Hasil untuk "American literature"

A. Micco, Natalia Pérez

Recent literature has emphasized the importance of transport costs and infrastructure in explaining trade, access to markets, and increases in per capita income. For most Latin American countries, transport costs are a greater barrier to U.S. markets than import tariffs. The authors investigate the determinants of shipping costs to the U.S. with a large database of more than 300,000 observations per year on shipments of products at the six-digit HS level from different ports around the world. In addition, the authors find that efficiency of ports is an important determinant of shipping costs. Inefficient ports also increase handling costs, which are one of the components of shipping costs. The authors try to explain variations in port efficiency and find that they are linked to excessive regulation, the prevalence of organized crime, and the general condition of the country's infrastructure. Finally, the authors present a number of success stories in Latin America to show that private involvement in port management leads to efficiency and lower costs whenever it is accompanied by labor reform, and when monopoly power is reduced through either regulation or competition.

R. Levine

D. Dalen

A. Douglas

D. Rockey, S. Caldwell, Z. Goodman et al.

A. Harris, Jessina C. McGregor, E. Perencevich et al.

K. F. Murray, R. Carithers

José E. Rodríguez, Kendall M. Campbell, L. Pololi

BackgroundThe proportion of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in U.S. academic medical centers has remained almost unchanged over the last 20 years. Some authors credit the "minority tax"—the burden of extra responsibilities placed on minority faculty in the name of diversity. This tax is in reality very complex, and a major source of inequity in academic medicine.DiscussionThe “minority tax” is better described as an Underrepresented Minority in Medicine (URMM) faculty responsibility disparity. This disparity is evident in many areas: diversity efforts, racism, isolation, mentorship, clinical responsibilities, and promotion.SummaryThe authors examine the components of the URMM responsibility disparity and use information from the medical literature and from human resources to suggest practical steps that can be taken by academic leaders and policymakers to move toward establishing faculty equity and thus increase the numbers of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in academic medicine.

R. Gray, Mohammed Javad, D. Power et al.

Kari A. Lerum, S. Dworkin

Amarjit Gill, N. Biger, Neil Mathur

S. Borras, J. Franco, Sergio Gómez et al.

Gwenllian Moody, R. Cannings-John, K. Hood et al.

BackgroundEstimating the prevalence of child maltreatment is challenging due to the absence of a clear ‘gold standard’ as to what constitutes maltreatment. This systematic review aims to review studies using self-report maltreatment to capture prevalence rates worldwide.MethodsPubMed, Ovid SP and grey literature from the NSPCC, UNICEF, The UK Government, and WHO from 2000 to 2017 were searched. The literature review focused on the variation found in self-reported lifetime prevalence for each type of maltreatment between studies by continent and gender, and how methodological differences may explain differences found.ResultsSexual abuse is the most commonly studied form of maltreatment across the world with median (25th to 75th centile) prevalence of 20.4% (13.2% to 33.6%) and 28.8% (17.0% to 40.2%) in North American and Australian girls respectively, with lower rates generally for boys. Rates of physical abuse were more similar across genders apart from in Europe, which were 12.0% (6.9% to 23.0%) and 27.0% (7.0% to 43.0%) for girls and boys respectively, and often very high in some continents, for example, 50.8% (36.0% to 73.8%) and 60.2% (43.0% to 84.9%) for girls and boys respectively in Africa. Median rates of emotional abuse were nearly double for girls than boys in North America (28.4% vs 13.8% respectively) and Europe (12.9% vs 6.2% respectively) but more similar across genders groups elsewhere. Median rates of neglect were highest in Africa (girls: 41.8%, boys: 39.1%) and South America (girls: 54.8%, boys: 56.7%) but were based on few studies in total, whereas in the two continents with the highest number of studies, median rates differed between girls (40.5%) and boys (16.6%) in North America but were similar in Asia (girls: 26.3%, boys: 23.8%).ConclusionsMedian prevalence rates differ substantially by maltreatment category, gender and by continent. The number of studies and available data also varies and relatively little is known about prevalence for some forms of maltreatment, particularly outside of the North American context. Prevalence rates require caution in interpretation as some variation will reflect methodological differences, including the data collection methods, and how the maltreatment is defined.

Janelle A. Kerlin

H. Thoreau

H. Parkman, W. Hasler, R. Fisher

Nirmala Erevelles, M. Huang

D. Greenhalgh, J. Saffle, J. Holmes et al.

Christopher Y.Z. Lo, Qian Hui Khor, Victor A. Abdullatif et al.

Objective: Several therapeutic modalities for the prevention of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones have been studied, but only a select few of these modalities have been incorporated into the American Urological Association guidelines. Our study aimed to organize and interrogate existing research that may be promising for CaOx prevention. Methods: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase from inception to November 16, 2022. Our study population included adults with or without a history of CaOx kidney stones. Studies in which patients were treated with pharmacotherapies, herbal supplements, or uncategorized research chemicals that are not included in the current American Urological Association guidelines for preventing CaOx stones were included. Nonoriginal research was excluded. Results: Out of the 6155 identified articles, 38 were included in the final analysis. The five distinct categories of interventions for stone prevention were “medications”, “herbal supplements”, “food and macronutrients”, “micronutrients”, and “enzymes and probiotics”. Modalities that were found to reduce known urinary risk factors were tolvaptan, cranberry juice, magnesium citrate, oxalate-degrading enzyme ALLN-177, and malic acid. Prophylaxis that reduced stone formation were sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, eicosapentaenoic acid, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-disphosphonate. Therapies that reduced urinary risk factors and stone formation were Phyllanthus niruri, rice bran, and magnesium hydroxide. Conclusion: Several of the identified therapies may provide prophylactic benefits for CaOx stone formation and may be useful for inclusion in guidelines for kidney stone prevention.

Mercedes M. Robles

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 1996. Esta información es parte del repositorio institucional UASB-Digital, de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador.