Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

A. Pablos-Mendez, M. Raviglione, A. Laszlo et al.

Elena Uzeneva

The essay was written on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Bulgarian Language Institute. prof. Lyubomir Andreichin BAN (Sofia), which was created in 1942 to form an explanatory dictionary of the Bulgarian literary language. The article acquaints the reader with the main milestones in the formation and development of the Institute, with the areas of scientific research, and individual significant works. The Institute is famous for outstanding achievements in the field of Paleo-Slavistics, Dialectology, Linguogeography, Grammar, Lexicology and Lexicography, Etymology, Ethnolinguistics.

Aliaksey Litwin

Introduction. The main information about our compatriots who distinguished themselves in the Battle of Stalingrad is contained in the award documents, which have not yet become the subject of study by Belarusian researchers. Separate facts had been appearing in the press already during the hostilities. For example, the feat of the Red Army soldier Alexey Vashchenko, who closed the embrasure of the enemy’s gates with his breast on September 5, 1942, was the subject of a publication in the division newspaper and a leaflet issued by the political department. However, the main information on the topic emerged only in the post-war time. Methods and Materials. The article is based on the information from scientific and educational literature, encyclopedias and reference books, from the memories of Soviet military leaders who took part in the Battle of Stalingrad, publications in the regional historical collections “Memory”, from the Belarusian central and local periodicals. The goal is to identify information about the participation of natives of Belarus in the Battle of Stalingrad. Results. The study showed that the Belarusians were represented both among the privates and command staff, in almost all types and branches of the military. Many of them were awarded high state decorations for military distinctions during the Battle of Stalingrad.

Tatyana Shevchenko

Letters from Hieromonk Athanasius (Nechaev) to his confessor and elder, Hieroschemamonk Ephraim (Khrobostov) are presented in the publication. They were written from Paris to Valaam in Finland, where at that time the Valaam Monastery was located. Hieromonk Athanasius - the future archimandrite and spiritual mentor of monasticism abroad, the superior of the Three Hierarchs metochion in Paris (1933-1943), dean of the parishes of the Moscow Patriarchate in France, the first spiritual mentor of the future Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh (Bloom). His addressee was the fraternal confessor at the Valaam Monastery, and before the revolution, the confessor of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich (the younger) and his family, Hieroschemamonk Ephraim (Khrobostov), - is the respected and authoritative member of the spiritual governing body of the monastery. In the Smolensk skete on Valaam, he daily served a liturgy in memory of the Russian soldiers who died at the front for the faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland. The letters were written during the period of study of Father Athanasius at the St. Sergius Theological Institute in Paris and during his service in the monastery-orphanage "Unexpected Joy" in Livry-Gargan near Paris. They deal with many problems of the church life of the Russian diaspora in France and the Russian emigration in general as a phenomenon. Father Athanasius described the causes of jurisdictional disputes in exile, problems at the Theological Institute, conflicts between hierarchs, and more. He was something of a correspondent who kept the Valaam monastery authorities up to date on events. Describing in detail the essence of the disagreements, at some point he apparently got tired of them and plunged headlong into pastoral work, warmly describing the life of the emigrant communities he served. During the cross-over of Metropolitan Evlogy to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Father Athanasius could not reconcile himself to the break with the Russian Church, and believed that it was better to return to Valaam. However, these plans were not destined to come true.

Adam Mukhamedovich Gutov

Translation remains the most important means of communicating the phenomena of verbal art to a foreign language audience. Therefore, for different tasks of recording the features of a literary text, there are different types of transferring the content of the original into the language of another medium. The article discusses some of the most typical difficulties that arise when turning to the type of translation called scientific-analytical. Recognizing the actual uniqueness of all the features of the source, attention is drawn to what ways to overcome the language barrier can be used in working on poetic texts when the source and translation languages belong to such different structural types as Adyghe, belonging to the group of Ibero-Caucasian languages and Russian - one of the Indo-European ones. Without denying the important role of the individual skill of the translator, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to search for the organic unity of the translated text and accompanying comments with a glossary. The study's focus is solely on poetry texts.

Asiat M. Sarakueva

The article is the first attempt in the Karachay-Balkar literary criticism to analyze the historical dramas of Zh. Tokumaeva “The Plague” and D. Mamchuyeva “Akbilek – the last star of Alanya”. This category, having arisen at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, has not become the object of research by specialists yet. Its appearance was because of large-scale developments in society and a visible increase in interest in issues of ethnic identity and self-identification. The transition to a new evolutionary stage of national drama naturally began with an appeal to previously forbidden topics, during that time, several tragedies were created immediately devoted to deportation, religious issues, previously closed moments in the history of the Karachay-Balkarian people.Conflict institutionalizes stage literature to a much greater extent than any other genre, which determines the purpose of this article - to identify various types of conflict and conflict typology in works from the perestroika and post-perestroika periods.Several types of conflict opposition were identified during the research, using genre-typological and comparative-historical approaches: unconditional antagonism, struggle for power, clashes between feeling and duty, between “their own”, love, political, moral confrontation, and so on. It also became clear that historical drama is not limited to depicting only significant moments from an ethnic group’s heroic past, military actions - these plays are relevant and contemporary to the social, socio-political, and philosophical issues raised in them thus far. National dramatists with no experience in mastering this topic failed to complete the task set for them equally successfully (Zh. Tokumaev), but D. Mamchueva in the play “Akbilek - the last star of Alanya” overcame all the difficulties of the tragic genre and created a highly artistic work that meets the requirements of drama theory.

K. V. Yumatov

The article focuses on the transformation of the European Union’s policy in the South Caucasus after the NagornoKarabakh war of 2020. Before the war, the foreign and security policy in the region had depended on the OSCE Minsk Group, Georgia’s role in the Russian-Georgian confrontation, and the Eastern Partnership program for the South Caucasus. After Azerbaijan won the Nagorno-Karabakh war with Turkey’s support, the previous line of policy stopped being effective. It failed to unite the countries of the South Caucasus, to remove the Russian Federation from the region, and to make the European Union a real mediator in the conflict zone. The democratization of the local political regimes also failed, despite the proEuropean position of Georgia and the velvet revolution in Armenia. As a result of the Armenian-Azerbaijani war of 2020, Russian and Turkish troops entered the South Caucasus, and Russia, Turkey, and Iran started acting as peace mediators. The European Union failed to strengthen the role of the OSCE Minsk Group and the mechanisms of the Eastern Partnership in the region. Ever since 2020, it has been trying to develop a common policy for all ethnic and inter-confessional conflicts in the postSoviet space. The European Union keeps failing in its competition and partnership with Russia, while Turkey is getting more active and independent in the region. Thus, the European Union will have to develop a new model of influence in the South Caucasus and the whole post-Soviet space. In the current global confrontation, it is very important to find an international actor able and willing to interact with all parties. The European Union seems to be the one, and its actions in resolving regional conflicts require a detailed research.

Rasul S. Gurtuev, Petr A. Kuzminov, Karina A. Sundukova et al.

The article handles topical issues of the hydropower development the in Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in the 1920s–1930s. By organizing a hydrographic study of the region, the Soviet government was convinced of the design and construction effectiveness of small hydroelectric power plants as a cost-effective form of renewable energy. A five-year plan for the electrification of the region in 1925–1929 was developed, an integral part of which was the construction of a group hydroelectric station in the Malo-Kabardinsky district, in the east of the KBAO in the dry steppe zone with insufficient and unstable moisture. After laying the western canal of the Malo-Kabardinsky irrigation system, the local authorities began the construction of the Akbashskaya SHPP, which played a key role in supplying high-quality electricity to remote settlements and the first industrial enterprises of the district. Today, the use of the resources of small rivers, which form the basis of the hydrographic network of the region, will ensure the sustainable development of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and create conditions for its energy security and scientific and technical modernization of industry.

Мариэтта Тиграновна Степанянц

The Russian Oriental studies are rich and diverse in their disciplines. The focus of research activities conducted mainly at the university centres of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, and during Soviet times in the capitals of some republics (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, etc.), was largely determined by the domestic political and geopolitical interests of the Russian Empire. Thus, a philosophical aspect in oriental studies, as well as university philosophical education practical^ did not exist. The changes brought by the revolution of 1917 have greatly affected all fields of social life, including the academic milieu. The article examines a complex and contradictory path of development of the national philosophy, on the example of the Institute founded in 1921 by Gustav Gustavovich Speth (1879-1937), nowadays the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The latter has become the main focal point of the philosophical research activities in the former Soviet Union. Particular attention is paid to the liberation from the Eurocentrism inherited from imperial times concerning the spiritual heritage of the peoples of the East as a whole, and in philosophy in particular. The pivotal points of its activity became “History of Philosophy” in 3 Volumes (19411943) and “History of Philosophy” in 6 Volumes (1957-1966). The real breakthrough was the encyclopedias, such as: “The New Philosophical Encyclopedia” in 4 volumes (2001); “Indian philosophy. Encyclopedia” (2009); “The Philosophy of Buddhism: Encyclopedia” (2011). The Orientalist aspect in higher philosophical education nowadays becomes more visible. The recent international recognition of the achievements of the Russian Orientalist philosophical studies regardless of a relatively small number of specialists is largely due to their collective efforts and close cooperation.

E. Drobotushenko, Y. Lantsova, G. Kamneva et al.

The paper analyzes the processes that took place in the emigrant religious groups of Baptists in western, northeastern and northern China in the second half of the 1940s. The authors note that the problems of the history of the existence and activities of the Baptists who emigrated to the West (in 1944-1949 - the East Turkestan Republic), North-East and North China from the territory of Soviet Russia, the Far East of the USSR has not become the subject of a serious scientific analysis yet. There are not many scientific publications on the topic. This predetermined that the basis of the study was made up of archival sources. These are documents, documents of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (SA RF). It is noted that until the considered time the Baptist communities on the considered territories lived in isolation. The impetus for a change in the situation was the creation of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (AUCECB) in the USSR. This led to the stirring up of Baptist believers in the west, north and northeast of China. Some of the communities joined the AUCECB, some established contacts with it. There was correspondence with relatives and friends in the Soviet Union. There is a clear need for further study of the history of the emigrant Baptist communities in China.

Anatolij Zhitko

Introduction. The upper class of Belarus within the Russian Empire attracted the attention of researchers. However, the restrictive economic policy of the Russian government towards the nobility of the Roman Catholic faith has not been the subject of special study. The aim of the article is to identify the main aspects of the discriminative policy of the autocracy against the Catholic nobility of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methodology. The study is based on the fundamental principles of historical knowledge – historicism, objectivity, value-based approach, and traditional general scientific and concrete historical methods were used to implement the research tasks. Results. In 1858 in the Belarusian provinces the hereditary nobility made up one third of the upper class of the European part of Russia. The implementation of the “parsing the shliahta” policy led to a sharp reduction in the Catholic nobility by 1865. The government sought to economically undermine the economic activities of the Catholic nobility and equalize Russian and Catholic land ownership in the Belarusian region. This was reflected in the preferential sale of sequestered and confiscated estates, the prohibition of land purchases by Catholics, all kinds of fines and especially through contribution fee and a tax to support the Orthodox clergy. Conclusion. The government’s discriminative policy towards Catholic nobility was aimed at curbing the economic activity of “the Poles” in Belarus. The main elements of its implementation were the sequestration and confiscation of the estates of Catholics who directly or indirectly participated in the uprising of 1863–1864, various fines, the prohibition of the purchase of land holdings, contribution fee, taxes on maintaining the Orthodox Church, etc. At the same time, this policy did not lead to the expected results. At the beginning of the 20th century the Catholic nobility outnumbered the Russian nobility in land ownership.

Kayoung Ko

This article, in the 30th anniversary of the Soviet Union dissolution, is an attempt to examine how Uzbekistan, among the countries of the former Soviet Union, reinterprets its past history (mainly during the Soviet period) through an analysis of museum exhibitions. The immediate task of Uzbekistan, like other new born countries in Central Asia, which became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, was ‘nation-building’. Various ways have been sought to create the identity of an independent nation. One of them is the change of interpretation of the Soviet period. Central Asian countries are putting forward a break with the Soviet era, citing the mistakes of the Soviet central government in the past. In addition, they are trying to strengthen the solidarity of the newly independent nation and create a national identity by putting themselves as victims of political oppression. In the exhibition, Uzbekistan identifies itself with a colony conquered by the Soviet Republics. The subjects of the colonial empire include not only Tsarist Russia but also the Soviet central government. Exhibitions 1 and 2 of the Museum of Repression in Uzbekistan reconstruct the history of oppression moving from the imperial Russia, through the Bolshevik revolution, the socialist construction, Stalin counter-terrorism and post-war period to the perestroika period. The repression related to the cotton scandal is unique to Uzbekistan. And the 3rd exhibition room deals with the current development of Uzbekistan. In the Museum of Repression in Uzbekistan, the socialist revolution disappeared. And here Lenin s ideal of pursuing common prosperity by building a common home for the people that was considered to be different from imperial Russia, a prison for the people, became insignificant. The Bolsheviks changed into a plundering colonizers that are indistinguishable from the Western empires. It is portrayed only in the portrait of a harsh empire that has invaded. Likewise today s authoritarian rulers in Uzbekistan are arbitrarily interpreting the past in order to solidify their own nation-state.

C. Gourdon

The article contains a brief retrospective assessment of the reasons given by various scholars and observers for the breakdown of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev’s leadership and it situates that crisis in the larger context of history and the imperial legacy of the Russian state. It particularly looks at the issue of nationality as an ethnic, cultural and linguistic concept vis-a-vis the universalistic notion of empire as a community of destiny among diverse people. The author compares the Soviet Union’s structure as a ‘non classical’ empire to those of other European states and especially to Germany’s which has also evolved from being a loose Central and East European ‘Reich’ inspired by the Roman and Carolingian heritage – to becoming a federal nation surrounded by smaller countries that share with it ancient civilisational and political legacy. Whereas Germany is gradually asserting leadership among many of its former dependencies and in the post-Brexit European Union as a whole, Russia is led by geographical and strategic compulsions to rebuild a Eurasian confederal association with erstwhile Soviet Republics and possessions of the Tsarist Empire, in conformity with its location between the ‘West’, the Islamosphere and the Chinese world. Will Russia be able to create a synthesis between the Slav Orthodox Oikoumene envisioned by Nikolay Danilevsky and the Eurasian syncretistic model promoted by Lev Gumilyov?

Kirill Stankov

Russian historians pay more and more attention to the insuffi ciently investigated problem of history of small nations of Russia and particularly to their relations with neighbour states and their subjects and vassals in modern time. The aim of this article is to attract attention of specialists in the Russian history as well as of those who specialise in Eurasian nomadic societies to the new archive documents concerning the confrontation of Kalmyks and Nogais in the context of Russian-Turkish relations at the beginning of the 18th century. The previous studies underestimated this confl ict which vivdly illustrates the tension on the south borders of Russia since the period of Peter the Great. His government tried to resolve this border confl ict by putting diplomatic pressure on Turkey (the Kuban Horde then lived on the territory of the Turkish vassal, the Crimean Khanate), but these attempts were not eff ective. The only means to resolve this problem was to directly send military help to Kalmyks against their belligerent neighbours. However, the Russian government was not ready to take this step because it could lead to a new war with the Osman Empire.

Елизавета Евгеньевна Полянская

В статье рассматривается проблема пополнения кадров сестер милосердия Российским обществом Красного Креста (далее РОКК, Красный Крест) в 1908–1914 гг. Сестер милосердия необходимо было в случае войны направить в лечебные учреждения военного ведомства и в учреждения Красного Креста. В военном министерстве разрабатывался мобилизационный план, в состав которого входил план развертывания лечебных учреждений. Министерство направляло в главное управление Красного Креста этот план на разных этапах его разработки. РОКК в соответствии с запросом ведомства усилило работу по привлечению новых кадров сестер милосердия. Эта деятельность привела к определенным результатам. Накануне войны имелось то количество сестер, которое требовалось для пополнения лечебных учреждений Красного Креста и военного ведомства. То есть, согласно довоенному плану, в вопросе создания кадров сестер милосердия РОКК было готово к войне. Однако начавшаяся Великая война приобрела широкие масштабы, к чему не были готовы армия, промышленность, медицинская служба. Красный Крест вынужден был спешно открывать новые лечебные учреждения, срочно готовить новые кадры. Порой обязанности сестер милосердия выполняли те, кто не имел необходимого образования. Цитирование Полянская Е. Е. От Боснийского кризиса до начала Первой мировой: Российское общество Красного Креста и подготовка сестер милосердия // Славянский альманах. 2020. Вып. 1–2. С. 136–153. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.1.08

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E. H. Mikail, Yurdagül Atun, A. Atun

This study investigates mainly economic, political and social relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey. The study covers the economic improvements in the period between 1990-2005. In the study, data relating to the general economic development after the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan after 1990 are examined. Azerbaijan was one of the Republics of the former Soviet Union. After 1990 following the collapse of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, the State of Azerbaijan declared its independence. As a newly independent State, Azerbaijan had a great potential for economic relations with Turkey. Even today, this is still the case. From education to tourism, from construction sector to trade, there are Turkish companies all over Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is a member state of The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union and led by the Russian Federation. This makes it easier for Turkey to reach the CIS market via Azerbaijan, and provides a port to Europe for Azerbaijan via Turkey.

Antoni Bortnowski

Veniamin Korsak is a writer who represents the Russian literature of the first wave of emigration and is known primarily through a series of five autobiographical no- vels presenting the story of a simple man who went into German captivity during World War I and then returned to Russia, which was overwhelmed by civil war. Korsak’s works are a testimony of a “little man”, looking at reality through the prism of ordinary everyday affairs, instinctively trying to survive in the historical turmoil. This article is an attempt to show the specificity of this perspective on the basis of his novels.

Tamara Nezhina, T. Zaytseva

Artem V. Zorin

The paper deals with the problem of restoring and reestablishing of the US Embassy in post-war Czechoslovakia. The study is based on the analysis of archival papers from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation, US National Archives, and ambassador L.A. Steinhardt’s papers collection at the Library of Congress. The study analyzes difficulties in American diplomats transfer from London to Prague in 1945, the State Department’s attempts to overcome counteractions of the USSR Government. It dwells on the main life and work conditions problems, faced by the Americans after their arrival to Czechoslovakia: lack of qualified staff and organization of their work; protection and repair of the embassy building, its technical equipment; acquisition of new premises; provision of fuel and food supplies; lack of vehicles; searching for housing for the personnel; organization of communication with Washington; the establishment of relations and the resolution of conflicts with the Czechoslovak authorities, as well as with the Soviet military in Prague; interaction with the US Army command in Western Bohemia; organization of American guests visits. The study reveals role of the diplomatic mission heads and officials in the solution of the above problems. It is concluded that organizational and economic difficulties had a negative impact on the performance of the main diplomatic functions, development of political relations between the United States and the Czechoslovak Republic during its reestablishing period.