Hasil untuk "Semantics"

G. Berry, G. Boudol

Yingwei Pan, Tao Mei, Ting Yao et al.

Automatically describing video content with natural language is a fundamental challenge of computer vision. Re-current Neural Networks (RNNs), which models sequence dynamics, has attracted increasing attention on visual interpretation. However, most existing approaches generate a word locally with the given previous words and the visual content, while the relationship between sentence semantics and visual content is not holistically exploited. As a result, the generated sentences may be contextually correct but the semantics (e.g., subjects, verbs or objects) are not true. This paper presents a novel unified framework, named Long Short-Term Memory with visual-semantic Embedding (LSTM-E), which can simultaneously explore the learning of LSTM and visual-semantic embedding. The former aims to locally maximize the probability of generating the next word given previous words and visual content, while the latter is to create a visual-semantic embedding space for enforcing the relationship between the semantics of the entire sentence and visual content. The experiments on YouTube2Text dataset show that our proposed LSTM-E achieves to-date the best published performance in generating natural sentences: 45.3% and 31.0% in terms of BLEU@4 and METEOR, respectively. Superior performances are also reported on two movie description datasets (M-VAD and MPII-MD). In addition, we demonstrate that LSTM-E outperforms several state-of-the-art techniques in predicting Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) triplets.

Ziba Mosadegh Mehrjardi, Azizallah Tavakoli kafi Abad, Hadi Heydari Niya

Skilled poets employ a range of linguistic and rhetorical techniques to persuasively engage their audience and harness the expressive power of language in artistic and literary ways. Effective writers strategically use various sentence types—interrogative, imperative, prohibitive, exclamatory, and emphatic—to bridge grammatical forms with semantic meaning and communicate complex ideas. For instance, rhetorical questions serve not only to convey meaning but also to broaden the interpretive scope of the text, allowing the poet to suggest multiple layers of intention and stimulate reflection in the reader. The dynamic interplay between speaker and audience is essential to achieving effective verbal communication. Rumi, a masterful poet and mystic, is renowned for using poetic composition to convey profound spiritual and didactic insights. In the Masnavi-ye Ma’navi, the frequent use of interrogative forms directed at the reader creates a continuous flow of thought, guiding the audience through layered philosophical and mystical concepts.IntroductionThe rhetorical functions of questioning, particularly those involving denial, play a crucial role in this work. This article explores the rhetorical theme of denial and its artistic implications, including eternal negation, exclusion, bowing, contempt, praise, rejection, despair, mockery, support, regret, and more. It emphasizes the significance of employing questioning techniques to generate aesthetic motivation, highlights the distinctiveness of “negation” in questioning, and offers a “prescription” for its use.The spiritual Masnavi contains numerous rhetorical interrogative sentences, which can be broadly categorized into two groups. The second book of the Masnavi-ye Ma’navi primarily focuses on the first category: negative interrogative statements. Below, these interrogative sentences are listed in order of their frequency, each serving a unique rhetorical purpose:Eternal negation: This interrogative form emphasizes the perpetual exclusion or denial of a subject.Insult: A question that intentionally includes denial to embarrass or criticize the listener, another person, or a concept.Exclusion: The speaker uses this type of interrogative to stress the improbability of a situation by posing a question that implies negation.Disability statement: This form often involves expressing reverence and admiration for the subject or individual under discussion.Ignorance: Refers to a state free from attachment or sensual cravings; the role of this interrogative is conceptual or virtual.Hasr wa Qasr: This involves examining or attributing a unique characteristic to a specific attribute.Despair and disappointment: The speaker expresses disillusionment or rejection of a subject explicitly through denial.Tahweel and scare: A rhetorical style intended to frighten or intimidate the audience.Facilitating and easy to say: This style highlights the relative simplicity of performing an action that may seem difficult for the audience.Bragging: This form employs rhetorical questioning to emphasize the speaker’s pride and self-promotion regarding a topic, effectively conveying the essence of the argument.This book may also include other subdivisions, such as those found in colloquial language. Molana’s primary objective in this didactic collection is clearly to advise and guide the audience, a goal he achieves through the strategic use of questions fulfilling various rhetorical roles.Literature ReviewPrimary references on this subject include classical Arabic texts such as Miftah al-Uloom (Sakkaki, 1407: 350), Al-Aydhah (Qazvini, n.d.: 55), Motuwal (Taftazani, 1416: 237), Mughni al-Labib (Ansari, 1406: 26), and Khatshar al-Ma’ani. These seminal works provide a foundational basis for scholarly discussion, as highlighted by Irfan (1372: 320), which marks the beginning of an important chapter inviting academics to engage deeply with the vast knowledge of meanings derived from the miraculous source of the Holy Quran.Persian rhetorical scholars have further developed this field by drawing upon these Arabic sources, while also integrating Qur’anic examples and the rhetorical richness found in vernacular language traditions. Among these influential works is Jawahar al-Balagha, a collection that encompasses key texts such as Mukhtasar al-Ma’ani, Muftah al-Uloom, Darr al-Adab, Hanjar-e-Giftar, Taraz-e-Sukhan, and Rite of Rhetoric, among others.Research MethodologyThis study employs an analytical-descriptive approach, relying primarily on library research as its methodology. The report offers a comprehensive analysis of the findings, including detailed statistics, the purpose behind each rhetorical method, and the classification of virtual meanings. Furthermore, it provides examples for each category and offers thorough explanations of the verses containing these rhetorical sentences.The author strategically employs various rhetorical techniques throughout the presentation. Each section begins with a relevant passage from the Holy Quran that illustrates the targeted rhetorical style. This is followed by examples drawn from classical language resources as well as colloquial expressions to enhance clarity and relevance. Finally, the author presents a verse from the second book of Masnavi-ye Ma’navi that exemplifies the particular rhetorical form under discussion.DiscussionArticles like this serve as valuable resources for students of Persian literature and others interested in the study of semantics. This article, in particular, focuses on the compositional effects of words within the field of semantics. Through detailed explanations, it aims to help readers understand why writers often express broader concepts than those typically encountered in conventional usage.We anticipate that the author will continue to produce papers exploring the various rhetorical functions of compositional phrases, such as commands, restrictions, calls, and desires. Students interested in Persian literature now have an enhanced opportunity to appreciate the elegance of this field, along with the artistry of communication and originality. They are encouraged to engage deeply with the works of poets and writers who exhibit a distinctive approach to rhetoric and semantics.For a comprehensive understanding of rhetorical connotations, it is advisable to analyze Quranic interrogatives, colloquial expressions, and the literary works of eloquent authors. Unfortunately, much of the existing literature on rhetorical sciences lacks a thorough and all-encompassing treatment of this important subject.ConclusionRhetoricians widely recognize the concept of the "negative question," with its various artistic interpretations, as a crucial and frequently discussed topic. Its importance has prompted many writers to explore this subject extensively. Rumi’s style of expression, drawing on the language of the Holy Quran, effectively conveys mystical concepts to his readers through poetic composition. The foundational principle of the educational framework in the spiritual Masnavi is to guide the audience toward the recognition of ultimate truth and the negation of falsehoods, including the rejection of superficial or worldly attachments.In the second book of the Masnavi, 59.5% of rhetorical questions are negative interrogatives. Among these, 66.4% serve the artistic function of "eternal negation." This high frequency reflects Rumi’s profound stance on the rejection of pleasure and transient desires.

Fei Yu, Yumba Musoya Gracia, Rongyao Guo et al.

In this study, we present a novel, six-dimensional, multistable, memristive, hyperchaotic system model demonstrating two positive Lyapunov exponents. With the maximum Lyapunov exponents surpassing 21, the developed system shows pronounced hyperchaotic behavior. The dynamical behavior was analyzed through phase portraits, bifurcation diagrams, and Lyapunov exponent spectra. Parameter <i>b</i> was a key factor in regulating the dynamical behavior of the system, mainly affecting the strength and direction of the influence of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>z</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>z</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. It was found that when the system parameter <i>b</i> was within a wide range of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>300</mn><mo>]</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the system remained hyperchaotic throughout. Analytical establishment of multistability mechanisms was achieved through invariance analysis of the state variables under specific coordinate transformations. Furthermore, offset boosting control was realized by strategically modulating the fifth state variable, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>z</mi><mn>5</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The FPGA-based experimental results demonstrated that attractors observed via an oscilloscope were in close agreement with numerical simulations. To validate the system’s reliability for cybersecurity applications, we designed a novel image encryption method utilizing this hyperchaotic model. The information entropy of the proposed encryption algorithm was closer to the theoretical maximum value of 8. This indicated that the system can effectively disrupt statistical patterns. Experimental outcomes confirmed that the proposed image encryption method based on the hyperchaotic system exhibits both efficiency and reliability.

Lars Braun, Minh Le, Jürgen Motz et al.

The integrity of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>12</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>dc</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> power distribution system on a vehicle is essential to guarantee continuous power supply to safety-relevant consumers. Safety-relevant consumers are critical loads, for example, electric power steering, braking systems with functionalities like Anti-Lock Braking or Electronic Stability Control, and autonomous drive systems. To prevent insufficient power supply for safety-relevant consumers due to an increased wiring harness resistance, a novel diagnostic approach is developed to determine the condition of the power distribution, especially the electrical resistance. The influence of measurement errors and bus commutation on the estimation is investigated by using a simulation. By using the diagnostic, a resistance determination in the milliohm range with a standard deviation of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>σ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.3</mn><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>Ω</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> can be achieved under realistic conditions. This ensures that failures in the wiring harness can be identified, avoiding cascading effects and minimizing recalls. Compared to the state of the art, redundancies, costs, and weight can be saved with the proposed diagnostic system based on electrical resistance estimation.

Dao Anh Vu, Nguyen Khoi Hoang Do, Huyen Ngoc Thi Nguyen et al.

In long-haul WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) optical communication systems utilizing the DP-16QAM modulation scheme, traditional methods for removing chaos have exhibited poor performance, resulting in a high bit error rate of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> between the original signal and the removed chaos signal. To address this issue, we propose DeepChaos+, a machine learning-based approach for chaos removal in WDM transmission systems. Our framework comprises two key points: (1) DeepChaos+ automatically generates a dataset that accurately reflects the features of the original signals in the communication system, which eliminates the need for time-consuming data simulation, streamlining the process significantly; (2) it allows for the training of a lightweight model that provides fast prediction times while maintaining high accuracy. This allows for both efficient and reliable signal reconstruction. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that DeepChaos+ achieves accurate reconstruction of the original signal with a significantly reduced bit error rate of approximately <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Additionally, DeepChaos+ exhibits high efficiency in terms of processing time, facilitating fast and reliable signal reconstruction. Our results underscore the effectiveness of DeepChaos+ in removing chaos from WDM transmission systems. By enhancing the reliability and efficiency of chaotic secure channels in optical fiber communication systems, DeepChaos+ holds the potential to improve data transmission in high-speed networks.

Mohammed Yousri Silaa, Aissa Bencherif, Oscar Barambones

This paper presents a novel approach to address the challenges associated with the trajectory tracking control of wheeled mobile robots (WMRs). The proposed control approach is based on an indirect adaptive control PID using a neural network and discrete extended Kalman filter (IAPIDNN-DEKF). The proposed IAPIDNN-DEKF scheme uses the NN to identify the system Jacobian, which is used for tuning the PID gains using the stochastic gradient descent algorithm (SGD). The DEKF is proposed for state estimation (localization), and the NN adaptation improves the tracking error performance. By augmenting the state vector, the NN captures higher-order dynamics, enabling more accurate estimations, which improves trajectory tracking. Simulation studies in which a WMR is used in different scenarios are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the IAPIDNN-DEKF control. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the IAPIDNN-DEKF control, its performance is compared with direct adaptive NN (DA-NN) control, backstepping control (BSC) and an adaptive PID. On lemniscate, IAPIDNN-DEKF achieves RMSE values of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.078769</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.12086</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.1672</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. On sinusoidal trajectories, the method yields RMSE values of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.01233</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.015138</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.088707</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and on sinusoidal with perturbation, RMSE values are <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.021495</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.016504</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.090142</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in <i>x</i>, <i>y</i> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>θ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>, respectively. These results demonstrate the superior performance of IAPIDNN-DEKF for achieving accurate control and state estimation. The proposed IAPIDNN-DEKF offers advantages in terms of accurate estimation, adaptability to dynamic environments and computational efficiency. This research contributes to the advancement of robust control techniques for WMRs and showcases the potential of IAPIDNN-DEKF to enhance trajectory tracking and state estimation capabilities in real-world applications.

Yusik Choi, Alberto Giordano

In this article we explore the text of the over 16,000 historical markers erected in the state since 1936, using GIS and corpus linguistics to determine the <i>where</i>, <i>how</i>, <i>what</i>, and <i>when</i> of <i>how</i> Texas memorializes its racial and ethnic groups. Unsurprisingly, our results indicate that the story of Texas is implicitly a narrative of white people. More interestingly, the term “African (Americans)” begins to be commemorated especially after the 1990s, but only in stories of community, religion, school, and children, as Texas historical markers do not to dwell on narratives of slavery, the civil rights movement, and lynchings. “Indians” and “Mexicans” in the 1930s and 1960s exemplify the most egregious case of derogatory semantics we found in the markers. As concerns racial and ethnic groups, in general they tend to be memorialized where they were historically present, whether or not such groups are still there. The analysis also reveals the increasing concentration of the markers in urban areas.

Elkyn Alexander Belalcazar-Bolaños, Diego Torricelli, José L. Pons

This paper proposes a new methodology for the automatic detection of magnetic disturbances from magnetic inertial measurement unit (MIMU) sensors based on deep learning. The proposed approach considers magnetometer data as input to a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network and obtains a labeled time series output with the posterior probabilities of magnetic disturbance. We trained our algorithm on a data set that reproduces a wide range of magnetic perturbations and MIMU motions in a repeatable and reproducible way. The model was trained and tested using 15 folds, which considered independence in sensor, disturbance direction, and signal type. On average, the network can adequately detect the disturbances in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>98</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of the cases, which represents a significant improvement over current threshold-based detection algorithms.

Manoj Prabhakar Mohan, Hong Cai, Arokiaswami Alphones et al.

A small zero-order resonant antenna based on the composite right-left-handed (CRLH) principle is designed and fabricated without metallic vias at 30 GHz to have patch-like radiation. The mirror images of two CRLH structures are connected to design the antenna without via holes. The equivalent circuit, parameter extraction, and dispersion diagram are studied to analyze the characteristics of the CRLH antenna. The antenna was fabricated and experimentally verified. The measured realized gain of the antenna is 5.35 dBi at 30 GHz. The designed antenna is free of spurious resonance over a band width of 10 GHz. A passive beamforming array is designed using the proposed CRLH antenna and the Butler matrix. A substrate integrated waveguide is used to implement the Butler matrix. The CRLH antennas are connected to four outputs of a <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Butler matrix. The scanning angles are <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>68</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>64</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>11</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for excitations from port 1 to port 4 of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Butler matrix feeding the CRLH antenna.

Semyon Yurchenko, Mikhail Zhabitsky

Particle identification is an important feature of the future SPD (Spin Physics Detector) experiment at the NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) collider. In particular, the identification of particles with momenta up to a few <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>GeV</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (with <i>c</i> the speed of light) by their time-of-flight facilitates the reconstruction of events of interest. The high time resolution of modern TOF (Time-Of-Flight) detectors demands the need to obtain the event collision time, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with comparable accuracy. While the determination of the collision time is feasible through the use of TOF signals supplemented by track reconstruction, it proves to be computationally expensive. In the presented study, a dedicated Genetic Algorithm is developed as a fast and accurate method to determine the proton–proton collision time by the measurements of the TOF detector at the SPD experiment. By using this reliable method for the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> determination we compare different approaches for the particle identification procedure based on TOF signals.

Ed Bennett, Jack Holligan, Deog Ki Hong et al.

We review the current status of the long-term programme of numerical investigation of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>N</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> gauge theories with and without fermionic matter content. We start by introducing the phenomenological as well as theoretical motivations for this research programme, which are related to composite Higgs models, models of partial top compositeness, dark matter models, and in general to the physics of strongly coupled theories and their approach to the large-<i>N</i> limit. We summarise the results of lattice studies conducted so far in the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>N</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Yang–Mills theories, measuring the string tension, the mass spectrum of glueballs and the topological susceptibility, and discuss their large-<i>N</i> extrapolation. We then focus our discussion on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and summarise the numerical measurements of mass and decay constant of mesons in the theories with fermion matter in either the fundamental or the antisymmetric representation, first in the quenched approximation, and then with dynamical fermions. We finally discuss the case of dynamical fermions in mixed representations, and exotic composite fermion states such as the chimera baryons. We conclude by sketching the future stages of the programme. We also describe our approach to open access.

Oleksandra Povietkina

This article is devoted to the study of the polysemy of the verb predicate верить in the cognitive-discursive methodology. The relevance of the research is due to the irrelevance of the traditional approach, the impossibility of describing the mechanisms of the development of word meanings as metaphorical, metonymic, or functional transference, as well as the need to understand and explain the contradictions in the semantics of the verbal predicate that arise in the contexts of various discourses. As a result of the analysis, a system of parameters was determined, which constitutes a single analytical apparatus of the cognitive-discursive methodology. On the basis of the analysis, we explicated cognitive features, which in our opinion, embodies the gestalt script of the religious conceptual space of Faith, determined the internal form of the concept of Faith, which acts as a cognitive script and induces all the contextual meanings of the verb predicate верить; compiled typology of the contexts of usage of the verb and differentiated several of its meanings. The subject of our attention was the meaningful difference between the contexts of religious discourse (я верю в бога) and common (я верю в тебя/ прогресс компьютерной техники). The use of terms gestalt, background-figure, focusing-defocusing made it possible to compare the semantics of the verbal predicate in the contexts of religious and common discourses, as well as to trace the distribution of attention in the semantic-syntactic organization of different contexts and the game of cognitive focus at the conceptual level (gestalt scenario). Focusing the interlocutor's attention on the meanings required in the course of religious/common communication, as well as obscuring the background meanings ensures the polysemy of the verb predicate верить.

Danjun Huang, Xianxi Wu

An equitable <i>k</i>-coloring of a graph <i>G</i> is a proper vertex coloring such that the size of any two color classes differ at most 1. If there is an equitable <i>k</i>-coloring of <i>G</i>, then the graph <i>G</i> is said to be equitably <i>k</i>-colorable. A 1-planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the Euclidean plane such that each edge can be crossed by other edges at most once. An IC-planar graph is a 1-planar graph with distinct end vertices of any two crossings. In this paper, we will prove that every IC-planar graph with girth <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is equitably <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-colorable, where <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is the maximum degree of <i>G</i>.

Martin Lindberg, Andris Vaivads, Savvas Raptis et al.

We use Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data to study electron kinetic entropy per particle <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> across Earth’s quasi-perpendicular bow shock. We have selected 22 shock crossings covering a wide range of shock conditions. Measured distribution functions are calibrated and corrected for spacecraft potential, secondary electron contamination, lack of measurements at the lowest energies and electron density measurements based on plasma frequency measurements. All crossings display an increase in electron kinetic entropy across the shock <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> being positive or zero within their error margin. There is a strong dependence of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> on the change in electron temperature, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, and the upstream electron plasma beta, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>β</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Shocks with large <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> have large <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Shocks with smaller <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>β</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> are associated with larger <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. We use the values of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and density change <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to determine the effective adiabatic index of electrons for each shock crossing. The average effective adiabatic index is <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>⟨</mo><msub><mi>γ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></msub><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1.64</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.07</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>.

Kostiantyn Torokhtii, Andrea Alimenti, Pablo Vidal García et al.

The root mean square surface roughness <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>q</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> of metals is detrimental in several microwave applications. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>q</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> characterization methods are thus largely used and of great interest. In this work, a new dielectric loaded resonator (DR) design is proposed to evaluate the surface resistance variations of samples with different <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>q</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The new design is thought to make the measurement accuracy, usually strongly affected by the measurement repeatability, suitable for this study. We analyze the measurement method’s sensitivity and accuracy in order to assess the possibility of using this new DR design for highly accurate surface resistance measurements sensitive to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>q</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> variations.

Ana Marques, Maria Emilia Santos

Premature birth and low birth weight are very important factors in neurodevelopment. Current research in this population focuses on children born prematurely, with no underlying complications in the post-natal period, who are likely to develop specific disorders with their language development and consequently with their learning capabilities too. This study aims to analyse the oral language skills of prematurely born children in comparison to their school-aged peers. The children were assessed in the respective schools, 27 preterm children (16 under 32 weeks and 11 with 32 or more weeks of gestation) and 49 term paired by gender, age, and school year. Tests including simple and complex structures for assessing semantics, morphosyntax, and phonology were used, as well as a test of verbal memory. Preterm born children, regardless of their prematurity grade, showed significantly lower results than their peers, and more than a half of them, 52%, presented low scores in all language tests simultaneously, showing an important language deficit. In contrast, in the term born children group only 14% showed low scores simultaneously in all tests. Verbal memory ability proved to be lower than that of their term peers, regardless of the gestational age and birth weight of preterm children. As a result of this analysis we consider that the evaluation of the linguistic development of these children, even in cases of moderate to late prematurity, should be monitored in order to identify earlier the existence of deficits and prevent psychosocial and learning problems.

Jinah Hwang, Suyeon Shin, Myoungin Shin et al.

In previous work, we considered a four-quadrant Riemann problem for a <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> hyperbolic system in which delta shock appears at the initial discontinuity without assuming that each jump of the initial data projects exactly one plane elementary wave. In this paper, we consider the case that does not involve a delta shock at the initial discontinuity. We classified 18 topologically distinct solutions and constructed analytic and numerical solutions for each case. The constructed analytic solutions show the rich structure of wave interactions in the Riemann problem, which coincide with the computed numerical solutions.

Tannaz H. Mohammadloo, Mirjam Snellen, Dick G. Simons

Realistic predictions of the contribution of the various sources affecting the quality of the bathymetric measurements prior to a survey are of importance to ensure sufficient accuracy of the soundings. To this end, models predicting these contributions have been developed. The objective of the present paper is to assess the performance of the bathymetric uncertainty prediction model for modern Multi-Beam Echo-Sounder (MBES) systems. Two datasets were acquired at water depths of 10 <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> and 30 <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> with three pulse lengths equaling 27<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, 54<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, and 134<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in the Oosterschelde estuary (The Netherlands). The comparison between the bathymetric uncertainties derived from the measurements and those predicted using the current model indicated a relatively good agreement except for the most outer beams. The performance of the uncertainty prediction model improved by accounting for the most recent insights into the contributors to the MBES depth uncertainties, i.e., the Doppler effect, baseline decorrelation (accounting for the pulse shape), and the signal-to-noise ratio.

A. Tarski, John Corcoran