Hasil untuk "Neurophysiology and neuropsychology"

Vidyavati Ramteke, Kanchan Pranay Patil, Dhanya Pramod

Emotional response and cyber fatigue are increasing alarmingly globally. Cyber fatigue is a significant issue that impacts employee productivity, particularly in hybrid work cultures. The purpose of this study is to propose a theoretical framework that explains the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI), self-efficacy and cyber fatigue. It also posits that combating cyber fatigue can improve employee productivity. The study further explores the moderating effect of cyber awareness in the relationship between emotional response and cyber fatigue. Structural equation modelling (SEM) using SmartPLS was employed to analyse data collected from 357 participants via a survey. The study validated the proposed hypotheses, and findings revealed a significant impact of EI and self-efficacy in mitigating cyber fatigue. The study also unveils that cyber awareness plays a moderating role in handling emotional reactions and enhances employee productivity. The amalgamation of EI and self-efficacy theory makes this proposed framework a unique proposition in explaining the contemporary issue of technology-induced fatigue. The findings of this study highlight the need for skill upgradation and EI interventions to prepare the workforce for the future jobs. The insights from this study can help policymakers and organisational leaders devise policies to combat cyber fatigue.

Lejla Colic, Anna Karoline Seiffert, Lydia Bahlmann et al.

Background: Stressful events and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)- axis contribute to the risk of suicide attempt (SA) in persons in depressive episodes. Hair cortisol, cortisone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations may serve as reliable indicators of HPA axis dysregulation prior to SA. Methods: Participants (n = 75; mean age [standard deviation] = 30.0 [10.2] years; n = 49 [65 %] women; Jena site) comprised three groups: individuals with a history of SA approximately one month (SA; n = 22); individuals with a current depressive episode without SA history (CC; n = 31) and healthy individuals (HC; n = 22). SA was defined as self-initiated, potentially injurious behavior accompanied by some intent to die. Stress hormones were measured using LC-MS/MS protocol (days from sampling to analysis = 342 [171]) and logarithmic transformed. Group differences in hair stress hormones with hair segments representing time were tested using linear mixed models on a p < .05 threshold. Exploratory models further examined the effects of childhood abuse, frequency of SAs, suicide intent level and impulsiveness of the last SA of mean hormone levels, on a corrected pcorr< .012 threshold. Results: There was a main effect of group for the DHEA-log (p = .02) and post-hoc tests indicated that SA group had higher DHEA compared to CC (pcorr = .01) and HC (pcorr = .08) in the peri-suicidal period. There were no significant (p < .05) interaction or group effects on cortisol-log and cortisone-log. Preliminary exploratory analyses showed that SA with multiple attempts had higher mean DHEA-log compared to SA with a single suicide attempt (puncorr = .05). Furthermore, there were positive associations between level of suicide intent and both mean cortisol-log (puncorr = .02) and mean cortisone-log (puncorr = .02). Childhood abuse and impulsiveness of the last SA were not related to hair stress hormones. Conclusions: Individuals with a recent history of SA showed alterations in the DHEA hair levels. These results partially support dysregulation of the HPA axis as a biopsychosocial feature of SA. Future longitudinal and experimental studies should investigate whether hair HPA axis hormones can serve as markers of suicidal crisis and vulnerability.

J.L. Buthmann, C. Antonacci, J.P. Uy et al.

Researchers have documented that exposure to different kinds of psychosocial stressors can lead to emotional difficulties and, further, that heightened reactivity to stress can moderate these associations. Recently, investigators have distinguished among threat, deprivation, and unpredictability as different dimensions of early life stress (ELS). It is not clear, however, whether reactivity in specific stress response systems functions as a diathesis to lead to emotional difficulties following exposure to these dimensions of ELS. In this study (N = 154) we examined whether stress reactivity, assessed across different psychobiological systems during the Trier Social Stress Test, is a unitary or multidimensional construct, and if reactivity differentially moderates the associations between ELS dimensions and adolescents’ susceptibility to emotional and behavioral problems two years later. A factor analysis conducted on stress reactivity measures yielded two factors: one composed of reactivity in heart rate, heart rate variability, and cortisol, and one composed of reactivity in skin conductance and self-reported mood. These two factors independently moderated the associations between early unpredictability and subsequent emotional problems. For each factor, the combination of higher unpredictability and higher stress reactivity predicted higher emotional problems; stress reactivity factors were not significant moderators of the effects of threat and deprivation. Our findings suggest that increased stress reactivity, assessed across several domains of functioning, functions as a diathesis that interacts with ELS characterized by unpredictability to predict subsequent mental health difficulties in adolescents and, further, that low stress reactivity buffers against mental health difficulties in adolescents who have experienced unpredictability early in life.

Nabwera Rashid, Faustine Bwire Masath, Mabula Nkuba

This study examined the association between psychological wellbeing and acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills among pre-primary school children in Tanzania. It employed cross-sectional design and 403 pre-primary school children aged 5–7 years from 12 pre-primary schools in the country. Results revealed that 28% (n = 111) of children had psychological difficulties with conduct problems being the most prevalent among them. Meanwhile, 58% (n = 235) of the studied children scored below average on Kiswahili pre-reading skills test. Results of One-Way ANOVA analysis indicated significant differences in pre-primary school children’s mean scores on the level of psychological wellbeing (F (2,400) = 53.315, p<.001, η2 = .210)) and Kiswahili pre-reading skills (F (2,400) = 156.685, p < .001, η2 = .439)) between districts. Results of hierarchical regression indicated that internalizing (β = −.09) and externalizing (β = −.21) variables were significantly correlated with acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills (ps<.05). The model variables explained 46% of the variance in pre-primary school children’s acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills. Results confirm that psychological wellbeing significantly influences pre-primary school children’s acquisition of Kiswahili pre-reading skills. The study recommends intervention strategies to enhance pre-primary school children’s psychological wellbeing and Kiswahili pre-reading skills should be devised and implemented.

Yihui Wang, Wencao Liu, Jianing Zhang et al.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is a major pathological change after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and is both the cause and result of brain edema and the inflammatory response post-ICH. Cerebral immune cells (CICs), including microglia, pericytes, and astrocytes play a crucial role in the damage and protection of the BBB after ICH. Recent evidence suggests that peripheral immune cells (PICs) also play an important role in BBB damage and protection, brain edema, and neurological function impairment. Therefore, regulating interactions between glial cells and immune cells is expected to alleviate ICH-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the role of CICs, endothelial cells (ECs), oligodendrocytes (OLs), and PICs in BBB damage and protection after ICH, focusing on their polarization and inflammatory response. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between CICs and PICs, such as the brain-spleen axis and brain-gut axis after ICH. Finally, we suggest that glial cells, PICs and, meningeal lymphatic system may be potential targets for alleviating BBB damage after ICH, and discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies for alleviating BBB damage after ICH by modulating CICs, ECs, and PICs.

Msaad S, Ketata N, Kammoun N et al.

Sameh Msaad,1 Nouha Ketata,2 Nesrine Kammoun,3 Rahma Gargouri,1 Rim Khemakhem,1 Sourour Abid,1 Saeb Bader,1 Sabrine Efidha,4 Narjes Abid,5 Jamel El Ghoul,6 Imen Sahnoun,4 Hazem Altalaa,1 Jihen Jdidi,2 Mohamed Jlidi,7 Nadia Keskes Boudaouara,8 Imen Gargouri,9 Najla Bahloul,1 Samy Kammoun1 1Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; 2Department of Preventive Medicine, Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; 3Tunisian Occupational Health and Safety Institute, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; 4Department of Pneumology, Abderrahman Mami University Hospital of Ariana, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; 5Department of Pneumology, Mohamed Taher Maamouri University Hospital of Nabeul, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; 6Department of Pneumology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital of Medenine, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; 7Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Mohamed Taher Maâmouri University Hospital of Nabeul, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis EL Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; 8Department of Pneumology, Taher Sfar University Hospital of Mahdia, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; 9Department of Pneumology, Farhat Hached University Hospital of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, TunisiaCorrespondence: Sameh Msaad, Tel +216 94 977 355, Email pneumo1972@gmail.comBackground: Sleep quality and disturbances have gained heightened scholarly attention due to their well-established association with both mental and physical health. This study aims to assess sleep-wake habits and disturbances in Tunisian adults.Methodology: This cross-sectional study employed an online questionnaire to assess 3074 adults ≥ 18 years. Primary outcomes, including sleep quality, daytime vigilance, mood, and subjective well-being, were measured using validated questionnaires [the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and the World Health Organisation-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5)].Results: Less than two-thirds (n= 1941; 63.1%) of participants were females and the mean age was 36.25± 13.56. The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 53.8% when defined as a PSQI > 5. The prevalence of insomnia, short sleep duration, long sleep duration, EDS, severe depression, and poor well-being were 14.5%, 34.7%, 12.3%, 32.4%, 7.4%, and 40.2%, respectively. Some factors were associated with an increased likelihood of poor sleep quality, including female gender, chronic hypnotics use, internet use close to bedtime, daily time spent on the internet > 3 hours, smoking, university- level education, nocturnal work, severe depression, impaired well-being status, insomnia, and EDS.Conclusion: The high prevalence of sleep-wake disturbances among Tunisian adults emphasizes the need for an appropriate screening strategy for high-risk groups. Individuals with unhealthy habits and routines were significantly more likely to experience these kinds of disturbances. Consequently, there is a pressing need for educational programs on sleep to foster healthier sleep patterns.Keywords: sleep, wake habits, sleep quality, insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, prevalence, risk factors

Morgan Lindenmuth, Toria Herd, Alexis Brieant et al.

Hedonic dysregulation is evident in addiction and substance use disorders, but it is not clearly understood how hedonic processes may interact with brain development related to cognitive control to influence risky decision making and substance use during adolescence. The present study used prospective longitudinal data to clarify the role of cognitive control in the link between hedonic experiences and the development of substance use during adolescence. Participants included 167 adolescents (53% male) assessed at four time points, annually. Adolescents participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session where blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response was monitored during the Multi-Source- Interference Task to assess cognitive control. Substance use and hedonia were assessed using self-report. A two-group growth curve model of substance use with hedonia as a time-varying covariate indicated that higher levels of hedonia predicted higher substance use, but only in adolescents with higher activation in the frontoparietal regions and in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex during cognitive control. Results elucidate the moderating effects of neural cognitive control on associations between hedonia and adolescent substance use, suggesting that lower cognitive control functioning in the brain may exacerbate risk for substance use promoted by hedonia.

Yueqin Liu, Sitong Li, Xinxin Zhang et al.

Early adversity can cause malfunction of the visual system in adulthood. Adult female but not male mice undergoing early chronic mild stress (ECMS) maintain ocular dominance (OD) plasticity after the critical period. How early stressful experiences have a long-term impact on it is largely unknown. Here, we observed a wide distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-positive neurons, which mainly colocalized with a subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Optogenetic activation of CRF-positive neurons transfected with AAV-ChR2 evoked inhibitory currents in nearby pyramidal cells. ECMS induced a reduction in the expression of CRF mRNA in adult mouse V1. Chemogenetic activation of V1 CRF neurons impaired OD plasticity in adult ECMS females. We further showed that local administration of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) antagonist via an osmotic minipump into the visual cortex mimicked OD plasticity in adult ECMS females. Whole-cell recording in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons revealed that the CRFR1 antagonist reduced the short-term depression (STD) of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) in females but not in males. Likewise, CRF agonists have the opposite effect. In summary, our findings indicate that the local CRF-CRFR1 system within V1 may mediate the long-term and sex-dependent effect of early stress experiences on visual plasticity and provide a target for the prevention of visual deficits in adults with a history of early-life adversity.

Jochem K.H. Spoor, Teresa Greco, Marcel A. Kamp et al.

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe epileptic encephalopathy but there is limited literature characterizing the disease burden despite this being crucial for disease management strategies, and for designing and interpreting clinical trials. We searched the Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Therapy Patient Outcome Registry including over 7000 patients with drug‑resistant epilepsy (DRE). Propensity Score Matching (PSM) matched LGS-DRE patients and non-LGS-DRE patients and frequencies of individual seizure types were assessed. The PSM population included 705 and 1410 DRE patients with and without LGS. 40% of the LGS-DRE group had polypharmacy with 3 antiseizure medications (ASM) while 42% in non-LGS-DRE had polypharmacy with 2 ASMs. Median total monthly seizure frequency was over double in the LGS group: 90 (IQR, 28–312) versus 40 (IQR, 10–150); p < 0.001. This analysis suggests that seizure frequency in LGS patients who later receive VNS is more than double than in non-LGS DRE patients with mostly bilateral tonic-clonic seizures contributing to this difference. Furthermore, ASM burden with poorer seizure control may be greater in LGS patients, however data collection ceased in 2003 and therefore does not take recent ASMs approved for LGS into account. This analysis offers quantitative insight into the burden of disease in patients with LGS.

Caitlin E. O’Brien, Polan T. Santos, Ewa Kulikowicz et al.

Abstract Background Cardiac arrest (CA) is the most common cause of acute neurologic insult in children. Many survivors have significant neurocognitive deficits at 1 year of recovery. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are multifunctional endogenous lipid signaling molecules that are involved in brain pathobiology and may be therapeutically relevant. However, EETs are rapidly metabolized to less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), limiting their bioavailability. We hypothesized that sEH inhibition would improve outcomes after CA in an infant swine model. Male piglets (3–4 kg, 2 weeks old) underwent hypoxic-asphyxic CA. After resuscitation, they were randomized to intravenous treatment with an sEH inhibitor (TPPU, 1 mg/kg; n = 8) or vehicle (10% poly(ethylene glycol); n = 9) administered at 30 min and 24 h after return of spontaneous circulation. Two sham-operated groups received either TPPU (n = 9) or vehicle (n = 8). Neurons were counted in hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections from putamen and motor cortex in 4-day survivors. Results Piglets in the CA + vehicle groups had fewer neurons than sham animals in both putamen and motor cortex. However, the number of neurons after CA did not differ between vehicle- and TPPU-treated groups in either anatomic area. Further, 20% of putamen neurons in the Sham + TPPU group had abnormal morphology, with cell body attrition and nuclear condensation. TPPU treatment also did not reduce neurologic deficits. Conclusion Treatment with an sEH inhibitor at 30 min and 24 h after resuscitation from asphyxic CA does not protect neurons or improve acute neurologic outcomes in piglets.

Bajaj S, Blair KS, Zhang R et al.

Sahil Bajaj,1,2 Karina S Blair,1,2 Ru Zhang,1,2 Johannah Bashford-Largo,1,2 Matthew Dobbertin,1,2 R James Blair1,2 1Multimodal Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (MCNL), Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; 2Program for Trauma and Anxiety (PTAC), Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USACorrespondence: Sahil BajajCenter for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14015 Flanagan Blvd. Suite #102, Boys Town, NE, USAEmail sahil.bajaj@boystown.org

K. Karunakaran

S. Morioka

Phantom limb refers to a phenomenon whereby the patient still feels sensation and movements originating in the missing part after amputation. The patient is therefore aware of a part of the body that does not actually exist. The patient may also experience pain at this site, despite the actual body part not existing. Such a condition is referred to as phantom limb pain. Asomatognosia, however, refers to loss of awareness of a part of the body. It is a state in which the patient’s awareness of their body differs from reality. While this condition is normally widely–recognized as occurring after brain injury and right hemisphere damage in particular, it has been found to occur in many cases of neuropathic pain such as complex regional pain syndrome. In such cases, these are termed neglect–like symptoms. Thus, physical modification such as declines in sense of ownership and sense of agency may also be noted in motor disorders. Such cases involve dysfunction of the parietal lobe, which is involved in body representation. Therefore, in recent years, techniques for approaches to brain dysfunction similar to rehabilitation for stroke patients have been developed for cases of phantom limb not associated with brain damage and cases of motor disorders. The effects of such techniques are gradually being demonstrated. In this review, we described distorted body representation mechanisms from the viewpoints of neuro -phenomenology, neuropsychology and neurophysiology, and present the newly developed technique termed neurorehabilitation.

C. Green, R. Handels, A. Gustavsson et al.

community over time. Methods: Health administrative data from Ontario, Canada was used to identify a cohort of 62,622 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older with dementia on April 1, 2007. Individuals were followed for seven years and matched 1:1 to persons without dementia (controls) based on age, sex and comorbidities in order to compare trends in use of health services by setting over time. Health services included: acute care hospitalizations (including those with discharge delay); nursing home placement; and emergency department, home care, and physician visits. Rates and trends in health system use were compared between persons with dementia, as they remained alive and in the community, and controls. Trajectories of health system use were displayed visually using Sankey plots. Results: After seven years, 49.0% of persons with dementia had spent time in a nursing home (6.8% controls) and 64.5% had died (30.0% controls). Overall, persons with dementia were more likely than controls to use health services; particularly home care (rate ratio (RR) 3.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.93 to 3.11) and experience hospitalizations with discharge delay (RR 2.36, 95% CI (2.30 to 2.42)). As they remained in the community over time, persons with dementia used home care at an increasingly intensive rate (10.7% increase per year, p<0.001), but rates of acute care hospitalization remained stable (p1⁄40.38). Persons with dementia experienced more emergency department visits than controls (RR1⁄41.23, 95% CI (1.21 to 1.25)), however rates of increase over time were similar between the groups (p1⁄40.27). Conclusions: Our approach to examine trends in rates of health system use among persons with dementia as they remained in the community over time is of particular value to capacity planning initiatives; particularly enumerating the increased intensity of home care service use. O5-08-04 A NEW OPEN-SOURCE MODELING FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS COST EFFECTIVENESS OF EARLY INTERVENTION IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Colin Green, Ron Handels, Anders Gustavsson, Anders Wimo, Anders Skoldunger, Bengt Winblad, Linus Jonsson, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Maastricht University; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology; Alzheimer Centre Limburg; School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht, Netherlands; Karolinska Institutet, Department for Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Solna, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department for Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Solna, Sweden; Quantify Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Theme Aging, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Solna, Sweden; H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark. Contact e-mail: c.green@exeter. ac.uk

Grigorios Nasios, L. Messinis, M. Kosmidis et al.

Andrew S. Davis

Ahmed Z. Obeidat, Yasir N. Jassam, R. Ramirez et al.

Objective: We aimed to highlight major aspects of NI/MS training programs offered in the USA Background: The number of neuroimmunology/multiple sclerosis (NI/MS) training programs in the USA has increased over the past decade. However, the extent of structural and curriculum similarity across programs remains unknown Design/Methods: A web-search was performed to identify NI/MS training programs in the USA. A questionnaire was developed addressing: diseases covered during training, rotations offered, tracks/duration of training, number of fellows accepted, visa sponsorship, status of approval by the institution graduate medical education (GME) office, and call schedule. Frequency tables were prepared. Statistical analysis was done using STATISTICA program Results: We identified 52 fellowship programs. An electronic-copy of the questionnaire was sent to program directors. A total of 23 questionnaires (44%) were returned. All reported that MS/demyelinating disorders are covered during training. Other frequently covered areas included paraneoplastic syndromes (71%), neuro-rheumatology (67%), vasculitis (67%) and encephalitis (67%). However, exposure to peripheral immunology and autoimmune epilepsy was less common (29% and 33%, respectively). Most programs reported opportunities in neuro-ophthalmology (65%), neuroradiology (65%), neuro-rehab (61%), and urology (57%). Exposure to neuropathology (43%), neurophysiology (22%), and neuropsychology (22%) was less common. All programs reported the ability to accommodate clinical/research needs of the applicant. A 1–2-year program was most common (47%) while others offered variable durations. Most programs (42%) reported accepting 2-fellows/year (ranged: 1 – 5) and 67% guaranteed first-year funding. Finally, 38% reported the possibility of visa sponsorship Conclusions: We identified many similarities between programs. A variety of relevant disorders are being covered and rotations in other disciplines are available. However, neuropsychology and neuropathology maybe underrepresented in most programs which could be related to the availability of MS dedicated neuropsychologists and neuropathologists. Finally, the chances for International medical graduates (IMG) to successfully obtain NI/MS fellowship are limited which may affect their subspecialty choice Disclosure: Dr. Obeidat has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jassam has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ramirez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Halper has nothing to disclose.

Y. Kitazawa, K. Jin, Masaki Iwasaki et al.

John Hasslinger, S. Sirviö, S. Berggren et al.