Hasil untuk "Chinese language and literature"

Marianna Lázár

This article explores the artistic development and cosmological significance of the Four Cardinal Deities—the Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird, and Dark Warrior—in Han dynasty funerary art. Drawing from a rich corpus of archaeological materials, including mural paintings, engraved bricks, and stone reliefs, as well as classical texts and scholarly literature, the study traces the deities’ evolution from pre-Han to Han periods. Originally rooted in early totemic symbols and astral beliefs, these figures became increasingly codified within the cosmological frameworks of yin-yang and Five Phases theory during the Western Han. The analysis highlights how these deities were integrated into elite tombs to convey notions of cosmic order, celestial harmony, protection, guidance, and immortality, reflecting broader shifts in religious thought and funerary practice by the Eastern Han period. In the Han belief system, the tomb was a microcosm of the universe: the directional arrangement of the deities reflected both the soul’s place at the cosmic centre and its journey through the afterlife. Through case studies of major tomb sites and artifacts, the article shows how the deities' iconography evolved from static symbols of time and place (directions) to dynamic figures deeply embedded in complex narrative compositions. The study also explores their spatial arrangement, symbolic attributes, and the interaction between the cardinal deities and other cosmological and mythical figures—such as Fuxi, Nüwa, and the sun and moon—as part of a comprehensive visual language of transcendence. Special attention is given to regional and temporal variations in their depiction and placement. Ultimately, the article argues that these deities were active symbols of cosmological ideology, ritual authority, and spiritual aspiration in Han burial culture.

Ngatseke Mampola Freud Savinien

China is now one the most important countries in the globe, and with the increasing influence of Chinese language and culture, Chinese education has become more and more important during the last two decades in Africa in general, and in the Republic of Congo in particular. However, we assert the existence a major flaw in the field of Chinese education, mainly the lack of adequate training programs for Chinese teachers. Thus, this study investigates the current situation of local Chinese teacher training in the Republic of the Congo, with to goal to identify the main challenges related to the issue, and to put forward innovative methods to solve these challenges. Lately, Chinese teaching in the Republic of Congo has developed rapidly. Looking into the future, this research outlines the future research direction in the field of Chinese teacher training. It emphasizes the potential long-term impact of intensive training on language education, cultural exchanges and economic opportunities for Congolese students. In addition, it emphasizes the role can be played by government agencies, educational institutions and international organizations in supporting such initiatives.

István Olajos

A jelen kutatás célja, hogy a wu 巫 írásjegy vizsgálatán keresztül átfogóbb képet kapjunk e vallási tevékenységet végző személy alakjáról, melyet gyakran a szibériai sámán személyével állítanak párhuzamba. Magáról a sámánról és a wuról, illetve tevékenységeik analógiájáról igen gazdag kutatási anyag áll rendelkezésre, a két fogalom rokonítása pedig gyakran képezi heves viták tárgyát a szakértők körében. A jelen írás ugyanakkor nem kíván állást foglalni ezen vélemények kusza sokasága között és a wu írásjegyet a szibériai sámán archetípustól függetlenül, a régi Kína ránk maradt írásos emlékei alapján definiálja. A wu írásjegyet tehát a sokkal ritkábban alkalmazott etimológiai vizsgálatnak vetem alá, mely során kronologikusan elemzem az írásjegy kontextuális és alaki jellemzőit, a jóslócsont-feliratoktól (jiaguwen 甲骨文) kezdve a Shuowen jiezi 說文解字 wuról szóló szócikkével bezárólag. A különböző korokból származó szövegek alapján megállapítható, hogy éles különbség mutatkozik a jóslócsont-feliratokon szereplő wu írásjegy jelentése és a Zhou-kori 周代 (i. e. 1046 – i. e. 256-ig) szövegek wuja között. Az előbbinél legtöbbször nem is egy személyt jelöl az írásjegy, vagy ha mégis, akkor egy igen alacsony státuszú illetőt. Ezzel szemben a Zhou-kori szövegek a wukat gyakran magasrangú hivatalnokokként ábrázolják, illetve a Zhou-kor előrehaladtával a wut egyre inkább a halállal, katasztrófákkal és démonokkal gazdag szövegekben említik. A két korszak szemantikai szempontból eltérő wu-értelmezését a Shuowen kapcsolja össze, amely – bár meglehetősen homályosan fogalmazva – az írásjegy eredetét a szellemeket lecsábító táncosnők alakjára vezeti vissza, ugyanakkor egyfajta ácseszközként – tehát nem személyként – is hivatkozik a wura. A jelen kutatás az írásjegy jelentésének ezen korszakonként eltérő értelmezéseit követi végig és köti össze, valamint a Shuowen etimológiai utalásaiból kiindulva fejti vissza az írásjegy kialakulásának lehetséges állomásait, hogy ezáltal adjon még átfogóbb képet a régi Kína e meglehetősen egyedi vallási tevékenységet végző személyéről, a wuról.

耿直, 高源

国际汉语教育是中国话语构建及中国故事讲述的一个重要途径，也承担着促进世界多元文化间 理解与交流的重要功能。然而，当前汉语教学在发展中也面临新的困境，这与国际汉语教学的 话语体系尚未建立、国际汉语教材的话语策略失当不无关系。文章以几部汉语教材为例，分析 了教材的话语策略失当问题，并借鉴当代修辞学理论，针对中国话语整体构建的“三贴近”、 “三表达”和“五种能力”的顶层设计，提出了汉语教材“三共”、“三可”的话语体系以及 教材修辞的“三大诉求”、“六种认同”等九项修辞策略。本研究希望能够促进学界对国际汉 语教育话语体系研究的重视，并深化对汉语教材修辞表达策略的研究。

Zsolt Tokaji

A klasszikus kínai líra első és egyik legjelentősebb, legnagyobb hatású gyűjteményének, a Dalok könyve (Shi jing 詩經) 305 verse közül egynéhány különös figyelmet kapott a magyar költők, fordítók körében. A szerző a 185. versnek (Qifu 祈父) nem kevesebb, mint tíz – többségében lappangó, illetve mára elfeledett – fordítás-változatát gyűjtötte össze. Alighanem ez a vers az egyik, magyar nyelvre legtöbbet átültetett klasszikus kínai költemény. Fordításai közül nyolc az 1924. és 1949. között eltelt, két és fél évtized alatt született. Némelyik igen jeles alkotókhoz köthető, sőt Kassák Lajost (1887–1967) az egyik fordítás megjelentetése miatt két hónap fogházban letöltendő büntetésre is ítélték. A tanulmány a vers korabeli népszerűségének okát, a háborúellenes világlíra magyar nyelvű költői propagandájában betöltött szerepét vizsgálja.

Huiyun Feng, Connie Cai Ru Gan, Diego Leiva et al.

Abstract Background During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, states were called upon by the World Health Organization to introduce and prioritise the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The collection of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 testing, infection rates, hospital admissions, and deaths, when available, has informed our understanding of the biology of the infectious disease. The collection of sex-disaggregated data should also better inform our understanding of the gendered impacts that contribute to risk of exposure to COVID-19. In China, the country with the longest history of fighting the COVID-19 infection, what research was available on the gender-differential impacts of COVID-19 in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic? Methods In this scoping review, we examine the first 6 months (January–June 2020) of peer-reviewed publications (n = 451) on sex and gender experiences related to COVID-19 in China. We conducted an exhaustive search of published Chinese and English language research papers on COVID-19 in mainland China. We used a COVID-19 Gender Matrix informed by the JPHIEGO gender analysis toolkit to examine and illuminate research into the gendered impacts of COVID-19 within China. Results In China, only a small portion of the COVID-19-related research focused on gender experiences and differences. Near the end of the six-month literature review period, a small number of research items emerged on women healthcare workers, women’s mental health, and pregnant women’s access to care. There was an absence of research on the gendered impact of COVID-19 amongst populations. There was minimal consideration of the economic, social and security factors, including gender stereotypes and expectations, that affected different populations’ experiences of infection, treatment, and lockdown during the period of review. Conclusion At the outset of health emergencies in China, gender research needs to be prioritised during the first stage of an outbreak to assist with evaluation of the most effective public health measures, identifying access to healthcare and social welfare barriers amongst priority communities. Gender stereotypes and gendered differences lead to different patterns of exposure and treatment. The exclusion of this knowledge in real time affects the design of effective prevention and recovery.

Shuang Shen

The current state of Chinese literary studies is undergoing a process of re(b)ordering where the nation-state is no longer seen as the only acceptable framing for Chinese literature, and existing identificatory markers of Chinese literature—locality, language, ethnicity—are subject to radical rethinking. This article proposes a paradigm of border as method for Chinese literary studies, following the lead of Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson's volume by the same title. Border as method refers to a reflexive glance at the cognitive bordering that we as knowledge producers cannot avoid practicing as we set out to define our object of study or outline a polemic or paradigm. It invites questions such as, What sociological facts of compartmentalized space does the study of Chinese literature yield? If we follow the space making capacity of literature, would we take note of other trajectories of connectivity and relationality and produce alternative configurations of literary assemblage? How does the delineated space of Chinese literature engage with the unevenness and differentiation of Asia and the world? This method manifests as a constructionist engagement with Chinese literature and literary history. It also proposes a cultural geography fundamentally different from the conventional center vs. periphery model. In this new mapping, a borderscape defined in terms of a site or locality, a period, or a variety of other ways could become the de facto center that plays a definitive role in shaping the dynamics and critical terms of Chinese literature and culture as a whole.

Bei Liu, Hong Chen, Xingxing Yang et al.

Objectives: Research that examined changes in the laws in respect to work hours was of great importance for understanding its current status and causes. However, most research on work hours in China is still conducted using self-reported questionnaires, which lack coherence and depth, and are inadequate for exploring the evolutionary trend of work hours and its mechanism. Methods: This study examined the evolutionary trend of Chinese employees' work hours by employing a cross-temporal meta-analysis, and employed the entropy weight method to analyze each influencing factor. The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP information and WanFang database were searched for Chinese-language peer-reviewed literature, and Google Scholar and the Web of Science were searched for related literature in the English language. Results: A total of 36 pieces of literature were identified as having satisfied the quality standards for screening. The results indicated that work hours in China show a significant fluctuating upward trend. Most of the recent studies on work hours in China were cross-provincial investigations, and the issue of overtime among migrant workers has become the key focus of current research. Most studies on the work hours of Chinese employees were conducted in a manner whereby scholars played a leading role while the government assisted. Thus, government-led, intensive and nationwide research needs to be launched. Conclusions: The issue of work hours in China should be taken seriously. The main influencing factors included survival indicators, such as labor market conditions and levels of medical security levels, followed by power-assisted indicators, such as personal income and distribution, while labor protection had a minimal impact. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the essence of work hours among Chinese employees, and will also help to provide a theoretical basis for further intervention study related to overtime work.

Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky

The late Professor Louis Ligeti was one of the most influential scholars of the 20th century in the fields of Altaic historical linguistics and many others. Ligeti’s personal scholarly notes, according to the provisions of his will, were deposited in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS) and were not released for 40 years. In 2018 a special research team of the HAS of Linguistics and Literary Scholarship Section was established to process the contents of the more than 70 large cardboard boxes. This study introduces a segment of his notes on deciphering the Khitan language, dealing with numerals, and offers insights into the current opinion of scholars whenever it varies from Ligeti’s. Minor corrections to the readings of Khitan ‘one’ as well as to the name of the ‘Old(er) Khitan State’ are also suggested.

Yang Chen, Ming Jin, Mengyu Han et al.

Introduction Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is an inflammatory and heterogeneous astrocyte disorder of the central nervous system with the characteristic of higher incidence in women and Asian people. Most patients with NMOSD have a course of recurrence and remission that is prone to cause paralysis and blindness. Several studies have confirmed the efficacy and promising prospect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the treatment of NMOSD. Yet its therapeutic effect and safety are controversial. Although there has been two published literature that is relevant to the topic of this study, both of them have certain defects, and they can only provide answers about the efficacy or safety of MMF in the treatment of NMOSD from partial perspectives or conclusions. This research aims to perform a direct and comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate MMF’s effectiveness and safety in treating NMOSD.Methods and analysis This systematic review will cover all comparative researches, from randomised controlled trials to cohort studies, and case–control study. A relevant literature search will be conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database from their inception to 31 June 2020. We will also search registers of clinical trials, potential grey literature and abstracts from conferences. There are no limits on language and publication status. The reporting quality and risk of bias will be assessed by two researchers independently. Expanded Disability Status Scales and annualised relapse rate will be evaluated as the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes will consist of the frequency and severity of adverse events, best-corrected visual acuity, relapse-free rate and time to the next attack. A meta-analysis will be performed using RevMan V.5.3 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration and Stata V.12.0.Ethics and dissemination Because the data used for this systematic review will be exclusively extracted from published studies, ethical approval and informed consent of patients will not be required. The systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, presented at conferences and will be shared on social media platforms.PROSPERO registration number CRD42020164179.

Zsófia Hidvégi

Az UNESCO hat veszélyeztetett nyelvet ismer el a Ryūkyū-szigeteken. Az ezekhez tartozó nyelvközösségek igyekeznek megállítani és visszafordítani a nyelvváltás és -vesztés folyamatát. Gyakran olyan programokra és technikákra esik a választás, mely más nyelvi revitalizációs mozgalmakban már nagyfokú sikereket ért el. A nyelvátvitel egyik leggyakoribb módja a szigeteken a hagyományos nyelvtanfolyamok, melyekhez többek között tankönyvek és szótárak is szükségesek. Az órákon használt tanítási segédanyagokat viszont feltétlen hozzá kell igazítani a nyelv kultúrájához és társadalmi hátteréhez, hogy sikeres lehessen a nyelvi revitalizáció. A tanulmány célja a közelmúltban megjelent tankönyvekhez használt ortográfiák összehasonlítása és felmerülő problémák bemutatása.

Yu Guo, Mingmin Xu, Zeren Wei et al.

Purpose Qigong is a modality of traditional Chinese mind-body medicine that has been used to prevent and cure ailments, to improve health in China for thousands of years. Wuqinxi, a Chinese traditional Qigong that focuses on mind-body integration, is thought to be an effective exercise in promoting physical and mental wellbeing. Thus, we summarized the evidence and aim to unravel effects of Wuqinxi on health outcomes. Methods We performed a systematic review of Wuqinxi studies published in English or Chinese since 1979. Relevant English and Chinese language electronic data bases were used for literature search. The selection of studies, data extraction, and validation were performed independently by two reviewers. Results A total of 28 eligible studies were included in this review, among which three are 3 in English and 25 in Chinese. The studies included in this review involve three different experimental designs: (1) 16 RCTs; (2) 2 historical cohort studies; and (3) 10 pretest and posttest studies (PPS). Participants in this review are categorized as either healthy or clinical populations. The results from this systematic review support the notion that Wuqinxi may be effective as an adjunctive rehabilitation method for improving psychological and physiological wellbeing among different age of healthy populations in addition to alleviating and treating diseases among various clinical populations. Conclusion The results indicated that Wuqinxi has been thought to be beneficial to improve health and treat chronic diseases. However, the methodological problems in the majority of included studies make it difficult to draw firm conclusive statements. More methodologically rigorous designed large-scale RCTs with a long-term follow-up assessment should be further conducted to examine the effects of Wuqixi on health-related parameters and disease-specific measures in different health conditions. This systematic review lends insight for future studies on Wuqinxi and its potential application in preventive and rehabilitation medicine.

Hongjiang Wu, Xiangrui Meng, S. Wild et al.

Background China is estimated to have had the largest number of people with diabetes in the world in 2015, with extrapolation of existing data suggesting that this situation will continue until at least 2030. Type 2 diabetes has been reported to be more prevalent among people with low socioeconomic status (SES) in high–income countries, whereas the opposite pattern has been found in studies from low– and middle–income countries. We conducted a systematic review to describe the cross–sectional association between SES and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search in Medline, Embase and Global Health electronic databases for English language studies reporting prevalence or odds ratio for type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population for different SES groups measured by education, income and occupation. We appraised the quality of included studies using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity of studies precluded meta–analyses, therefore we summarized study results using a narrative synthesis. Results Thirty–three studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. The association between education, income and occupation and type 2 diabetes was reported by 27, 19 and 12 studies, respectively. Most, but not all, studies reported an inverse association between education and type 2 diabetes, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 0.39 (CI not reported) to 1.52 (95% CI 0.91 – 2.54) for the highest compared to the lowest education level. The association between income and type 2 diabetes was inconsistent between studies. Only a small number of studies identified a significant association between occupation and type 2 diabetes. Retired people and people working in white collar jobs were reported to have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes than other occupational groups even after adjusting for age. Conclusions This first systematic review of the association between individual SES and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in China found that low education is probably associated with an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes, while the association between income and occupation and type 2 diabetes is unclear.

Jinfen Xu, Yumei Fan

Natasha de Francisco (Shapovalova), Morgane Donadel, M. Jit et al.

Krisztina Teleki

This article gives an overview of the three-hundred-year history of one of the largest Mongolian monasteries. During the Manchu period (1691–1911) and the sovereignty of the Mongols (1911–1921), it was the residence of the Sain Noyon Khans, the rulers of Sain Noyon Khan Aimag. Although written sources contain inconsistent data about its foundation, development, and the names of its temples, the reminiscences of three old monks lively illustrate the life in the monastery and its vicinity before the destruction of the monastery. The monastery had various types of temples and schools, moreover, it was the headquarter of the Sain Noyon Khan himself. A local reincarnation and a Tibetan master resided there permanently, and the Thirteenth Dalai Lama also visited it in 1906. The monastery was totally destroyed in 1937–1938, but after the democratic changes old monks rebuilt a temple in 1990, and started to educate the new generations of monks. The area is rich in gold, thus the usual task of the monks is to pacify the local spirits. Many of the statements of the article derive from the results of the ‘Documentation of Mongolian Monasteries Project’, taking place in 2007, which aimed at documenting all monasteries that ever existed in Mongolia.

Jing-fu Mo, Lu Wang, W. Au et al.

Ildikó Farkas

Feltöltés alatt

Ingrid Åkesson

R. Shapiro