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Erin van Liemt, Renee Shelby, Andrew Smart et al.

There is a lack of empirical evidence about global attitudes around whether and how GenAI should represent cultures. This paper assesses understandings and beliefs about culture as it relates to GenAI from a large-scale global survey. We gathered data about what culture means to different groups, and about how GenAI should approach the representation of cultural artifacts, concepts, or values. We distill working definitions of culture directly from these communities to build an understanding of its conceptual complexities and how they relate to representations in Generative AI. We survey from across parts of Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Africa. We conclude with a set of recommendations for Culture and GenAI development. These include participatory approaches, prioritizing specific cultural dimensions beyond geography, such as religion and tradition, and a sensitivity framework for addressing cultural ``redlines''.

Rahul K. Gupta, Daniel K. Molzahn

Power distribution networks, especially in North America, are often unbalanced but are designed to keep unbalance levels within the limits specified by IEEE, IEC, and NEMA standards. However, rapid integration of unbalanced devices, such as electric vehicle (EV) chargers and single-phase solar plants, can exacerbate these imbalances. This increase can trigger protection devices, increase losses, and potentially damage devices. To address this issue, phase swapping (or phase allocation) has been proposed. Existing approaches predominantly rely on heuristic methods. In this work, we develop a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach for phase allocation. Our approach uses linearized DistFlow equations to represent the distribution network and incorporates a phase consistency constraint, enforced with binary variables, to ensure that downstream phase configurations align with upstream configurations. We validate the proposed approach on multiple benchmark test cases and demonstrate that it effectively improves network balance, as quantified by various metrics.

David Franzmann, Thora Schubert, Heidi Heinrichs et al.

The expansion of renewable energy sources leads to volatility in electricity generation within energy systems. Subsurface storage of hydrogen in salt caverns can play an important role in long-term energy storage, but their global potential is not fully understood. This study investigates the global status quo and how much hydrogen salt caverns can contribute to stabilizing future renewable energy systems. A global geological suitability and land eligibility analysis for salt cavern placement is conducted and compared with the derived long-term storage needs of renewable energy systems. Results show that hydrogen salt caverns can balance between 43% and 66% of the global electricity demand and exist in North America, Europe, China, and Australia. By sharing the salt cavern potential with neighboring countries, up to 85% of the global electricity demand can be stabilized by salt caverns. Therefore, global hydrogen can play a significant role in stabilizing renewable energy systems.

Tim Ziemer, Simon Linke

Many documentaries on early house and techno music exist. Here, protagonists from the scenes describe key elements and events that affected the evolution of the music. In the research community, there is consensus that such descriptions have to be examined critically. Yet, there have not been attempts to validate such statements on the basis of audio analyses. In this study, over 9,000 early house and techno tracks from Germany and the United States of America are analyzed using recording studio features, machine learning and inferential statistics. Three observations can be made: 1.) German and US house/techno music are distinct, 2.) US styles are much more alike, and 3.) scarcely evolved over time compared to German house/techno regarding the recording studio features. These findings are in agreement with documented statements and thus provide an audio-based perspective on why techno became a mass phenomenon in Germany but remained a fringe phenomenon in the USA. Observations like these can help the music industry estimate whether new trends will experience a breakthrough or disappear.

Michaela Janovská, Petr Sedlák, Martin Ševčík et al.

Cold-sprayed metallic deposits are additively manufactured materials containing high levels of compressive residual stress. Here we show that the presence and intensity of this stress can be analyzed using laser-ultrasonics, provided that the sprayed material is ferromagnetic and magnetostrictive, as in the case of pure nickel. Contactless resonant ultrasound spectroscopy is used to monitor the evolution of shear modulus and internal friction parameter of two polycrystalline Ni deposits with temperature over the Curie point, which enables a direct assessment of the strength of magneto-elastic softening that is known to be strongly stress-dependent. In addition, the proposed methodology is also shown to be suitable for in-situ observation of the recrystallization process in the vicinity of the Curie point, as well as inspecting the homogeneity of the residual stress level across the thickness of the cold-sprayed deposit. Finally, a methodology for room-temperature probing of the magnetoelastic coupling is proposed and tested on the examined materials.

E. Almugrabi, I. V. Galiev, R. P. Khakimzyanova et al.

Relevance. Cabbage Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is a green, red and purple leafy vegetable cultivated in Northern and Central Europe, as well as North America. Kale deservedly occupies a high place in the list of functional products due to its high content of biologically active substances. Kale contains vitamins, minerals, antioxidant compounds, carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, proteins and dietary fiber. Despite its high attractiveness as a functional food product, it is not cultivated on a massive scale in Russia.Methodology. The purpose of this work is to study the content of phenolic compounds in two varieties of kale cabbage to substantiate recommendations for its cultivation in Russia. The variety and hybrid of kale cabbage – Dwarf Blue Scotch with green leaves and the hybrid Redbor F1 with red leaves – were used as the object of the study. The content of soluble phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds in kale cabbage, was studied. Determination was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Grown plants at the age of 16 weeks were used as samples for analysis. The experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions in 5 replicates.Results. The results of the studies indicate a fairly high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the studied varieties of kale cabbage. It has been demonstrated that the Redbor F1 hybrid is characterized by a higher content of soluble phenolic compounds compared to the Dwarf Blue Scotch variety by an average of ~20%. It was concluded that this Redbor F1 hybrid can be used to develop methods for increasing the efficiency of the synthesis of secondary metabolites that are beneficial to human health, and is recommended to farmers for cultivation in the Russian Federation.

Katie Seaborn, Haruki Kotani, Peter Pennefather

People read human characteristics into the design of social robots, a visual process with socio-cultural implications. One factor may be nationality, a complex social characteristic that is linked to ethnicity, culture, and other factors of identity that can be embedded in the visual design of robots. Guided by social identity theory (SIT), we explored the notion of "mukokuseki," a visual design characteristic defined by the absence of visual cues to national and ethnic identity in Japanese cultural exports. In a two-phase categorization study (n=212), American (n=110) and Japanese (n=92) participants rated a random selection of nine robot stimuli from America and Japan, plus multinational Pepper. We found evidence of made-in and two kinds of mukokuseki effects. We offer suggestions for the visual design of mukokuseki robots that may interact with people from diverse backgrounds. Our findings have implications for robots and social identity, the viability of robotic exports, and the use of robots internationally.

George Tsoukalas, Jasper Lee, John Jennings et al.

We present PutnamBench, a new multi-language benchmark for evaluating the ability of neural theorem-provers to solve competition mathematics problems. PutnamBench consists of 1692 hand-constructed formalizations of 640 theorems sourced from the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, the premier undergraduate-level mathematics competition in North America. All the problems have formalizations in Lean 4 and Isabelle; a substantial subset also has Coq formalizations. PutnamBench requires significant problem-solving ability and proficiency in a broad range of topics taught in undergraduate mathematics courses. We use PutnamBench to evaluate several established neural and symbolic theorem-provers. These approaches can only solve a handful of the PutnamBench problems, establishing the benchmark as a difficult open challenge for research on neural theorem-proving. PutnamBench is available at https://github.com/trishullab/PutnamBench.

J. Deetz

W. Herberg

Fernando Alirio Alcárcel-Gutiérrez, Jorge Gómez Tapias, Nohora Emma Montes Ramírez et al.

ABSTRACTDigital maps prepared by using geographic information systems are more diverse and common each day. Nevertheless, the lack of accessible files such as maps created in widely used but complex/expensive software is responsible for a limited number of users. With time, geographic visors have helped to overcome this ‘inaccessibility’ through more user-friendly platforms such as a free multi-temporal remote sensing data such as the Google Earth Engine. The updated GMSA was overlapped on this geospatial platform. As more people visualize maps, recent discoveries can be communicated with greater efficiency. Within the framework of the Vice-presidency for the GMSA and the Commission for the Geological Map of the World, the GMSA was launched in 2019 and, since 2021, has been available on Google Earth. This paper summarizes how the GMSA in Google Earth was implemented. It is expected this publication helps other map producers to create similar products.

Gabriela Mera, Mariana Marcos

El objetivo del artículo es estudiar los diferenciales en el acceso a la propiedad de la vivienda de los migrantes internacionales en Buenos Aires desde una perspectiva demográfica poco aplicada al tema en América Latina, que explora la intensidad y el calendario del fenómeno en generaciones, grupos y territorios específicos. Para ello, se reconstruyeron las cohortes de nacimiento de diferentes colectivos nacionales a partir de datos de edad y lugar de nacimien­to, de los censos de población argentinos de 1970 a 2010. Como resultado principal, se pudo conocer que a mayor edad se produce un progresivo acceso a la propiedad de la vivienda, pero que el acceso al suelo se ha vuelto más restrictivo. Ello ha afectado a las generaciones más re­cientes en general, incluida la población argentina, pero muy especialmente a los migrantes de países limítrofes de sectores sociales más bajos y en los territorios más disputados de la ciudad.

Tingting XU, Xingtian ZHAN, Xiaoning HE et al.

ObjectiveTo examine the disease burden of cervical cancer in 127 countries along the Belt and Road. MethodsThe 127 countries involved in the analysis were determined based on the information from the website of China's Belt and Road Initiative and the countries were assigned into one of the 6 World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The country-specific data of 2018 on world population based age standardized incidence and mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of cervical cancer were extracted from WHO cancer registry database for analyzing and comparing between country disparities in disease burden of cervical cancer using descriptive statistics. Cluster analysis was used to assess prevalence intensity of cervical cancer among the countries in different WHO regions. ResultsThe disease burden of cervical cancer in 2018 was significantly different among the 127 countries in various WHO regions along the Belt and Road. The mean age-standardized incidence rate (32.4/100 000) and mortality rate (21.9/100 000) of cervical cancer were the highest for the countries in the WHO African region; while, those for the countries in the WHO Mediterranean region were the lowest (age-standardized incidence and mortality rate: 4.4/100 000 and 2.9/100 000). The mean DALYs of cervical cancer was the highest (458.2/100 000) for the countries in the WHO region of America but the lowest (69 /100 000) for countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region. The results of cluster analysis showed that the prevalence of cervical cancer was at medium-high level for countries in WHO African region and at low level for countries in the WHO European, Western Pacific and Eastern Mediterranean regions. Conclusion Geographical region is the main, but not the only factor affecting the disease burden of cervical cancer for countries along the Belt and Road and the influences of country-specific social and economic development, natural and social environment should be considered in cervical cancer control.

Mario J. Gómez, Luis A. Barboza, Hugo G. Hidalgo et al.

The evaluation of climate models is a crucial step in climate studies. It consists of quantifying the resemblance of model outputs to reference data to identify models with superior capacity to replicate specific climate variables. Clearly, the choice of the evaluation indicator significantly impacts the results, underscoring the importance of selecting an indicator that properly captures the characteristics of a "good model". This study examines the behavior of six indicators, considering spatial correlation, distribution mean, variance, and shape. A new multi-component measure was selected based on these criteria to assess the performance of 48 CMIP6 models in reproducing the annual seasonal cycle of precipitation, temperature, and teleconnection patterns in Central America. The top six models were determined using multi-criteria methods. It was found that even the best model reproduces one derived climatic variable poorly in this region. The proposed measure and selection method can contribute to enhancing the accuracy of climatological research based on climate models.

Vikram V. Ramaswamy, Sing Yu Lin, Dora Zhao et al.

Current dataset collection methods typically scrape large amounts of data from the web. While this technique is extremely scalable, data collected in this way tends to reinforce stereotypical biases, can contain personally identifiable information, and typically originates from Europe and North America. In this work, we rethink the dataset collection paradigm and introduce GeoDE, a geographically diverse dataset with 61,940 images from 40 classes and 6 world regions, with no personally identifiable information, collected by soliciting images from people around the world. We analyse GeoDE to understand differences in images collected in this manner compared to web-scraping. We demonstrate its use as both an evaluation and training dataset, allowing us to highlight and begin to mitigate the shortcomings in current models, despite GeoDE's relatively small size. We release the full dataset and code at https://geodiverse-data-collection.cs.princeton.edu

I. Campbell

It was in 1950 just a little over 20 years ago that a group of geologists in Tulsa, Oklahoma, recognized the desirability of agreement on definitions, and for standardization of many terms commonly, but often differently, used by geologists. Not only did they recognize the need they did something about it! They outlined a plan of action and submitted it to the Research Committee of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. The committee, favorably impressed by the proposal but having some doubt as to its appropriateness for AAPG, recommended that the project might better be undertaken by the American Geological Institute thereby providing for input from the many special fields represented by the AGI member societies. Thus was the first Glossary Project initiated. Under the dedicated guidance of J.V. Howell (whose name deservedly will be forever associated with the AGI Glossary) and with contributions from a great number of individuals, committees, and some societies, a Glossary of geology and related sciences embodying some 14,000 entries was published in 1957 under the imprimatur of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council.

G. Craig, W. A. Williams

M. S. Tedesco, M. A. Nunez-Ochoa, F. Ramos et al.

The benefits of using complex network analysis (CNA) to study complex systems, such as an economy, have become increasingly evident in recent years. However, the lack of a single comparative index that encompasses the overall wellness of a structure can hinder the simultaneous analysis of multiple ecosystems. A formula to evaluate the structure of an economic ecosystem is proposed here, implementing a mathematical approach based on CNA metrics to construct a comparative measure that reflects the collaboration dynamics and its resultant structure. This measure provides the relevant actors with an enhanced sense of the social dynamics of an economic ecosystem, whether related to business, innovation, or entrepreneurship. Available graph metrics were analysed, and 14 different formulas were developed. The efficiency of these formulas was evaluated on real networks from 11 different innovation-driven entrepreneurial economic ecosystems in six countries from Latin America and Europe and on 800 random graphs simulating similarly constructed networks.

Vassili N. Kolokoltsov

Ticks and tick-borne diseases present a well known threat to the health of people in many parts of the globe. The scientific literature devoted both to field observations and to modeling the propagation of ticks continues to grow. So far the majority of the mathematical studies were devoted to models based on ordinary differential equations, where spatial variability was taken into account by a discrete parameter. Only few papers use spatially nontrivial diffusion models, and they are devoted mostly to spatially homogeneous equilibria. Here we develop diffusion models for the propagation of ticks stressing spatial heterogeneity. This allows us to assess the sizes of control zones that can be created (using various available techniques) to produce a patchy territory, on which ticks will be eventually eradicated. Using averaged parameters taken from various field observations we apply our theoretical results to the concrete cases of the lone star ticks of North America and of the taiga ticks of Russia.

J. Fetterley