The effectiveness of LLM-based agents is often limited not by model capacity alone, but by how efficiently contextual information is utilized at runtime. Existing agent frameworks rely on rigid, syntax-heavy state representations such as nested JSON, which require models to devote a substantial portion of their limited attention to syntactic processing rather than semantic reasoning. In this paper, we propose Fat-Cat, a document-driven agent architecture that improves the signal-to-noise ratio of state management. By integrating three key components: (1) a Semantic File System that represents agent state as Markdown documents aligned with common pre-training corpora, (2) a Textual Strategy Evolution module that accumulates task-solving knowledge without parameter updates, and (3) a Closed-Loop Watcher that monitors reasoning trajectories to reduce hallucinations. Extensive reasoning, retrieval, and coding benchmarks, Fat-Cat consistently improves agent performance. It enables the Kimi-k2 model to outperform the proprietary GPT-4o baseline on HotPotQA. Replacing the document-based state with JSON leads to performance drop, while empirically validating the critical necessity of document-driven state modeling over rigid syntax. The code is available at https://github.com/answeryt/Fat-Cat.
Segmenting oil spills from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery remains challenging due to severe appearance variability, scale heterogeneity, and the absence of temporal continuity in real world monitoring scenarios. While foundation models such as Segment Anything (SAM) enable prompt driven segmentation, existing SAM based approaches operate on single images and cannot effectively reuse information across scenes. Memory augmented variants (e.g., SAM2) further assume temporal coherence, making them prone to semantic drift when applied to unordered SAR image collections. We propose OilSAM2, a memory augmented segmentation framework tailored for unordered SAR oil spill monitoring. OilSAM2 introduces a hierarchical feature aware multi scale memory bank that explicitly models texture, structure, and semantic level representations, enabling robust cross image information reuse. To mitigate memory drift, we further propose a structure semantic consistent memory update strategy that selectively refreshes memory based on semantic discrepancy and structural variation.Experiments on two public SAR oil spill datasets demonstrate that OilSAM2 achieves state of the art segmentation performance, delivering stable and accurate results under noisy SAR monitoring scenarios. The source code is available at https://github.com/Chenshuaiyu1120/OILSAM2.
The probabilistic distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations by their mass is the most important characteristic of an oil and gas basin, which is of theoretical interest for both the theory of naphtido-genesis and for assessing the structure of the basin's resources.
Computational experiments performed on a simulation stochastic model showed that the power-law distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations by mass can be a consequence of the process of lateral migration of primary accumulations in the near-roof zone of the reservoir. It was also established that two oppositely directed factors play a key role in forming the power-law distribution: displacement and merging of primary accumulations and loss of their mass along migration paths.
Rhamnolipids are biodegradable and environmentally friendly surfactants with low toxicity， high stability， and other advantages. In the oil and gas development field， they have broad application value and prospects. This paper reviewed the progress in the application of rhamnolipids in oil and gas development， discussed its production methods， characteristics， and current status， and provided new ideas for the green and sustainable development of oil and gas development. The paper first introduced the two production methods of rhamnolipids： enzymatic and fermentation. Then， the authors elaborated in detail on the characteristics of rhamnolipids in reducing surface tension， emulsification and demulsification， solubilization， and coiling， as well as the suitable conditions. In addition， the new anti-aggregation characteristics discovered by recent scholars were clarified. The paper focused on summarizing the five main application directions of rhamnolipids in oil and gas development： in terms of reducing viscosity of heavy oil， rhamnolipids can effectively reduce the viscosity of heavy oil and enhance oil recovery； in terms of treating oil-contaminated soil and water， rhamnolipids show excellent emulsification performance and can separate oil from soil and form easy-to-treat emulsion； in terms of promoting hydrate generation， rhamnolipids can reduce the induction time of hydrates and improve the generation rate and stability of hydrates； in terms of oil and gas pipeline transportation， the anti-aggregation characteristics of rhamnolipids can help solve the problem of pipeline blockage； the authors finally proposed the following research suggestions for the future： in terms of production method， it is necessary to increase the research and application of local extraction strains； in terms of characteristic research， it is necessary to explore the other functional characteristics of rhamnolipids besides the existing ones and expand its application scopes in oil and gas development； in terms of application， it is important to study the recyclable use of rhamnolipids and the synergistic application of multiple technologies to solve problems such as high development costs in super-heavy oil production. At present， the application research of rhamnolipids in the frontier oil and gas fields such as hydrates is not complete， and further in-depth exploration is needed.
Chemical technology, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
Surfactants are widely used in the tertiary recovery of oilfields， and it is of great significance to study the mechanism of surfactant flooding from the microscopic point of view. In recent years， molecular dynamics （MD） simulation has become essential for oil and gas field development research. The use of MD simulation to study surfactants has become a hot spot. Through MD simulation， the numerical solutions of Newton’s equations are calculated for all the moving particles in the system， and the change in atomic positions with time is analyzed， from which some laws are found. MD simulation can be used to study the microscopic behavior of surfactant molecules to explore the properties of surfactant molecules and the microscopic flooding mechanism. MD simulation of the movement and aggregation state of surfactants at the interface and the analysis of the influence of surfactant molecules at the interface on the interfacial system are of some guiding significance for the field application of surfactants. To this end， based on the principle overview of MD simulation， firstly， the force field， boundary conditions， system types， and numerical algorithms in MD simulation are summarized； secondly， the microscopic mechanisms of MD simulation of surfactant flooding are highlighted， including the reduction of oil-water interfacial tension， the change in surface wettability， the increase in interfacial charge and emulsification， etc.； then， examples of the application of MD simulation in surfactant flooding are presented. Finally， the development directions of MD simulation technology in surfactant flooding are proposed， including the flooding environment similar to production， the design of new surfactants， the relationship between theory and experiment， the selection of molecular force field and potential energy model， and the research and development of composite and multifunctional integrated surfactants.
Chemical technology, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
The use of seismic waves to explore the subsurface underlying the ground is a widely used method in the oil industry, since different kinds of the rocks and mediums have different reflection rate of the seismic waves, so the amplitude of the reflected waves can unraveling the geological structure and lithologic character of a certain area under the ground, but the management and processing of seismic wave data often affects the efficiency of oil exploration and development. Different kinds of the seismic data bulk are always mixed and hard to be classified manually. This paper presents a classification model for four main types of seismic data, and proposed a classification method based on Mel-spectrum. An accuracy of 98.32% was achieved using pre-trained ResNet34 with transfer learning method. The accuracy is further improved compared with the pure fourier transformation method widely used in previous studies. Meanwhile, the transfer learning method and fine-tune strategy to train the neural network by training the first N-1 layers of the network separately and then train the fully connected layers further improves the training efficiency. Our model can also be seen as an efficient data quality control scheme for oil exploration and development. Meanwhile, our method is future-proofed, for further improvement of the seismic data processing quality control system, according to the spectrum characteristics, this model can be further extended into a error data classification model, reduces the workload of the bulk data management.
The migration of triacyl glycerides such as hazelnut oil leads to quality losses in various foods (e.g., fat bloom formation on chocolate, also named “fat ripening”). Oleogelation, i.e., dispersion of oils in a solid matrix of gelators, is thought to immobilize oils and consequently to hinder oil migration, leading to questions about the translational, but also intramolecular mobility of triacyl glycerides in the oleogels. In addition to translational mobility measured by diffusion-NMR, the molecule-intrinsic dynamics is reflected in NMR-relaxation. In this study, transverse relaxation and diffusion were explored to obtain insight into the condition of the oils in the disperse materials. Oleogels based on sunflower seed wax are compared to oleogels based on mono- and diglycerides. In both types of oleogels NMR-measures depend on composition as well as on temperature. Studying both dimensions, concentration and temperature, reveals the restricted mobility of oil molecules in the oleogels.
戴清源，傅锡鹏，朱秀灵，洪青源，王慧琴，陈锦，方雯 DAI Qingyuan, FU Xipeng, ZHU Xiuling, HONG Qingyuan, WANG Huiqin, CHEN Jin, FANG Wen
为提高蛋白基Pickering乳液稳定性，采用美拉德反应制备乳清分离蛋白（WPI）-葡聚糖（Dex）接枝物，然后利用该接枝物制得蛋白基固体颗粒，再与中链甘油三酯制备Pickering乳液，考察WPI-Dex接枝物对蛋白基固体颗粒乳化活性、乳化稳定性和蛋白基Pickering乳液乳析指数的影响，以及Pickering乳液在不同pH、加热温度、贮藏时间下粒径的变化。结果表明：扫描电镜观察到共价接枝Dex将WPI形貌结构由球状转变为片状，十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳证实干法美拉德反应成功制备了WPI-Dex接枝物；与WPI相比，WPI-Dex接枝物的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别增加了57.8%和138.5%；WPI和WPI-Dex接枝物Pickering乳液贮藏30 d时的乳析指数分别为52.3%和36.0%，WPI-Dex接枝物使Pickering乳液的乳析稳定性提高了31.2%；WPI-Dex接枝物Pickering乳液具有良好的pH稳定性、热稳定性和贮藏稳定性。综上，蛋白质糖基化接枝修饰是提高天然蛋白质Pickering乳液稳定性的有效方法。In order to improve the stability of protein-based Pickering emulsion, Maillard reaction was used to prepare the whey protein isolate(WPI)-dextran(Dex) conjugate. The WPI-Dex conjugate was used to prepare protein-based solid particles, and then Pickering emulsion was prepared with medium-chain triglyceride. The effects of the WPI-Dex conjugate on the emulsification activity, emulsion stability of protein-base solid particles and creaming index of Pickering emulsion were investigated, as well as the change of diameter of Pickering emulsion under different pH, heating temperature and storage time. The results showed that scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observed the covalently grafted Dex transformed the morphologic structure of WPI from globular to flake. The WPI-Dex conjugate was successfully prepared by the dry state Maillard reaction, which was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Compared with WPI, the emulsification activity and emulsion stability of WPI-Dex conjugate increased by 57.8% and 138.5%, respectively. The creaming indexes of WPI and WPI-Dex conjugate Pickering emulsion stored for 30 d were 52.3% and 36.0%, respectively, and the creaming stability of WPI-Dex conjugate Pickering emulsion increased by 31.2%. WPI-Dex conjugate Pickering emulsion had good pH stability, thermal stability and storage stability. In conclusion, the glycosylation graft modification of protein is an effective method to improve the stability of natural protein Pickering emulsions.
LOU Zhanghua, ZHANG Xinke, WU Yuchen, GAO Yuqiao, ZHANG Peixian, JIN Aimin, ZHU Rong
The exploration and development of shale gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation to Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Nanchuan and its adjacent blocks have yielded fruitful results. However, it is crucial to pay closer attention to the comprehensive use of fluid characteristics for analyzing the differences in shale gas preservation conditions in each block. Research findings reveal the following key points: ① With the prolongation of recovery time, the mineralization degree of the produced water gradually increases, exhibiting notable differences from fracturing fluid. This suggests the presence of the presence of movable CaCl2-rich formation water in shale layer, characterized by a mineralization degree exceeding 50 g/L; ② Enriched and high-yield wells exhibit low water production, low mineralization and rich in NaHCO3, which are indicative of condensate water; ③ Under different preservation conditions, the deuterium oxygen isotopes of the produced water vary with time. The high pressure stable block in the basin gradually deviates from the atmospheric precipitation line, while the normal（low） pressure complex block outside the basin remains close to the atmospheric precipitation line; ④ From the inside to the outside of the basin and from deep to shallow, the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in shale fracture filled calcite veins gradually decreases（from 240 ℃ to 90 ℃）. Simultaneously, the metamorphism coefficient of the inclusions also gradually increases, reflecting the degree of differential damage of shale gas preservation conditions.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
Urvashi Kishnani, Srinidhi Madabhushi, Sanchari Das
Blockchain's influence extends beyond finance, impacting diverse sectors such as real estate, oil and gas, and education. This extensive reach stems from blockchain's intrinsic ability to reliably manage digital transactions and supply chains. Within the oil and gas sector, the merger of blockchain with supply chain management and data handling is a notable trend. The supply chain encompasses several operations: extraction, transportation, trading, and distribution of resources. Unfortunately, the current supply chain structure misses critical features such as transparency, traceability, flexible trading, and secure data storage - all of which blockchain can provide. Nevertheless, it is essential to investigate blockchain's security and privacy in the oil and gas industry. Such scrutiny enables the smooth, secure, and usable execution of transactions. For this purpose, we reviewed 124 peer-reviewed academic publications, conducting an in-depth analysis of 21 among them. We classified the articles by their relevance to various phases of the supply chain flow: upstream, midstream, downstream, and data management. Despite blockchain's potential to address existing security and privacy voids in the supply chain, there is a significant lack of practical implementation of blockchain integration in oil and gas operations. This deficiency substantially challenges the transition from conventional methods to a blockchain-centric approach.
We have combined transmission speckle photography and machine learning for direct classification and recognition of milk fat content classes. Our aim was hinged on the fact that parameters of scattering particles (and the dispersion medium) can be linked to the intensity distribution (speckle) observed when coherent light is transmitted through a scattering medium. For milk, it is primarily the size distribution and concentration of fat globules, which constitutes the total fat content. Consequently, we trained convolutional neural network to recognise and classify laser speckle from different fat content classes (0.5, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.2%). We investigated four exposure-time protocols and obtained the highest performance for shorter exposure times, in which the intensity histograms are kept similar for all images and the most probable intensity in the speckle pattern is close to zero. Our neural network was able to recognize the milk fat content classes unambiguously and we obtained the highest test and independent classification accuracies of 100 and ~99% respectively. It indicates that the parameters of other complex realistic suspensions could be classified with similar methods.
The use of an appropriate oleogelator in the structuring of vegetable oil is a crucial point of consideration. Sunflower wax (SFW) is used as an oleogelator and displays an excellent potential to bind vegetable oils. The current study aimed to look for the effects of hydrophobic (SPAN-80) and hydrophilic (TWEEN-80) emulsifiers on the oleogels prepared using SFW and sunflower oil (SO). The biodegradability and all formulations showed globular crystals on their surface that varied in size and number. Wax ester, being the most abundant component of SFW, was found to produce fibrous and needle-like entanglements capable of binding more than 99% of SO. The formulations containing 3 mg of liquid emulsifiers in 20 g of oleogels showed better mechanical properties such as spreadability and lower firmness than the other tested concentrations. Although the FTIR spectra of all the formulations were similar, which indicated not much variation in the molecular interactions, XRD diffractograms confirmed the presence of β′ form of fat crystals. Further, the mentioned formulations also showed larger average crystallite sizes, which was supported by slow gelation kinetics. A characteristic melting point (Tm~60 °C) of triglyceride was visualized through DSC thermograms. However, a higher melting point in the case of few formulations suggests the possibility of even a stable β polymorph. The formed oleogels indicated the significant contribution of diffusion for curcumin release. Altogether, the use of SFW and SO oleogels with modified properties using biodegradable emulsifiers can be beneficial in replacing saturated fats and fat-derived products.
As one of the important equipment in the field of oil and gas storage and transportation, the oil storage tanks are in the increasingly urgent demand for scientific and effective maintenance strategies. Hence, a risk characteristics database was built by fusing the multi-source data relying on the basic information, operating conditions, process parameters, cathodic protection, inspection and monitoring, and maintenance data of oil storage tanks. Specifically, the key indicators and development trends of the health status of storage tanks were obtained by mining and analyzing the typical failure cases of storage tanks and the multi-source data based on the historical multi-source big data, in combination with the condition monitoring and inspection results. Meanwhile, a risk assessment method was developed based on the characteristics database, which could automatically generate the time points for predictive maintenance of the tank and recommend the appropriate maintenance methods. In addition, a integrated multi-source data management system (desktop and mobile) of tank was established through the customized design of data interface in B/S architecture. Thus, the collection and management of tank data and the multi-dimensional data analysis were realized, which could provide a new idea for maintenance management of storage tanks, as well as support for the digitalization and intellectualization of tank management.
Alexandre Triay Bagur, Darryl McClymont, Chloe Hutton
et al.
PURPOSE: To extend magnitude-based PDFF (Proton Density Fat Fraction) and $R_2^*$ mapping with resolved water-fat ambiguity to calculate field inhomogeneity (field map) using the phase images. THEORY: The estimation is formulated in matrix form, resolving the field map in a least-squares sense. PDFF and $R_2^*$ from magnitude fitting may be updated using the estimated field maps. METHODS: The limits of quantification of our voxel-independent implementation were assessed. Bland-Altman was used to compare PDFF and field maps from our method against a reference complex-based method on 152 UK Biobank subjects (1.5 T Siemens). A separate acquisition (3 T Siemens) presenting field inhomogeneities was also used. RESULTS: The proposed field mapping was accurate beyond double the complex-based limit range. High agreement was obtained between the proposed method and the reference in UK Biobank (PDFF bias = -0.03 %, LoA (limits of agreement) [-0.1,0.1] %; Field map bias = 0.06 Hz, LoA = [-0.2,0.3] Hz). Robust field mapping was observed at 3 T, for inhomogeneities over 300 Hz including rapid variation across edges. CONCLUSION: Field mapping following magnitude-based water-fat separation with resolved water-fat ambiguity was demonstrated in-vivo and showed potential at high field.
Even though tropical oils are extensively used in the food industry for their physicochemical characteristics; there are environmental concerns regarding their production. Therefore, suitable alternatives to solid fats are a challenge. This work aims to develop and characterize plant-based oleocolloids with the potential to mimic solid fats. Oleocolloids (OC) were prepared by combining an oleogel (OG) composed of 9 wt% rice bran wax (RBW), monoglycerides (MG, 0-2 wt%), and soybean oil with a hydrogel (HG) formulated with 1 wt% sodium alginate and 0.5 wt% kappa-carrageenan in water. Two OG:HG ratios; 7:3 and 8:2 were prepared and analyzed. Homogeneous and self-standing formulations were selected and characterized in their rheological properties by amplitude sweep tests. The microstructure was assessed using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and the solid fat content (SFC) profile through pNMR. Micrographs showed that all samples exhibited HG-in-OG structure since HG droplets were dispersed in the OG phase, and their size decreased upon MG addition, accordingly with its emulsifying capacity. Overall, the elastic modulus (G’) and yield stress (σ*) values of 8:2OC were higher than those of 7:3OC. In 8:2OC, G’ and σ* were enhanced with the increase in MG concentration, suggesting that MG participates in the structuring mechanism of the OC, modifies the microstructure, and imparts superior mechanical strength to this matrix. The SFC remained between 6.5 and 8.5% for all OC at temperatures between 10 and 60°C and then it sharply decreased as the temperature approached the melting point (∼70°C). Significance of the work: Oleogel/hydrogel colloidal mixtures have the potential to act as healthy and sustainable alternatives to conventional solid fats; however limited research has been focused on the food applicability of these matrices. This work demonstrated that the novel plant-based oleocolloids developed hold promise to replace solid fats in high-fat foods while enhancing their nutritional profile.
Hempseed oil (HSO) has many health benefits due to a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and many phytochemicals including antioxidants such as tocopherols, polyphenols, and squalene. Several previous studies reported that hemp seed oil contained higher concentrations of tocopherols, flavonoids and phenolics and had higher antioxidant activity than other vegetable oils. Vegetable oil-based oleogels have drawn great interest as alternatives to solid fats used in many food products. In this study, HSO oleogels were prepared using sunflower wax (SW), rice bran wax (RBW), beeswax, and candelilla wax. Properties of the oleogels were examined for firmness, crystal structures, and melting profiles, and were compared with refined soybean oil (SBO) oleogels. HSO oleogels except for RBW-HSO oleogels had lower firmness and weaker crystal network than SBO oleogels. RBW-HSO oleogels had similar firmness and crystal network, and higher melting and crystallization enthalpies than SBO oleogels. To understand the effect of polar compounds, polar compounds were removed from HSO, and oleogels were prepared and examined under the same conditions. Oleogels from HSO without polar compounds had greater firmness, higher melting and crystallization enthalpies, and stronger crystal network waxes than the original oleogels, except for RBW oleogels. It was concluded that, in general, polar compounds negatively affected the physical properties of wax-HSO oleogels. SW- and RBW-HSO oleogels, which had the highest firmness, were incorporated into a margarine formulation. Firmness and melting properties of these margarines were examined. In comparison with commercial spreads and margarines, 3% wax-HSO margarines had greater firmness than commercial spreads while the firmness of stick margarines could not be achieved even with 7% wax. Although further studies are needed to improve their properties, this study showed that wax-HSO oleogels have high potential as solid fat replacements in margarines and spreads.
Abstract Crude oils due to its profuse chemical composition produce complex dispersion and emulsion flow behavior with water. The interfacial properties and surface chemistry of oil and water influence heavily the stability, flow behavior and separation of oil and water. In order to understand the crude oil/water emulsion stability better, a new technique is proposed that involves the combined use of a stirred tank cell with interfacial tension and analytical chemistry measurement. Droplet stability parameters like droplet size equilibrium and relaxation time scales have been evaluated and corroborated with surface chemistry of the crude oils. A deeper understanding on how surface-active component like asphaltenes, naphthenic acids and waxes proportion present in crude oils influence emulsion droplet stability is discussed. The 3 crude oils Gjoa, Grane and Bragge were characterized for asphaltenes, naphthanic acids and waxes which was further corroborated with their respective emulsion droplet behavior.
The study was conducted to produce chocolate spread (CS) with a wide range temperature applications (5°C-45°C) by using blended base oil [50% palm superolein (POOo) and 50% sunflower oil (SFO)] and different types of waxes [0%-3.5% sunflower wax (SFW), carnauba wax (CW) and bees wax (BW)]. The waxes were added to impart solid-like property to a low saturated fatty acids oil blend in the CS. The main analysis for the oil system without wax (OSWW) was solid fat content (SFC) while the analysis for CS using these oils was hardness and spreadability. Main analyses for the oil system with wax (OSW) were SFC as well as hardness, spreadability and stability of CS containing different percentage of OSW. POOo:SFO at 50:50 ratio was chosen as OSWW as its SFC was not affected by temperature, and its CS showed good spreadability at 5°C which provided lower significant hardness than commercial CS at 5°C. CS produced from OSW of 3.5% SFW and 3.5% CW showed promising outcome with no phase separation at 5°C-40°C after 24 hr of storage and good spreadability (hardness of 1636 gf and 1492 gf respectively) compared to commercial CS (hardness of 2105 gf) which showed no spreadability at 5°C.