Hasil untuk "Hungary"

Fatemeh Gholizadeh, Agampodi Gihan S. D. De Silva, Asish Samuel et al.

Drought stress is one of the most severe abiotic constraints limiting wheat productivity worldwide, particularly during early developmental stages that determine crop establishment and yield potential. Sustainable, biologically based strategies that enhance drought tolerance without environmental cost are therefore urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the individual and combined effects of chitosan (Cs), microalgae (Ma) (<i>Nostoc linckia</i>, MACC-612), and a chitosan–microalgae nanoparticle formulation (Cs-Ma) on germination performance, early seedling growth, and molecular stress responses in two wheat (Mehregan and MV Nádor) cultivars with contrasting drought sensitivity under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress (−2 and −4 MPa). Drought stress significantly reduced germination percentage, germination rate, and radicle and coleoptile development in both cultivars, especially at −4 MPa. Application of Cs and microalgae individually partially alleviated these negative effects; however, the combined Cs-Ma treatment consistently produced the strongest improvements in seedling vigor and biomass accumulation under both moderate and severe drought stress. Evaluation of drought tolerance using tolerance index (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), and stress intensity (SI) demonstrated that Cs-Ma markedly increased STI and reduced SI across most germination traits, indicating enhanced drought tolerance and lower stress sensitivity, particularly in MV Nádor. These physiological responses were supported by transcriptional reprogramming in radicle tissues, including upregulation of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis (<i>TaSPDS</i>, <i>TaSAMDC</i>), phenylpropanoid metabolism (<i>TaPAL</i>), and protein protection (<i>TaHSP70</i>), along with moderated induction of polyamine catabolism (<i>TaPXPAO</i>). Overall, the results reveal a synergistic interaction between chitosan nanoparticles and microalgae biomass, highlighting Cs-Ma as an effective, eco-friendly biostimulant for improving early-stage drought tolerance in wheat.

Vincent Graves, Christoph Sünderhauf, Nick S. Blunt et al.

Zoltán Lukács, Péter Benjamin Vidosits, Szabina Tomasek et al.

The conventional determination of electrochemical parameters of corrosion systems, first of all the corrosion rate, is based on the Butler-Volmer equation. A simplified method, based on the Stern-Geary equation, is typically used in industrial corrosion monitoring systems (Linear Polarization Resistance, LPR). Both methods have multiple sources of uncertainties that make the assessment of the corrosion rate erroneous. These error sources are even more expressed in the case of the measurement of stainless steel corrosion. Recently two linearized transformations of the Butler-Volmer equation were proposed in order to provide more accurate alternatives for the assessment of the corrosion rate. In this work these models are tested for the assessment of the corrosion rate of stainless steel 316L in neutral and acidic chloride solutions. The new models provide results consistent with each other, with conventional linearized semilogarithmic extrapolation and with literature data, indicating that the proposed new methods are applicable for the assessment of corrosion rate of stainless steels.

Nikoletta Nagy, Margit Pal, Jozsef Kun et al.

Albinism is characterized by a variable degree of hypopigmentation affecting the skin and the hair, and causing ophthalmologic abnormalities. Its oculocutaneous, ocular and syndromic forms follow an autosomal or X-linked recessive mode of inheritance, and 22 disease-causing genes are implicated in their development. Our aim was to clarify the genetic background of a Hungarian albinism cohort. Using a 22-gene albinism panel, the genetic background of 11 of the 17 Hungarian patients was elucidated. In patients with unidentified genetic backgrounds (n = 6), whole exome sequencing was performed. Our investigations revealed a novel, previously unreported rare variant (N687S) of the two-pore channel two gene (TPCN2). The N687S variant of the encoded TPC2 protein is carried by a 15-year-old Hungarian male albinism patient and his clinically unaffected mother. Our segregational analysis and in vitro functional experiments suggest that the detected novel rare TPCN2 variant alone is not a disease-causing variant in albinism. Deep genetic analyses of the family revealed that the patient also carries a phenotype-modifying R305W variant of the OCA2 protein, and he is the only family member harboring this genotype. Our results raise the possibility that this digenic combination might contribute to the observed differences between the patient and the mother, and found the genetic background of the disease in his case.

Ranya Mulchandani, Cheng Zhao, Katie Tiseo et al.

In Europe, systematic national surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals has been conducted for decades; however, geographic distribution within countries remains unknown. To determine distribution within Europe, we combined 33,802 country-level AMR prevalence estimates with 2,849 local AMR prevalence estimates from 209 point prevalence surveys across 31 countries. We produced geospatial models of AMR prevalence in Escherichia coli, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter for cattle, pigs, and poultry. We summarized AMR trends by using the proportion of tested antimicrobial compounds with resistance >50% and generated predictive maps at 10 × 10 km resolution that disaggregated AMR prevalence. For E. coli, predicted prevalence rates were highest in southern Romania and southern/eastern Italy; for Salmonella, southern Hungary and central Poland; and for Campylobacter, throughout Spain. Our findings suggest that AMR distribution is heterogeneous within countries and that surveillance data from below the country level could help with prioritizing resources to reduce AMR.

A szerkesztőség

Az ELTE BTK Távol-keleti Intézet 2023-as évének krónikája.

Ramóna Vizi, József Kiss, György Turóczi et al.

White mold (<i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> de Bary) is one of the most important fungal diseases of winter oilseed rape (OSR). Since the pathogen can persist in the soil for a long time with its sclerotia, prevention and non-chemical methods (specifically biological agents) are important pillars in the integrated plant protection strategy against this pathogen. Mapping the intraspecific variability of the pathogen is an important step in the development of resistance to <i>S. sclerotiorum</i>. <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> isolates were collected from different OSR growing locations in Hungary during the 2020/21 and 2021/22 growing seasons. The morphological characteristics of sclerotia obtained from infected OSR stems were studied in the laboratory, and seedlings of four OSR hybrids were infected in vitro with isolates. The strains from four locations have different morphological characteristics. Significant differences in the level of aggressivity were also observed between strains; a correlation was also found between mycelial growth after 24 h, weight of sclerotia, and aggressivity. Among the four tested hybrids, OSR PT271 proved to be the most susceptible to most <i>S. sclerotinia</i> strains.

Silvia Radenkovic, Rohit Budhraja, Teun Klein-Gunnewiek et al.

Summary: Phosphomannomutase 2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (PMM2-CDG) is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency of the PMM2 enzyme, which leads to impaired protein glycosylation. While the disorder presents with primarily neurological symptoms, there is limited knowledge about the specific brain-related changes caused by PMM2 deficiency. Here, we demonstrate aberrant neural activity in 2D neuronal networks from PMM2-CDG individuals. Utilizing multi-omics datasets from 3D human cortical organoids (hCOs) derived from PMM2-CDG individuals, we identify widespread decreases in protein glycosylation, highlighting impaired glycosylation as a key pathological feature of PMM2-CDG, as well as impaired mitochondrial structure and abnormal glucose metabolism in PMM2-deficient hCOs, indicating disturbances in energy metabolism. Correlation between PMM2 enzymatic activity in hCOs and symptom severity suggests that the level of PMM2 enzyme function directly influences neurological manifestations. These findings enhance our understanding of specific brain-related perturbations associated with PMM2-CDG, offering insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential directions for therapeutic interventions.

Andrei Poblaguev

At the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC), the Polarized Atomic Hydrogen Gas Jet Target polarimeter (HJET) is employed for the precise measurement of the absolute transverse (vertical) polarization of proton beams, achieving low systematic uncertainties of approximately $σ^\text{syst}_P/P\leq0.5\%$. The acquired experimental data not only facilitated the determination of single $A_\text{N}(t)$ and double $A_\text{NN}(t)$ spin analyzing powers for 100 and 255 GeV proton beams but also revealed a non-zero Pomeron spin-flip contribution through a Regge fit. Preliminary results obtained for forward inelastic $p^{\uparrow}p$ and elastic $p^{\uparrow}A$ analyzing powers will be discussed. The success of HJET at RHIC suggests its potential application for proton beam polarimetry at the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), aiming for an accuracy of 1\%. Moreover, the provided analysis indicates that the RHIC HJET target can serve as a tool for the precision calibration, with the required accuracy, of the $^3$He beam polarization at the EIC.

Jerotijević Dušan Z., Dudić Bekir M.

The Berlin Congress brought significant changes to the political map of Europe. It is important for the Serbian people that two Serbian states gained independence, albeit within modest limits. A large part of the Serbian people remained under Tutrian and Austro-Hungarian rule. The Principality of Serbia has become a center for the gathering of political leaders of the Serbian people outside of Serbia, who are interested in continuing the unification process. There were also many interfering factors, such as the great powers and their conflicting interests, but also the dynastic struggle for dominance of the three Serbian dynasties of Karađorđević, Obrenović and Petrović. Regardless, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Serbia's foreign policy was aimed at unifying the Serbian people. The first step was the elimination of Turkey in the Balkans, and that required an alliance with the Greeks and Bulgarians, as well as the favor of some great powers (above all Russia). The great hindering factor in the crushing of Turkey was above all Austria-Hungary and the United Kingdom, each for its own interests. because of this, the path to the creation of the Balkan Alliance was long and arduous. Even the two Serbian countries entered periods of cooling of relations. The issue of territory and demarcation between future allies was also very complex. Serbia had its centuries-old tradition of national and state consciousness in Old Serbia (Vardar region), where the imperial capital, Skopje, and the royal capital Prilep were also located. All historical and national arguments were on the Serbian side, including the creation of the indigenous Serbian Chetnik movement, led by Micko Krstić, Jovan Stojković Babunski, Jovan Stanojković Dovezenski, and many other Chetnik leaders who came from this land.

Szabolcs László, István Z. Bátai, Szilvia Berkó et al.

Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTSs) enable convenient dosing in drug therapy. Modified silicone-polymer-based patches are well-controlled and cost-effective matrix diffusion systems. In the present study, we investigated the substance release properties, skin penetration, and analgesic effect of this type of TTS loaded with low-dose capsaicin. Release properties were measured in Franz diffusion cell and continuous flow-through cell approaches. Capsaicin was detected with HPLC-UV and UV spectrophotometry. Raman spectroscopy was conducted on human skin samples exposed to the TTS. A surgical incision or carrageenan injection was performed on one hind paw of male Wistar rats. TTSs were applied to the epilated dorsal skin. Patches were kept on the animals for 6 h. The thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical pain threshold of the hind paws were detected. Patches exhibited controlled, zero-order kinetic capsaicin release. According to the Raman mapping, capsaicin penetrated into the epidermis and dermis of human skin, where the target receptors are expressed. The thermal pain threshold drop of the operated rat paws was reversed by capsaicin treatment compared to that of animals treated with control patches. It was concluded that our modified silicone-polymer-based capsaicin-containing TTS is suitable for the relief of traumatic and inflammatory pain.

Mitchell A. Orenstein, B. Bugarič

ABSTRACT Since 2008, Hungary and Poland have developed a distinctive populist economic program, which has begun to spread to other Central and East European Countries (CEECs). This article develops a theory of the political economy of populism in CEECs, arguing that these countries’ dependence on foreign capital constrained them to follow (neo)liberal economic policies. After the global financial crisis, populist parties began to break from the (neo)liberal consensus, ‘thickening’ their populist agenda to include an economic program based on a conservative developmental statism. Case studies of Hungary, Poland, and Serbia describe these policies and show that they exhibit a particular form of economic nationalism that emphasizes workforce activation, natalism, and sovereignty. This shift has gone hand-in-hand with attempts to attract investments from Eastern authoritarian states, illustrating the connection between CEEC development strategies and sources of foreign capital.

A. Bíró-Nagy

ABSTRACT PM Viktor Orbán’s government in Hungary is often seen as one of the paradigmatic cases of illiberalism and an intense contestation of immigration. This paper argues that the Hungarian government’s strong focus on immigration and its hardline positions on the issue proved to be a political jackpot for the governing party. Besides presenting the claims and frames Fidesz has used regarding migration since 2015, three analytical aspects are covered in this article, based on Eurobarometer, European Social Survey and Hungarian domestic polling data. First, the trends in the perception of the importance of migration for the Hungarian voters are compared to the European public opinion. Second, the changes in the attitudes of Hungarians to immigration are also analysed in European comparison. Third, I also present what role the fears related to immigration played at the 2018 parliamentary elections. On the whole, the Hungarian centre-right successfully politicised the issue of migration, and acted as an agenda-setter rather than a follower. It was able to sustain a sense of crisis between 2015 and 2018; it exacerbated the rejection of immigration in society; and it was successful in entrenching migration as one of the top fears among its potential voters.

Michał Oszmaniec, Ninnat Dangniam, Mauro E. S. Morales et al.

Micha l Oszmaniec, Ninnat Dangniam, Mauro E.S. Morales, and Zoltán Zimborás 4, 5 Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland∗ Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Centre for Quantum Software and Information, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121, Budapest, Hungary† MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Information Theory Research Group Budapest, Hungary Mathematical Institute, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary

Daniel Deme, Sandor Kovacs, Andras Telekes

Hatem M. El-Desoky, Ali Shebl, Ahmed M. Abdel-Rahman et al.

Through various scales of observation, ranging from remote sensing data, field investigations, hand specimens, microscopic petrographic examinations, XRD, to SEM, indicators of various mineralization types are highlighted in Ras El-kharit-wadi Khashir (Eastern Desert, Egypt). Systematic remote sensing exploration of the mineralized zones is performed through integrating Sentinel 2 and ASTER datasets. False-color combinations, informative band ratios, relative absorption band depth, and CEM techniques were applied to discriminate rock units and various types of hydrothermal alterations. Moreover, ALOS PALSAR DEM was utilized to decipher the structural lineaments. Intensive field investigations confirmed hydrothermally altered zones that were picked out through remote sensing analysis and revealed that the study area is affected by cataclastic metamorphism to some extent. Magmatic and metamorphic rock types are represented by propylitic, phyllic, argillic, and silicification zones. Sericitization, chloritization, epidotization, kaolinitization, carbonatization, and silicification are recorded utilizing petrographic and remote sensing investigations. Moreover, the current study reveals that the detected alteration is the main reason for the apparent wide range of petrographic characteristics of each rock type and bearing several opaque minerals, such as pyrite, magnetite, titanomagnetite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, covellite, galena, goethite, and hematite. Most of these opaques were identified using ore microscopy, XRD, and SEM. The distribution of hydrothermal alterations, representative samples bearing mineralization, structurally dissected zones are integrated to build a mineral potentiality map of the study area. The resultant MPM was confirmed via field survey and emphasized the usefulness of the current integrated approach besides highlighting about 125 km2 as potential mineralized zones.

Yuriy Bilenko

Purpose. In our article, we assess the scope and directions of changes in agricultural labor productivity compared to other sectors of the economy. Methodology / approach. For our survey we choose 15 countries: (і) EU countries – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, as well (іі) post-Soviet European countries – Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, russia and also (ііі) Albania for period 1996–2019. We use an empirical methodology designed to analyze structural decomposition of labor productivity into the growth effect within the sector and structural dynamic and static effects, often called ‘shift-share analysis’. We analyze process of convergence of sectoral labor productivity and its impact on economic growth. Results. Labor productivity grows in the agricultural sector of the economy at the fastest rate, on average by almost 12 % per year. The growth effects within the industry takes a dominant position in all sectors of the economy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and its share is on average 88.5 %, and the structural effects are as follows: the dynamic effect is almost 1%, the static effect is 10.4 %. We have confirmed that the agricultural sector is gaining weight in the economic growth of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the influence of the service sector is increasing, although together they do not exceed the influence of the growth of value added in industry. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time we have used the methodology of decomposition of labor productivity growth into three effects: growth, dynamic and static ones for the period before the financial crisis 2008 and after the crisis for 15 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using panel GLS estimator with fixed effects we estimate the impact of labor productivity on economic growth in different sectors for 1991–2020 period. Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for elaboration of effective economic policy in agriculture development in Central and Eastern European countries; for identification of structural shifts in labor productivity in different sectors of the economy before and after the financial crisis; for estimation of the level of convergence between different sectors of the economy; determining main factors of increasing value added in agriculture in Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries; implementation structural changes in economy in the period of crisis.

Attila Kostyák, Csaba Béres, Szabolcs Szekeres et al.

In this article, energy optimization of the cooling system of IKEA Budaörs is carried out. The cooling system is served by a centrifugal water chiller and includes a large-volume cooling buffer tank. The facility operates the hydraulic system of the buffer storage tank only during the transitional period. The main goal is to reduce energy consumption by changing the operating strategy of the existing system. To test the operating strategies, the operation and the thermal load of the shopping center during the summer season had to be simulated to find the best operation strategy. A hybrid method (real data and calculated values) was used in the simulation. The three operating scenarios examined show that the annual energy consumption and the number of operating hours of the chiller can be reduced by using the buffer tank with the right strategy. In the examined scenarios, a 30% energy improvement was achieved. The possibility of using a buffer tank is significantly limited by the fact that the heat exchangers were sized for low forward water temperatures. By re-sizing the heat exchangers, the utilization of the buffer tank could be considerably improved in conditions close to peak heat load.

Elizabeth Dávid-Barrett, Mihály Fazekas

Incoming governments sometimes abuse their power to manipulate the allocation of government contracts so as to buy loyalty from cronies. While scandals suggest such practices are relatively widespread, the extent of such partisan favoritism is difficult to measure and the conditions under which it flourishes under-theorized. Drawing on theory regarding the role of institutions as constraints on corruption, we identify three spheres of political influence over government contracting and show how elites can manipulate two of those spheres to increase their opportunities to influence the procurement process and minimize external accountability, facilitating the corrupt allocation of contracts to partisan allies. Using an innovative big data methodology, we then identify the effects of a change in government on procurement markets in two countries, Hungary and the United Kingdom, which differ in terms of political influence over these institutions. We find that politically-favored companies secure 50–60% of the central government contracting market in Hungary but only 10% in the UK.

Enrico Zallot, Willy De Mattia, Zoltán Fehér et al.

Five species of the subgenus Clessiniella of Cochlostoma (Cochlostomatidae) are recognized, viz. Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) villae (Strobel, 1851), Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) tergestinum (Westerlund, 1878), Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) waldemari (A.J. Wagner, 1897), Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) anomphale Boeckel, 1939 and Cochlostoma (Clessiniella) stelucarum sp. nov. The shells and the genitalia are described and the distributional data are summarized for all the species.