF they found an option that didn’t infringe the independence of other charitable associations of the region. In 1915 they established a network of eight County commissions of SOKEF, which opened more than 155 units. A study of the dynamics of ZOKEF activity showed that since the spring of 1915, the main activity was provision of agricultural aid: hiring the extra labor force, the supply of agricultural machinery. This aid united the agronomic service, trusteeship agencies, and cooperatives under the leadership of ZOKEF. An important area of the work was to support those associations that were engaged in the childcare. The author identified behavioral strategies of the participants of ZOKEF.

Roland Meyer, Thomas Wies, Sebastian Wolff

Verifying fine-grained optimistic concurrent programs remains an open problem. Modern program logics provide abstraction mechanisms and compositional reasoning principles to deal with the inherent complexity. However, their use is mostly confined to pencil-and-paper or mechanized proofs. We devise a new separation logic geared towards the lacking automation. While local reasoning is known to be crucial for automation, we are the first to show how to retain this locality for (i) reasoning about inductive properties without the need for ghost code, and (ii) reasoning about computation histories in hindsight. We implemented our new logic in a tool and used it to automatically verify challenging concurrent search structures that require inductive properties and hindsight reasoning, such as the Harris set.

Juergen Schmidhuber

Machine learning (ML) is the science of credit assignment. It seeks to find patterns in observations that explain and predict the consequences of events and actions. This then helps to improve future performance. Minsky's so-called "fundamental credit assignment problem" (1963) surfaces in all sciences including physics (why is the world the way it is?) and history (which persons/ideas/actions have shaped society and civilisation?). Here I focus on the history of ML itself. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by artificial neural networks (NNs) and deep learning, both of which are conceptually closer to the old field of cybernetics than what was traditionally called AI (e.g., expert systems and logic programming). A modern history of AI & ML must emphasize breakthroughs outside the scope of shallow AI text books. In particular, it must cover the mathematical foundations of today's NNs such as the chain rule (1676), the first NNs (circa 1800), the first practical AI (1914), the theory of AI and its limitations (1931-34), and the first working deep learning algorithms (1965-). From the perspective of 2025, I provide a timeline of the most significant events in the history of NNs, ML, deep learning, AI, computer science, and mathematics in general, crediting the individuals who laid the field's foundations. The text contains numerous hyperlinks to relevant overview sites. With a ten-year delay, it supplements my 2015 award-winning deep learning survey which provides hundreds of additional references. Finally, I will put things in a broader historical context, spanning from the Big Bang to when the universe will be many times older than it is now.

Ercan Akyol

Svetlana Sevastyanova

Among the materials included in the collection of manuscript books Archim. Leonid (Kavelin) at the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library, the author's attention was drawn to a source that had previously come to the attention of scientists. In the inventory of the fund, it is called "An article by an unidentified author about Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow." An unknown author of a publicistic essay attempted to compare two significant figures in the history of Russia: Patriarch Nikon and the Russian public and statesman M.M. Speransky. In the present study, the observation is made that. The "Article" is part of a larger work. The part that has not survived, apparently, was dedicated only to M.M. Speransky. The "Article" was written in the 1870s-1880s, when its author, a sincere admirer of Patriarch Nikon, as well as a Little Russian, as evidenced by the language and style of presentation, became known to the main publications about the life, deeds and veneration of His Holiness. The first publications of fragments of works and letters of M.M. Speransky and his biography date back to the same time. The study is structured in accordance with the logic of the presentation of the material in the source. First, an assessment is given to the features of the similarities and differences of the two persons listed by the author of the “Article”; then the cursory biography of Patriarch Nikon is critically interpreted; further, following the author of the "Article", the attention of the researcher is focused on the key points of the "case" of Nikon; in the end — conclusions are drawn. This is the first time that the text "Articles by an Unidentified Author" is published. This publication substantially supplements the assessments of the personality and activities of His Holiness Nikon known in pre-revolutionary social thought. Enabling Archimandrite Leonid (Kavelin) of the newly found document in his collection of materials about Patriarch Nikon proves not only the breadth of interests of a remarkable and profound scientist, but testifies to his personal veneration of the Moscow Primate, whose arduous deeds and difficult biography he studied and comprehended with great love and enduring interest.

Aditi Krishak, Dhiraj Kumar Hazra

We reconstruct the history of reionization using Gaussian process regression. Using the UV luminosity data compilation from Hubble Frontiers Fields we reconstruct the redshift evolution of UV luminosity density and thereby the evolution of the source term in the ionization equation. This model-independent reconstruction rules out single power-law evolution of the luminosity density but supports the logarithmic double power-law parametrization. We obtain reionization history by integrating ionization equations with the reconstructed source term. Using optical depth constraint from Planck Cosmic Microwave Background observation, measurement of UV luminosity function integrated till truncation magnitude of -17 and -15, and derived ionization fraction from high redshift quasar, galaxies and gamma-ray burst observations, we constrain the history of reionization. In the conservative case we find the constraint on the optical depth as $τ=0.052\pm0.001\pm0.002$ at 68% and 95% confidence intervals. We find the redshift duration between 10% and 90% ionization to be $2.05_{-0.21-0.30}^{+0.11+0.37}$. Longer duration of reionization is supported if UV luminosity density data with truncation magnitude of -15 is used in the joint analysis. Our results point out that even in a conservative reconstruction, a combination of cosmological and astrophysical observations can provide stringent constraints on the epoch of reionization.

Shizhe Chen, Pierre-Louis Guhur, Cordelia Schmid et al.

Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) aims to build autonomous visual agents that follow instructions and navigate in real scenes. To remember previously visited locations and actions taken, most approaches to VLN implement memory using recurrent states. Instead, we introduce a History Aware Multimodal Transformer (HAMT) to incorporate a long-horizon history into multimodal decision making. HAMT efficiently encodes all the past panoramic observations via a hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), which first encodes individual images with ViT, then models spatial relation between images in a panoramic observation and finally takes into account temporal relation between panoramas in the history. It, then, jointly combines text, history and current observation to predict the next action. We first train HAMT end-to-end using several proxy tasks including single step action prediction and spatial relation prediction, and then use reinforcement learning to further improve the navigation policy. HAMT achieves new state of the art on a broad range of VLN tasks, including VLN with fine-grained instructions (R2R, RxR), high-level instructions (R2R-Last, REVERIE), dialogs (CVDN) as well as long-horizon VLN (R4R, R2R-Back). We demonstrate HAMT to be particularly effective for navigation tasks with longer trajectories.

Charlotte Thomas

This contribution aims at assessing to what extent does the fact of living in New Delhi influence the Kashmiri Muslims’ sense of a national belonging to India. Non-belongingness is appraised through the study of Kashmiri Muslims’ emotions and perceptions towards New Delhi, that is to say the territory and the inhabitants of the capital city of India. Living in New Delhi nurtures an othering process between Kashmiri Muslims and the non-Kashmiri Muslim Delhiite society. The contribution analyses this process as a two-way dynamic wherein both the groups are at stake. In the same vein, non-belongingness also appears to be an ambiguous process. But ultimately, the feeling of non-belonging prevails among Kashmiri Muslims. Eventually, Kashmiri Muslims’ feelings towards New Delhi coalesced with their feelings regarding the Indian state. Informed by the socialization to state-led violence that they experienced in Indian-Administrated Kashmir as well as their actual experience of New Delhi, Kashmiri Muslims convert their non-belongingness to the city into a perception of national disaffiliation towards what they name ‘India’. The study is based on fieldwork conducted in September and October 2016 in New Delhi among twenty Kashmiri Muslims who had lived in the capital city of India from six months to ten years prior to the interviews.

Mohsen Rahmati

Khwārazmshāhid  dynasty were based with appointment of  Qotb-al- din mohammad.B.Anūshtegin on position of Khwārazmshāh, in late of 5th century(A.H), but real installation of dynasty  were be holden to cheerful bustles of the second Khwārazmshāh or Atsiz.B.mohamad. The evevnts wre been took place in all round of seljuqi territory, that overrided seljuqi authority and prepared to developed Khwārazmshāhi authority, at simultaneous with accession of Atsiz in the third decades of 6th century(A.H). On the other hand, it was been perpared to indepentism of Atsiz with independential tendencies of Khwārazians and extensiveplying of  newly converted tibes of Qipchāq to there, that were could been exercised as a confident army.He, was having special characteristic, took advantage of provided preparations.The attempt is made here to identify  thepreparations of   of khwarazmshahian power,during Atsiz rule, and his bustles in thisregard with an emphasis on the affecting factors.

Miron Urbaniak

W dawnej kopalni soli zniszczonej przez wodę w 1977 r. w małej wiosce Wapno w Wielkopolsce widać z daleka zespół młyna solnego wraz z magazynami solnymi. Zaprojektowane przez prof. Bronisława Bukowskiego (1893-1965), wzniesione w latach 1929-1930 przez C. Lubińskiego i K. Jaskulskiego z Warszawy budynki mają żelbetowy system ramowy i słupową konstrukcję nośną. Układ charakteryzuje ogromna skala, nieproporcjonalna do rzeczywistych potrzeb wioski, co utrudnia wszelkie działania rewitalizacjne i adaptacjne do nowych funkcji. Jednak wartość budynków dla historii i panoramy miasta Wapno, będącym niegdyś stolicą największej w Polsce kopalni soli, dla krajobrazu kulturowego Wielkopolski, a wreszcie dla historii polskiego wydobycia soli i polskiej szkoły betonu i konstrukcji z betonu zbrojonego jest trudna do oszacowania. Dlatego bez względu na pogarszającą się kondycję kompleks powinien być chroniony i zachowany w krajobrazie kulturowym Wielkopolski jako cenny zabytek techniki. Tym samym jedynym sposobem na jego ochronę jest zachowanie go w postaci trwałej ruiny.

A. Savino, T. J. L. de Boer, M. Salaris et al.

We present a new method that incorporates the horizontal branch morphology into synthetic colour-magnitude diagram based star formation history determinations. This method, we call MORGOTH, self-consistently takes into account all the stellar evolution phases up to the early asymptothic giant branch, flexibly modelling red giant branch mass loss. We test MORGOTH on a range of synthetic populations, and find that the inclusion of the horizontal branch significantly increases the precision of the resulting star formation histories. When the main sequence turn-off is detected, MORGOTH can fit the star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss at the same time, efficiently breaking this degeneracy. As part of testing MORGOTH, we also model the observed colour-magnitude diagram of the well studied Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. We recover a new more detailed star formation history for this galaxy. Both the new star formation history and the red giant branch mass loss we determined for Sculptor with MORGOTH are in good agreement with previous analyses, thus demonstrating the power of this new approach.

S. Ganga Prasath, Vishal Vasan, Rama Govindarajan

The Maxey-Riley equation has been extensively used by the fluid dynamics community to study the dynamics of small inertial particles in fluid flow. However, most often, the Basset history force in this equation is neglected. Including the Basset force in numerical solutions of particulate flows involves storage requirements which rapidly increase in time. Thus the significance of the Basset history force in the dynamics has not been understood. In this paper, we show that the Maxey-Riley equation in its entirety can be exactly mapped as a forced, time-dependent Robin boundary condition of the one-dimensional heat equation, and solved using the Unified Transform Method. We obtain the exact solution for a general homogeneous time-dependent flow field, and apply it to a range of physically relevant situations. In a particle coming to a halt in a quiescent environment, the Basset history force speeds up the decay as stretched-exponential at short time while slowing it down to a power-law relaxation, $\sim t^{-3/2}$, at long time. A particle settling under gravity is shown to relax even more slowly to its terminal velocity ($\sim t^{-1/2}$), whereas this relaxation would be expected to take place exponentially fast if the history term were to be neglected. For a general flow, our approach makes possible a numerical scheme for arbitrary but smooth flows without increasing memory demands and with spectral accuracy. We use our numerical scheme to solve an example spatially varying flow of inertial particles in the vicinity of a point vortex. We show that the critical radius for caustics formation shrinks slightly due to history effects. Our scheme opens up a method for future studies to include the Basset history term in their calculations to spectral accuracy, without astronomical storage costs. Moreover our results indicate that the Basset history can affect dynamics significantly.