Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Gilly Carr

This paper considers authenticity at sites of Holocaust heritage through the eyes of the IHRA Charter for Safeguarding Sites, exploring the importance of authenticity for providing proof of the past and avoiding Holocaust denial and distortion. Drawing on a variety of case studies from across Europe, it examines authenticity in both physical reconstructions and restorations, as well as in the atmosphere at these sites. It concludes by asking whether arguing about the acceptability of inauthenticity and its limits is ultimately a distraction. The real problem today is Holocaust distortion, and elements at sites which contribute to that, and tell false narratives of past, are where heritage professionals at such sites should place their energies.

Gleb Zapalskii

The idea of the patriarchate in the Russian Church in different periods evoked direct or indirect associations with the monarchical principle of government. With the beginning of the Russian revolution of 1917 and of the active preparation for the Church council, this story became extremely acute and acquired current political significance. For some people, the similarity to the autocratic system compromised the idea of the patriarchate, for others it justified it. In 1917, we may see drastic changes during the discussion of this subject. In spring and summer the idea of the patriarchate was unpopular as openly or covertly monarchical, then in autumn supporters of the restoration of the patriarchate gained a clear majority at the Church council. Estimating the monarchical principle of government, they used different logic, but led to the same conclusion about the need to restore the patriarchate. In the end, the aspirations of different church circles with different political positions united around the figure of the patriarch.

Aude Aylin de Tapia

In the last decades of the Ottoman Empire, literature in the Greek alphabet, namely in Greek and in Karamanli-Turkish, experienced an important increase in terms of the number of publications as well as the proliferation of published topics and the diffusion of these publications to wherever readers were present throughout the Empire, especially in Cappadocia, but also abroad. Cappadocia – as a region inhabited by Rums for centuries – became itself a subject for expertise for those who aimed to look into the past of local Rum communities, which, for the most part, were Turkish-speaking, while a minority of Greek-speakers were observed as the heirs of Ancient Greece. While Western travellers were interested in this topic and proposed (hypothetical) theories about the origins of these communities, a series of Rum authors became central experts about Cappadocia’s history, geography and even ethnography and published several books and articles in Greek and in Karamanli-Turkish about Cappadocia. In this paper, we will follow the path of three of them: Nikolaos S. Rizos (1838–1895), Anastasios Levidis (1834–1918), and Ioannis Kalfoglou (1871–1931). Through the analysis of their biographies and writings, I will try to understand what the main motivations of these authors were to write about Cappadocia, why and how they became experts in this topic, what kinds of interactions they had with other authors writing about Cappadocia, and to what extent Cappadocia became a field of expertise and these authors experts in this field.

رحیم پاک نژاد

Andrei Usachev

The author has made an attempt to find out the metropolitan Dionisii’s status in the world and the place of taking him the monastic vows. Earlier he was the abbot of the Novgorod Spaso-Khutynskii monastery. On the base of some historical sources the author makes presupposition that Dionisii soon after taking the monastic vows became the abbot of the Otenskii monastery protected by the secular and the church authorities in the third quarter of the 16th century. There are data about Dionisii’s son - the priest Matfey who took the monastic vows and following the father went to the Spaso-Khutynskii monastery. The son must have inherited the father’s status in the world. Thus Dionisii was from the white clergy. This promoted his turbulent career. In the world he could already acquired many skills which were necessary for the leaders of the church. The epidemics of the 1560-70s could also play their role: a lot of elderly experienced monks who could became abbots and bishops dead. Soon after taking the monastic vows no later than the august of 1572 Dionisii became the abbot of the important Otenskii monastery. After that probably thanks to the acquaintance with Ivan IV no later than the 26th October of 1577 he became the abbot of the Spaso-Khutynskii monastery and then the metropolitan. Taking into consideration that after his dismissal in 1586 he lived for 18 years the author presupposes that he became the abbot and metropolitan in the relatively early age. The research is based on the data from the chronicles, acts, colophons and the records on the objects of church art.

Figen Akay

Geçmişten bugüne insanların başından geçen hadiseler, anlatı esasına dayalı sanat dallarıyla ifade edilmiştir. Bu sanatlardan birisi de romandır. 17. yüzyılda kendisini bir sanat dalı olarak kabul ettiren roman, diğer anlatım türlerinde olduğu gibi kendine has bir yapı ve mantığa sahiptir. Romanın hareket noktası tarih, psikoloji, felsefe, tiyatro, sosyoloji gibi insanla ilgili alanlardır. Bu bağlamda Gırnâta halkının yaşadıklarını roman sanatına taşıyan yazarlardan biri de Ahmed Emîn İlive’dir. Yazar, Endülüs’teki Müslümanların son kalesi olan Gırnâta şehrinin 1492 yılında İspanyollar tarafından işgal edilmesi sonrasında Hristiyanlaştırma faaliyetleri çerçevesinde Müslümanların maruz kaldıkları baskı ve zulümleri el-’Endelüsiyyü’l-’Aḫîr adlı romanında kaleme almıştır. Romanda, Müslüman kimliklerini saklayarak hayatta kalma mücadelesi veren insanların içinde bulundukları durum çeşitli açılardan ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışma ile el-’Endelüsiyyü’l-’Aḫîr isimli eserin teknik ve tematik açıdan incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Buna göre girişte, öncelikle roman sanatının tanımı ve işlevi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Devamında söz konusu roman, içeriği bakımından tanıtılmış ve romandaki hikâyenin geçtiği Benî Ahmer Devleti hakkında kısa tarihî bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde romanın teknik incelemesi başlığı altında roman, adı, şahıs kadrosu, olay örgüsü, anlatıcı ve bakış açısı, zaman, mekân, dil ve üslup ile anlatım teknikleri açısından incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise engizisyon mahkemesinin yaptırımları, Moriskoların Müslüman kimliklerini saklama çabası ve Gırnâta’nın savaşılmadan teslim edilmesi gibi konuları bakımından romanın tematik incelemesine yer verilmiştir.

Ivan Macut

With an introduction and conclusion, the article is divided into seven parts in which some theological and pastoral themes of the Ecumenical Charter and the teachings of Pope Francis and other popes on them are presented. The first part deals with the theme Trinity and visible unity. The second part emphasises the ecumenically very important topics, namely recognition of Baptism and the Eucharist. The third part speaks on mixed marriages. Fourth and fifth parts speak on the topics of common proclamation and purification of memory. Sixth part reiterates the themes recognition of gifts and mutual prayer. The seventh part deals with topics on migrants and the created world. The conclusion emphasises that the themes Charta Oecumenica of the 2001 are still relevant today. With his documents and speeches, Pope Francis touches on all the themes mentioned in the Charta. All this tells us that even today the Charta Oecumenica is an important document for the Churches in Europe.

Hamidreza Pashazanous

In the first half of the sixth century AD, northern China was riven by internal conflict, and in the south, there was a period of peace. The Liang dynasty ruled large parts of southern China from 502 to 557, and their capital hosted foreign monks and merchants. In this period, the historical sources from the Liang period provide us important information about the relations between China and Iran in the Sassanid period. In addition to Liangshu, which reports that the Persian king sent an ambassador to Liang's court in 530, 533, and 535 A.D., Liang Zhigongtu contains a portrait and an inscription of Sasanian Persia and its ambassador which is very interesting. In these sources, for the first time, information about the name of the founder of the Sassanid dynasty and a prince named Qituo is mentioned, which is unique in its kind. Researchers have not yet paid attention to this information or have not been careful in finding their equivalents. Thus, the present article tries to examine this information. Furthermore, while Khosrow Anushirvan was practically the ruler of the country during the last years of the Sassanid Ghobad rule, the inscription of Zhigongtu mentions Qituo who sent an ambassador to Liang's court. Comparing the above inscription with Pahlavi and Islamic texts implies that this prince is Khosrow I.

Ruslan Savchuk

The article analyses church-related and historical publications of the Ukrainian Diaspora dedicated to the celebration of the “Millennium of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine”. These publications were of great importance for the formation of the worldview of scientists in the Ukraine in the conditions of the fall of the ideological barrier and the formation of an independent state. The author draws attention to the acute polemical orientation in the works of Diaspora historians. This orientation is only sometimes balanced by an objective scientifi c approach. The article examines the mental stereotypes of authors from the Diaspora, formed in the conditions of life outside the homeland, which result in historical myths. The emphasis on tolerance and overcoming confessional borders for the benefi t of the people and the national idea is characteristic. The author also draws attention to the peculiarities of the methodology used by historians from the Ukrainian Diaspora in assessing historical facts. The emphasis on the national idea devalues the sacred space of the Church in the eyes of Diaspora historians. The Church becomes the “spiritual property of the people”. Based on the analysis of the presented literature, it is concluded that the axiological antithesis of “own” (“Ukrainian”) and “hostile” (“Russian”) is formed.

Maria Papadopoulou, Andromache Gazi

The chemistry- and physics-based approach of conservation has led to the view that conservator-restorers use quantitative criteria which provide objective choices. Today, however, there is a shift of focus from material-centred to people-oriented approaches within the field of heritage preservation. This shift leads to a redefinition of the conservation-restoration field and its ethics in relation to society and calls for the adoption of diverse methodologies. Within this context, this paper discusses the qualitative factors which inform decision-making processes in conservation-restoration practice. More specifically, the paper examines the case of the so called “Tower of the Winds” in Athens and looks at the quality parameters which informed conservation-restoration work carried out at the Tower during 2014-2015. Overall, it is shown that the prominence of the quality parameters which inform contemporary conservation-restoration practice reveals the subjective dimension of conservation-restoration choices. The research has also showed that current trends tend to emphasize the historical rather than the aesthetic or other values of monuments.

Samid Bağırov

İraqın Nəcəf şəhərində yerləşən dini-elmi mərkəz min ilə yaxındır, fəaliyyət göstərir. Şeyxüt-taifə Tusi Nəcəfə köçdükdən sonra bu şəhər bir məzarlıqdan şəhərə çevrildi. Alimin burada dini-elmi mərkəz açaraq, ictihad prosesini sürətləndirən üslublarla tədrisə başlaması digər bölgələrin alimlərini də cəzb etdi. Şeyx Tusidən sonra Nəcəf mərkəzinin elmi inkişafında birəsrlik durğunluq dövrü yaransa da, bu, ibn İdris Hillinin zamanına qədər davam etdi və daha sonra buveyhilərin və səfəvilərin dövlət dəstəyi dini-elmi mərkəzin fəaliyyətini artırdı. XVI əsrdə dini-elmi mərkəzin dərslik mətnləri ərsəyə gəlsə də növbəti durğunluq dövrü yarandı. Bu, Nəcəfdə əxbariliyin yayılması ilə bağlı idi. XVIII əsrdə üsuli alimlər əxbariləri üstələdilər və ictihad prosesini yeni rasional qaydalarla sürətləndirən bir dini-elmi cərəyan yaratdılar.

Jacek Dąbrowski

Dziedzictwo przemysłowe jest często traktowane jako gorsza kategoria samego dziedzictwa. Przyczyny takiego stanu rzeczy powinno doszukiwać się w braku niezbędnej wiedzy technicznej ("komponent techniczny") i niezrozumieniu wartości dziedzictwa przemysłowego. Konsekwencją tego jest akceptowane, a nawet celowe przemieszczenie. Każda próba opisania dziedzictwa przemysłowego przy pomocy podejścia naukowego jest błędem, ponieważ to "komponent techniczny " badań wskazywane jest jako kluczowy dla określenia wartość dziedzictwa przemysłowego. Pozwala to zrozumieć zależność między kształtem, formą i umiejscowieniem budynków przemysłowych z ich maszynami i urządzeniami technologicznymi, a także związek między układem przestrzennym kompleksu przemysłowego a wymaganiami komunikacyjnymi wewnątrz zakładów przemysłowych i jego połączenie ze światem zewnętrznym. Dziedzictwo przemysłu regulują cztery podstawowe kierunki zmian: - Rewitalizacja, - Restauracja, - Porzucenie, - Likwidacja. Rewitalizacja lub restauracja często odbywa się w sposób najbardziej brutalny – wyburzenie wszystkiego, co jest historyczną pozostałością po fabrycznym układzie i budowa centrum handlowego w tak "wyczyszczonym" miejscu. Ponadto, stara nazwa taka jak "drukarnia", "browar", "manufaktura" jest często zachowywana. Istnieją również pozytywne przykłady rewitalizacji, np. właściwe podejście do autentyczności historycznej konstrukcji przemysłowej. Porzucenie i likwidacja zaprzeczają prawu istnienia dziedzictwa przemysłowego, zmniejszając jego wartość.

Hasan Yerkazan

Seyyid Kutub tarafından kaleme alınan “Fî zilâli’l-Kur’ân”, ictimaîtefsir ekolünün bakış açısıyla yazılmış bir tefsirdir. Bu eser, Kur’ân’ıngölgesinde toplumun ıslahını, huzur ve mutluluğunu temin etmek amacıylayazılmıştır. Klasik tefsir anlayışının dışında farklı bir uslupla yazılan bu kitap,birçok dile tercüme edilerek kısa bir sürede İslâm dünyasında yayılmıştır. Fîzilâli’l-Kur’ân, gündelik hayata dokunması ve toplumsal sorunlara Kur’ân vehadîslerle doğrudan çözüm bulmaya çalışması yönüyle rağbet görmüştür. Bubağlamda tefsir sahasına yeni bir soluk getiren ve belli konularda referansalınan bu tefsirde bulunan hadîslerin kaynağını ve sıhhatini bilmek büyük önemarz etmektedir. İşte bu makalede, Fî zilâli’l-Kur’ân’da bulunanrivâyetlerin istatistiksel kaynak ve sıhhat analizi yapılarak tablolariçerisinde takdim edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Rivâyetlerin büyük çoğunluğunun temelhadis kaynaklarında olduğu ve sıhhat açısından bir sorununun olmadığı görülmüştür.

Antoni Oleksicki

This article briefly describes the history of historic preservation service in Poland after the year 1918. The author attempts to set out justifiable reasons behind the fact that historic preservation service is subordinate to the Minister of Culture and National Heritage. This subordinance was established between World Wars and right after the transformation in 1989, i.e. in the years 1991–1996. After this time, solutions used in socialism were readopted and hence, it was not possible to standardise protection of historic monuments and sites in Poland. The main message emerging from this article is that the bodies of historic preservation service should be subordinate to the General Historic Preservation Officer. Consequently, the structure will become less ambiguous: currently, in terms of merits, Regional Historic Preservation Officers are responsible to General Historic Preservation Officer. In administrative aspects, however, they are subordinate to governors of particular regions.

İsmail Metin

Oryantalizm ve oryantalistler, tarih boyunca İslamı kendi zihin dünyasına göre anlamış ve bu yönde çalışmalar yapmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışmalar ilmi eserler, ansiklopediler, kitaplar, makaleler başta olmak üzere, yazılı ve görsel basında da yer almıştır. Bu makale, oryantalizmin önemli merkezlerinden olan Fransada, özellikle yazılı basında, başta İslam, Kuran-ı Kerim, Hz. Muhammed olmak üzere dini değerlerin medya tarafından algılanış biçimini, karikatür ve film provokasyonları bağlamında tarihsel bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutmak amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır.

محمدتقی ایمان‌پور, زهرا کائید

Sassanids who came to power in Iran following the victory of Ardashir Pabakan over the Ardavan the fourth, established a kingdom that became one of the most important and flourishing kingdoms of ancient time. Not only from a political point of view, but also from cultural and scientific positions, this period was an important era in ancient history of Iran. In this regard we can mention evolution of national culture, development of science and establishment of scientific and academic centers, including academic city of Gundešapur in south-western Iran which was already famous in ancient time and was symbol for other medical centers. In this paper it has been tried, based on ancient historical documents and Islamic Geographers' reports and modern researches and by using historical methods, to examine the cultural and scientific position of Gundešapur in Iran's ancient history. For this purpose, we will have a look at the construction of this city by Sassanid kings and examine the toponym of the city and then, we will investigate the academic and medical position of the city.

Boris Barth

Biriukova Iuliia

The article studies the attitude of the Southeast Russian Church Council toward rather an inhomogeneous politically White Movement. This council took place in Stavropol in 1919. Various socio-political forces, represented at the council, tried to take advantage of that assembly in order to use its authority for political causes, but the council successfully ignored such attempts. According to the council the main purpose of the Church was to work constructively in a religious and moral sphere. Since the White Army became an ally of the Church in its struggle with militant atheism, the leader of the White Movement General Anton Denikin was the only political fi gure who received a special support from the council

Beglov Aleksandr

The article covers one of little-investigated episodes of the preparation of an orthodox parish’s reform in Russian Empire on the eve of the revolution of 1917. In the center of an author’s attention - the work of the Special conference for the project’s development of an orthodox parish. The Special conference was established at the St. Synod in 1907 and continued the works of the Preceding the Local council Office on a parish question. The author studies the circumstances of a conference’s establishment, its structure, the mechanism of functioning and the basic features of the generated project of an orthodox parish, guardianships and brotherhoods.

Daniel Bogner