Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Final Zimkhitha Juqu, Zamadonda Xulu-Kasaba, Olivia Baoraopetse Baloyi

IntroductionEffective upward referral of obstetric emergencies from community health centres to higher-level facilities is critical for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. In resource-limited settings such as the Eastern Cape, South Africa, referral systems are frequently constrained by transport shortages, communication gaps and staffing limitations. Although referral policies exist, limited evidence describes the practical strategies frontline healthcare workers use to maintain functional referral processes under these conditions.MethodsThis study analysed the action and interaction strategies used to facilitate effective upward referral of obstetric emergencies from CHCs. A qualitative approach, embedded within a broader grounded theory inquiry and guided by the Straussian method, was employed. Data were collected through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observations and document analysis.ResultsHealthcare workers employed a range of adaptive strategies to overcome systemic referral barriers. These included improvised transportation and logistical arrangements, informal communication pathways, bedside clinical improvisation, strategic reallocation of human and material resources and deliberate adaptation of referral protocols. These practices were collaborative, context-responsive, and frequently extended beyond formal procedures to prioritise patient survival.DiscussionDespite structural constraints, frontline healthcare workers sustain obstetric referral systems through dynamic and context-responsive practices. These findings highlight the critical role of provider agency and adaptive decision-making in maintaining continuity of emergency obstetric care and strengthening maternal and neonatal outcomes in resource-limited health systems.

Solange Dabou, Leonard Fonkeng Sama, Cerge Natheu Kamhoua et al.

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess the prevalence and determinants of early pregnancy obesity (EPO) and its effects on the preterm cardiometabolic profile. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at the antenatal care unit of the Dschang district hospital. Apparently healthy Cameroonian pregnant women in the third trimester of their pregnancy were included in the study. Participants were assessed on sociodemographic, lifestyle parameters, and dietary habits using standardised and structured questionnaires. Early pregnancy weight was collected from medical records. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and biochemical markers were measured using standard procedures. Results The study included 195 pregnant women. The prevalence of EPO was 31.28% (95%CI: 24.85–38.30) associated with age (OR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.07–1.27; p = 0.0002) and dietary habits including regular consumption of raw vegetables at least 1 day a week (OR: 0.25; 95%CI: 0.10–0.62; p = 0.003). EPO significantly affects the blood level of HDL cholesterol in participants, with a significantly lower (p = 0.039) concentration in participants with EPO (42.42 ± 25.30 mg/dL) than in normal weight (58.22 ± 43.97 mg/dL) or overweight (55.88 ± 38.64 mg/dL) participants. Simple linear models show a decrease of 1.18 mg/dL in HDL cholesterol concentration with an increase of 1 kg/m2 in Early Pregnancy Body Mass Index (EPB): (b = −1.18; p = 0.02) and a decrease in the overall weight gain with EPB (b = −0.16; p = 0.01). Conclusion The prevalence of EPO was 31.28% (95%CI: 24.85–38.30), associated with age and dietary habits. It significantly affects the concentration of HDL cholesterol and the weight gain during the preterm period.

Adrianna Tassone, Eden J. Hennessey, Anastasia Smolina et al.

Harmful experiences such as harassment and discrimination continue to push many people out of science. To better understand identities and experiences of harm among physicists, we conducted Canadian Physics Counts, the first comprehensive national survey examining equity, diversity, and inclusion within Canada's physics community. To better understand identities and experiences of harm among physicists, we conducted Canadian Physics Counts, the first comprehensive national survey examining equity, diversity, and inclusion within Canada's physics community. We explored experiences of harm focusing on personal harassment, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. We measured both direct experiences of harm and awareness of harm happening to others. Our analyses revealed that women and gender-diverse physicists reported experiencing personal harassment at twice the rate of men, a pattern consistent across all academic positions, including students and early-career researchers. An intersectional focus revealed even deeper inequities. Black women and men reported the highest rates of personal harassment, while Indigenous women and men faced elevated levels of sexual harassment. Physicists with disabilities were disproportionately affected. Disabled women and gender-diverse respondents reported the highest rates of personal and sexual harassment and sexual assault, and disabled men experienced more personal harassment than men without disabilities. These findings are a clear call to action to the physics community to confront racism, sexism, homophobia, and ableism so every physicist can thrive and contribute to solving society's greatest challenges.

Yana Rodgers, Xiangmin Liu, Jingang Yi et al.

The share of construction trade jobs held by women and people with disabilities has remained stubbornly low in the face of chronic shortages of skilled labor. This study explores the potential of wearable assistive technologies to reduce these disparities. We use U.S. worker-level data to estimate employment and wage differences by gender and by mobility/strength impairments in construction and non-construction jobs. We also use occupational-level data to examine variations in workforce composition, physical skill requirements, and earnings across detailed construction occupations. Regression estimates indicate that being a woman and having strength and mobility impairments are associated with substantial employment and pay gaps in construction compared to non-construction jobs. Further analysis shows a high negative correlation between the representation of women and the ability levels required in those occupations. Finally, we discuss several wearable exoskeletons under development for people with upper-body and lower-body impairments, focusing on how these innovations could be integrated into construction jobs. These findings suggest that wearable exoskeletons that enhance manual dexterity, balance, and strength may improve the representation of women and people with disabilities in some of the higher-paying occupations in construction.

Ali Zeytoon-Nejad

Purpose: This paper explores gender differences in two distinct forms of risk aversion -- Payoff Risk Aversion (PaRA) and Price Risk Aversion (PrRA) -- in order to provide a more nuanced understanding of how men and women respond to different types of economic uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs a laboratory experiment using Multiple-Choice-List (MCL) risk-elicitation tasks based on both Direct Utility Function (DUF) and Indirect Utility Function (IUF) frameworks. These tasks present stochastic payoffs and stochastic prices, respectively. The analysis uses statistical hypothesis testing to compare gender-specific responses across three experimental designs. Findings: The key results of the study indicate that women typically exhibit higher degrees of PaRA than men, which is a consistent finding with the mainstream literature. However, remarkably, the results from all the three indirect MCL designs show that women typically exhibit lower degrees of PrRA than men, and this result is robust across different MCL designs. The paper also introduces an 'irrationality gap' as the difference between PaRA and PrRA and explores the size of the irrationality gap within either gender group, finding it larger and statistically significant for men, while smaller and statistically insignificant for women. Originality/value: This study is the first to distinguish between PaRA and PrRA in a gender comparison, using experimentally validated methods. It provides new behavioral insights into the nature of gender-specific risk preferences and introduces the irrationality gap as a novel concept with implications for understanding financial decision-making and the design of gender-sensitive economic policies.

Han Qiao, Siyi Wu, Christoph Becker

In the densifying data ecosystem of today's cities, data intermediaries are crucial stakeholders in facilitating data access and use. Community advocates live in these sites of social injustices and opportunities for change. Highly experienced in working with data to enact change, they offer distinctive insights on data practices and tools. This paper examines the unique perspectives that community advocates offer on data intermediaries. Based on interviews with 17 advocates working with 23 grassroots and nonprofit organizations, we propose the quality of "near" and "far" to be seriously considered in data intermediaries' works and articulate advocates' vision of connecting "near data" and "far data." To pursue this vision, we identified three pathways for data intermediaries: align data exploration with ways of storytelling, communicate context and uncertainties, and decenter artifacts for relationship building. These pathways help data intermediaries to put data feminism into practice, surface design opportunities and tensions, and raise key questions for supporting the pursuit of the Right to the City.

Maider Eizmendi-Iraola, Simón Peña-Fernández, Jordi Morales-i-Gras

Social media platforms facilitate the dissemination of science and access to it. However, gender inequalities in the participation and visibility of communicators persist. This study examined the differences in reach and audience response between YouTube and TikTok from a gender perspective. To do so, the ten most influential science accounts on YouTube and TikTok were selected, with the sample divided equally between men and women, to conduct a comparative study. A total of 4293 videos on TikTok and 4825 on YouTube were analyzed, along with 277,528 comments, considering metrics of views and interaction. The results show that on YouTube, men received more likes and views, while on TikTok, audience response was more balanced. The participation of women on both platforms also had a differential impact, as the number of women engaging with content on YouTube negatively correlated with interaction levels, whereas on TikTok, their impact was slightly positive. In conclusion, TikTok emerges as a more inclusive space for scientific communication, though structural challenges remain on both platforms, encouraging further research into strategies that promote gender equity in online science communication.

Genoveva Vargas-Solar

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data Science (DS) become pervasive, addressing gender disparities and diversity gaps in their workforce is urgent. These rapidly evolving fields have been further impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which disproportionately affected women and minorities, exposing deep-seated inequalities. Both academia and industry shape these disciplines, making it essential to map disparities across sectors, occupations, and skill levels. The dominance of men in AI and DS reinforces gender biases in machine learning systems, creating a feedback loop of inequality. This imbalance is a matter of social and economic justice and an ethical challenge, demanding value-driven diversity. Root causes include unequal access to education, disparities in academic programs, limited government investments, and underrepresented communities' perceptions of elite opportunities. This chapter examines the participation of women and minorities in AI and DS, focusing on their representation in both industry and academia. Analyzing the existing dynamics seeks to uncover the collective and individual impacts on the lives of women and minority groups within these fields. Additionally, the chapter aims to propose actionable strategies to promote equity, diversity, and inclusion (DEI), fostering a more representative and supportive environment for all.

Patricia Reyes Álvarez, Andrés Soriano Díaz, Nazaret Martínez-Heredia et al.

El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la producción científica existente en las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus sobre la violencia en las relaciones de pareja de adolescentes en España, desde 2015 a 2022. 25 documentos de ambas bases de datos han conformado la muestra final. El estudio se ha realizado mediante un análisis cuantitativo de las publicaciones seleccionadas. Se concluye con la identificación de un mayor número de publicaciones en la base de datos Web of Science sobre dicha temática y una mayor producción bibliográfica en los años 2020 y 2021. La violencia que se produce en las relaciones de pareja adolescentes es un problema social y de salud mundial que requiere de investigación para poder profundizar en su conocimiento y prevención. Es necesario ampliar la línea de estudio sobre la violencia en las relaciones de pareja de adolescentes que se dan en España, ya que es a esta edad cuando la manera de interpretar determinadas conductas que se originan en las relaciones de pareja influirá en la forma en la que los jóvenes conciben sus futuras relaciones, el amor hacia estas y más importante, el amor y respeto hacia ellos mismos.

Agnieszka Olechnicka, Adam Ploszaj, Ewa Zegler-Poleska

This study investigates whether the virtualization of academic conferences in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic changed the gender structure of conference participants. We explored this question utilizing authorship data from the Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation Index for 180 conferences in 30 conference series held between 2017 and 2023. At least one edition of each analyzed conference series was launched in a virtual or hybrid form. This sample enables a comparison of differences in the gender participation of conference authors while controlling for heterogeneity among conference series. Using linear and logistic regression models, we identified a positive difference in women's involvement in virtual and hybrid conferences compared to onsite events. However, this effect was due less to the increased participation of women in virtual and hybrid conferences than to the decreased participation of women in the onsite editions of the analyzed conference series.

Mingrong She, Jan Bachmann, Fariba Karimi et al.

We examine gender differences in collaboration networks and academic career progression in physics. We use the likelihood and time to become a principal investigator (PI) and the length of an author's career to measure career progression. Utilising logistic regression and accelerated failure time models, we examine whether the effect of collaboration behaviour varies by gender. We find that, controlling for the number of publications, the relationship between collaborative behaviour and career progression is almost the same for men and women. Specifically, we find that those who eventually reach principal investigator (PI) status, tend to have published with more unique collaborators. In contrast, publishing repeatedly with the same highly interconnected collaborators and/or larger number of co-authors per publication is characteristic of shorter career lengths and not attaining PI status. We observe that women tend to collaborate in more tightly connected and larger groups than men. Finally, we observe that women are less likely to attain the status of PI throughout their careers and have a lower survival probability compared to men, which calls for policies to close this crucial gap.

Sacha Victoria Lione

La ciencia como objeto de conocimiento ha sido una preocupación central de las ciencias sociales desde las primeras décadas del siglo xx. Sin embargo, el mismo objeto no resulta estático ni invariable sino que fue transformado a lo largo del tiempo. En las últimas décadas, el abordaje innovador de los estudios de género ha ganado considerable lugar en los estudios sociales de la ciencia. Si bien algunos de ellos han prestado atención a las relaciones del campo profesional con el ámbito familiar y han indagado los modos en que los factores estructurales del curso de vida juegan un papel importante en las carreras de investigación, aún son escasos los aportes teóricos y empíricos que piensen a la ciencia como trabajo productivo altamente articulado con la reproducción social. Aunque este eje de investigación es incipiente en los estudios sociales de la ciencia, se encuentra consolidado dentro de las ciencias sociales de la mano de los estudios del trabajo y la economía feminista. Enmarcándonos en estos tres campos, el presente escrito procura realizar una revisión de la literatura existente y una aproximación conceptual para la comprensión del trabajo científico y sus articulaciones con el trabajo de reproducción tomando al género como categoría de análisis. El escrito se encuentra organizado en cinco partes: en el primer apartado realizaremos un recorrido sobre las críticas al concepto de trabajo heredado de la modernidad y nos enfocaremos en pensar la ciencia como trabajo; en el segundo apartado abordaremos los procesos de reproducción social en clave de articulación con el trabajo productivo; en el tercero repasaremos los estudios de género y ciencia; en el cuarto realizaremos una aproximación sobre la forma en que opera esta propuesta conceptual para el estudio empírico; finalmente, presentaremos una sistematización de lo abordado a lo largo del escrito.

Pablo Boido

En el presente trabajo analizo un corpus de obras de la realizadora argentina Albertina Carri. Propongo poner en diálogo su último largometraje documental Cuatreros (2016) junto a la pieza Punto Impropio (2020) y Restos (2010) con la lectura performática titulada El affaire Velázquez (2013) y la instalación Investigación del cuatrerismo (2015). Estas realizaciones están construidas a partir de documentos tomados de distintos acervos. Pueden entenderse como un diálogo en ausencia que la directora intenta con su padre­madre desaparecidos por la última dictadura cívico-militar. Estas propuestas, además, son un intento de repensar la herencia o legado de sus progenitores partiendo desde los despojos.  Allí asoma una forma de montaje desviado sobre los archivos construyendo otro tipo de narrativas intermediales que proponen repensar los vínculos íntimos y familiares.   This paper analyses a corpus of works by Argentine filmmaker Albertina Carri. I propose to put into dialogue her latest documentary Cuatreros (2016) together with the piece Punto Impropio (2020) and Restos (2010) using the performative lecture El affaire Velázquez (2013) and the installation Investigación del cuatrerismo (2015). These works are constructed from documents taken from different collections. They can be understood as a dialogue in absence that the director attempts with her parents, who were disappeared during the last civil-military dictatorship in Argentina. These proposals are also attempts to rethink the inheritance or legacy of her parents based on the remains.  Somehow, there emerges a form of deflected montage on the archives, constructing another type of intermedial narrative that proposes to rethink intimate and family ties.

Teresa Joaquim

Kovila P. L. Coopamootoo, Magdalene Ng

There are indications in literature that women do not engage with security and privacy (SP) technologies, meant to keep them safe online, in the same way as men do. To better understand this gender gap, we conduct an online survey with N=604 U.K. participants, to elicit SP advice source preference and usage of SP methods and technologies. We find evidence of un-equal SP access and participation. In particular, advice from intimate and social connections (ISC) is more prevalent among women, while online content is preferred by men. ISC do not closely associate with nor predict the use of SP technologies, whereas online sources (such as online forums, reviews, specialist pages and technology adverts) and training do. Men are also more likely to use multiple advice sources, that enhances the likelihood of using SP technologies. Women are motivated to approach ISC due to their perceptions of the advisor (such as IT related expertise, experience and trustworthiness) while men approach ISC to evaluate options and seek reassurance for their own practices. This research raises questions about the equity of online safety opportunities and makes recommendations.

Kirsten C. Morley, Kirsten C. Morley, Eva Louie et al.

Background and AimsRecent studies indicate that sex may moderate the response to baclofen in the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). We conducted a secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Baclofen in the treatment of Alcohol Liver Disease (BacALD), to examine the moderating role of sex on treatment response to baclofen in reducing alcohol consumption.MethodsAlcohol-dependent patients (n = 104 including 74 men and 30 women) were treated for 12 weeks with baclofen (30 mg/day or 75 mg) or placebo. Predefined primary outcomes included time to lapse (any drinking) and relapse (≥ 5 drinks per day in men and ≥ 4drinks per day in women). Other outcomes included drinks per drinking day, the number of heavy drinking days, and percentage of days abstinent. We also examined the frequency of adverse events with an exploratory dose–response analysis.ResultsThere was a main effect of baclofen for days to first lapse for women (Log Rank: χ2 = 6.23, p = 0.01, d = 0.49) but not for men (Log Rank: χ2 = 2.48, p = 0.12, d = 0.22) and a marginal effect of baclofen for days to first relapse for women (Log Rank: χ2 = 3.15, p = 0.08, d = 0.27) but not for men (Log Rank: χ2 = 2.03, p = 0.16, d = 0.17). There were no significant effects of sex on the frequency of adverse events reported for the combined-dose or between-dose analysis (all p > 0.44).ConclusionBaclofen significantly delayed the time to lapse for women but not male participants. These findings provide some support for the hypothesis that sex may be a potential moderator of baclofen response in the treatment of AUD.Trial Registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01711125, identifier: NCT01711125.

Leila Shameli

The study aimed to compare girls who were victims of childhood sexual maltreatment with girls without a history of childhood sexual maltreatment in terms of fear of compassion, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness. The method of this research was descriptive causal-comparative. The sample consisted of 232 girl students of the Salman Farsi University of Kazerun who were selected in an available sampling and by sending the questionnaire link to the social channels of the students of the university in line with the virtual education condition of the Coronavirus pandemic. In this way, 116 girl students with a history of childhood sexual maltreatment, with an age range of 18 to 40 years and the exclusion criteria of a history of addiction were as a victim group. Together with 116 girl students who had no history of childhood sexual maltreatment and were matched with the first group in terms of age and level of education, they completed the Fear of Compassion Scales (FCS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and Inter-Personal Forgiveness Inventory (IFI). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS-26 software. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between victims of sexual maltreatment and the group without a history of it in terms of fear of compassion, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness. Results for psychologists to hold training courses and interventions for reducing fear of compassion, experiential avoidance, and promoting forgiveness in these girls be useful. ‌‌Fear of Compassion, Experiential Avoidance, Forgiveness, Sexual Maltreatment, Girls.‌‌IntroductionChildhood maltreatment is a general issue with serious consequences for people’s lives. Sexual maltreatment Unlike physical maltreatment, which has an obvious symbolism, it often remains a hidden secret between the abused (child) and the abuser. Studies have shown that victims of sexual abuse show less compassion than those without a history of abuse (Miron, & et al. 2016). Children who have been maltreated as children develop active inner models of themselves as unlovable beings, worried about being rejected by others, and believing that compassion is a sign of weakness. Hence, receiving compassion from oneself or others targets a threatening and frightening response that victims have a limited capacity for self-regulation. This conditional response from fear of kindness to oneself or others is called fear of compassion (Gilbert, 2014). MethodologyThe present study was a descriptive causal-comparative study. The statistical population included all students of the Salman Farsi University of Kazerun. The study sample consisted of 232 girl students who were selected in an available sampling by sending a questionnaire link to the social channels related students; Initially, 116 girl students met the inclusion criteria to declare a history of child sexual maltreatment and also agreed with all 5 items related to the sexual maltreatment subscale of the Child Abuse Self-Reporting Scale (CASRS) and the age range of 18 to 40 years and the exclusion criteria for a history of drug addiction were considered as the victim group, along with 116 other girl students with no history of sexual maltreatment and They did not in all 5 items of the sexual maltreatment subscale of the child abuse self-report scale, they obtained a score of zero and were matched with the first group in terms of age and level of education, They competed the Fear of Compassion Scales (FCS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and Inter-Personal Forgiveness Inventory (IFI). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS-26 software. FindingsThe results showed that girls with a history of childhood sexual maltreatment had higher scores on fear of compassion, fear of self-compassion, fear of receiving compassion for others, experiential avoidance, and lower scores on forgiveness than girls without a history of sexual maltreatment during childhood. ResultOverall, the current study confirms little previous research conducted abroad on the negative and long-term psychological consequences of experiencing childhood sexual maltreatment in Iranian girls. The results show that the impact of such bitter experiences is such that young girls, for years, suffer from fear of compassion for themselves, for those around them, and even for receiving compassion from others, and perhaps if no intervention is made, the possibility It is also affecting their quality of married life. Also, choosing an inconsistent strategy of experiential avoidance and little use of interpersonal forgiveness will exacerbate the above consequences. Therefore, the present study doubles the need for education and intervention programs to reduce the negative effects of childhood sexual maltreatment experienced in the early stages of child development and before the formation and persistence of psychological trauma.

A. K. M. Salman Hosain, Md Humaion Kabir Mehedi, Irteza Enan Kabir

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endrocrinological dysfunction prevalent among women of reproductive age. PCOS is a combination of syndromes caused by an excess of androgens - a group of sex hormones - in women. Syndromes including acne, alopecia, hirsutism, hyperandrogenaemia, oligo-ovulation, etc. are caused by PCOS. It is also a major cause of female infertility. An estimated 15% of reproductive-aged women are affected by PCOS globally. The necessity of detecting PCOS early due to the severity of its deleterious effects cannot be overstated. In this paper, we have developed PCONet - a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - to detect polycistic ovary from ovarian ultrasound images. We have also fine tuned InceptionV3 - a pretrained convolutional neural network of 45 layers - by utilizing the transfer learning method to classify polcystic ovarian ultrasound images. We have compared these two models on various quantitative performance evaluation parameters and demonstrated that PCONet is the superior one among these two with an accuracy of 98.12%, whereas the fine tuned InceptionV3 showcased an accuracy of 96.56% on test images.

Bakea Alonso Fernández de Avilés, Tatiana Moura

Lígia Mori Madeira, Bernardo Alves Furtado, Alan Rafael Dill

Violence against women occurs predominantly in the family and domestic context. The COVID-19 pandemic led Brazil to recommend and, at times, impose social distancing, with the partial closure of economic activities, schools, and restrictions on events and public services. Preliminary evidence shows that intense coexistence increases domestic violence, while social distancing measures may have prevented access to public services and networks, information, and help. We propose an agent-based model (ABM), called VIDA, to illustrate and examine multi-causal factors that influence events that generate violence. A central part of the model is the multi-causal stress indicator, created as a probability trigger of domestic violence occurring within the family environment. Two experimental design tests were performed: (a) absence or presence of the deterrence system of domestic violence against women and (b) measures to increase social distancing. VIDA presents comparative results for metropolitan regions and neighbourhoods considered in the experiments. Results suggest that social distancing measures, particularly those encouraging staying at home, may have increased domestic violence against women by about 10%. VIDA suggests further that more populated areas have comparatively fewer cases per hundred thousand women than less populous capitals or rural areas of urban concentrations. This paper contributes to the literature by formalising, to the best of our knowledge, the first model of domestic violence through agent-based modelling, using empirical detailed socioeconomic, demographic, educational, gender, and race data at the intraurban level (census sectors).