Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

P. Demoly, N. Adkinson, K. Brockow et al.

M. Rudwaleit, D. Heijde, R. Landewé et al.

R. Hogg, V. Lima, J. Sterne et al.

BACKGROUND Combination antiretroviral therapy has led to significant increases in survival and quality of life, but at a population-level the effect on life expectancy is not well understood. Our objective was to compare changes in mortality and life expectancy among HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy. METHODS The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration is a multinational collaboration of HIV cohort studies in Europe and North America. Patients were included in this analysis if they were aged 16 years or over and antiretroviral-naive when initiating combination therapy. We constructed abridged life tables to estimate life expectancies for individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, and stratified by sex, baseline CD4 cell count, and history of injecting drug use. The average number of years remaining to be lived by those treated with combination antiretroviral therapy at 20 and 35 years of age was estimated. Potential years of life lost from 20 to 64 years of age and crude mortality rates were also calculated. FINDINGS 18 587, 13 914, and 10 854 eligible patients initiated combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, respectively. 2056 (4.7%) deaths were observed during the study period, with crude mortality rates decreasing from 16.3 deaths per 1000 person-years in 1996-99 to 10.0 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2003-05. Potential years of life lost per 1000 person-years also decreased over the same time, from 366 to 189 years. Life expectancy at age 20 years increased from 36.1 (SE 0.6) years to 49.4 (0.5) years. Women had higher life expectancies than did men. Patients with presumed transmission via injecting drug use had lower life expectancies than did those from other transmission groups (32.6 [1.1] years vs 44.7 [0.3] years in 2003-05). Life expectancy was lower in patients with lower baseline CD4 cell counts than in those with higher baseline counts (32.4 [1.1] years for CD4 cell counts below 100 cells per muL vs 50.4 [0.4] years for counts of 200 cells per muL or more). INTERPRETATION Life expectancy in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy increased between 1996 and 2005, although there is considerable variability between subgroups of patients. The average number of years remaining to be lived at age 20 years was about two-thirds of that in the general population in these countries.

M. Antrop

E. Knochenhauer, T. Key, M. Kahsar-Miller et al.

P. Taylor, P. Hirst, Grahame F. Thompson

D. Kazandjian

Michael Birk, P. Bauerfeind, P. Deprez et al.

Mariusz Wollny

Autor powieści historycznych ukazujących Kraków w XVI w. korzysta z licznych opracowań ukazujących ówczesne życie mieszkańców i funkcjonowanie władz miejskich. Pisząc o Krakowie okresu Młodej Polski przełomu XIX/XX w., mimo popularności tej epoki, autor zmuszony jest sprawdzić w archiwaliach realia pracy c.k. policji, których autentyczność jest walorem powieści.

Christopher Viot, J. Wendel

Abstract Gossypium, the cotton genus, includes ∼50 species distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of all continents except Europe. Here we provide a synopsis of the evolutionary history of Gossypium and domestication of the American allopolyploid species, integrating data from fundamental taxonomic investigations, biogeography, molecular genetics, phylogenetic analysis, and archaeology. These diverse sources of information provide a temporal and phylogenetic perspective on diversification among the diploids and on polyploid formation, uncover multiple previously cryptic interspecific hybridizations, clarify and contribute to the taxonomy of the genus, and offer a firm foundation for understanding parallel domestications in Mesoamerica and South America, which led to the globally important cotton crop species G. barbadense and G. hirsutum. Gossypium thus offers a testimonial example of the importance and utility of fundamental botanical discovery combined with modern technological capabilities to generate genomic insights into evolutionary history. We also review the current state of our knowledge regarding the archaeological history of cotton domestication and diffusion in the Americas, a seemingly unlikely story entailing parallel domestication origins and parallel directional selection tracing to 8,000 (G. barbadense) and 5,500 (G. hirsutum) years ago, transforming two geographically isolated wild short-day perennial shrubs having small capsules and seeds covered by short, tan-colored epidermal trichomes into modern daylength-neutral annuals bearing abundant, fine, strong white fibers. This dual domestication was followed several millennia later by unintentional and more recently intentional interspecific introgression, as the two species came into contact following their initial domestication in different hemispheres. Thus, the cycle of species divergence and biological reunion was reiterated, this time at the allopolyploid level. Understanding this evolutionary history is vitally important to our understanding of the genomic architecture of the world’s most important fiber plant and contributes substantially to our understanding of general biological principles.

Fabio Saggioro

A. I. Solovev

The paper revises the traditional view at the travel writings of the era of Peter the Great. They are usually considered as naive works, and content of these works as identical to the biographies of it’s authors. The method of historical and linguistic research of V.M.Zhivov on the language of Russian writing is applied to the material of travelogues. The main purpose is to account for the pragmatics of the utterance in travel literature as in a phenomenon synthesizing heterogeneous features in principle and in the transitional Peter’s Era in particular. The paper is focused on the notes of the diplomat A.A.Matveev, compiled by him for himself as a result of his journey from the Hague to Paris (1705–1706). The narrative technique in Matveev’s text is examined (descriptions of the monuments of the French capital and the inscriptions to them in Latin), and it is shown that we should not reduce the function of Matveev’s work to purely diplomatic tasks of his actual journey. The descriptions recorded in Matveev’s text were politically charged: the author not only collected samples of inscriptions, but also demonstrated a new way for Russia to glorify the reigning monarch. This peculiar collection of Matveev is also considered in the context of cultural phenomena that were relevant at the beginning of the 18th century: private and court collections of rarities, embossing of commemorative medals, etc. The conclusion is made that borrowed elements change their function in the travelogue. In the historical and literary perspective, we must bring such works as Matveev’s notes out of the zone of marginal literary phenomena. In general, this allows us to see the key trends of the transitional period of the history of Russian literature. It is more appropriate to consider these processes not to state the Western European origin of individual elements of culture, but to analyze their pragmatics associated with the demarcation from the old Russian culture.

Benoît Maréchaux

B. Lenz, Z. Katsarava, R. Gil-Gouveia et al.

Background Lifting The Burden (LTB) and European Headache Federation (EHF) have developed a set of headache service quality indicators, successfully tested in specialist headache centres. Their intended application includes all levels of care. Here we assess their implementation in primary care. Methods We included 28 primary-care clinics in Germany (4), Turkey (4), Latvia (5) and Portugal (15). To implement the indicators, we interviewed 111 doctors, 92 nurses and medical assistants, 70 secretaries, 27 service managers and 493 patients, using the questionnaires developed by LTB and EHF. In addition, we evaluated 675 patients’ records. Enquiries were in nine domains: diagnosis, individualized management, referral pathways, patient education and reassurance, convenience and comfort, patient satisfaction, equity and efficiency of headache care, outcome assessment and safety. Results The principal finding was that Implementation proved feasible and practical in primary care. In the process, we identified significant quality deficits. Almost everywhere, histories of headache, especially temporal profiles, were captured and/or assessed inaccurately. A substantial proportion (20%) of patients received non-specific ICD codes such as R51 (“headache”) rather than specific headache diagnoses. Headache-related disability and quality of life were not part of routine clinical enquiry. Headache diaries and calendars were not in use. Waiting times were long (e.g., about 60 min in Germany). Nevertheless, most patients (> 85%) expressed satisfaction with their care. Almost all the participating clinics provided equitable and easy access to treatment, and follow-up for most headache patients, without unnecessary barriers. Conclusions The study demonstrated that headache service quality indicators can be used in primary care, proving both practical and fit for purpose. It also uncovered quality deficits leading to suboptimal treatment, often due to a lack of knowledge among the general practitioners. There were failures of process also. These findings signal the need for additional training in headache diagnosis and management in primary care, where most headache patients are necessarily treated. More generally, they underline the importance of headache service quality evaluation in primary care, not only to identify-quality failings but also to guide improvements. This study also demonstrated that patients’ satisfaction is not, on its own, a good indicator of service quality.

Ricard García Orallo

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Anastasiia Korokhina

Результаты первых раскопок поселения Бондариха-2, положенные в основу выделения одноименной культуры, только отчасти введены в научный оборот. В работе произведена реконструкция данных, полученных по горизонту эпохи финальной бронзы в ходе исследований 1951, 1953 гг., давших наиболее информативные результаты. Памятник расположен в 1,3 км на восток от окраины г. Изюм Харьковской обл., на краю боровой террасы левого берега Северского Донца. В 1951 г. его раскопки проводили И.Ф. Левицкий и Д.Я. Телегин, в 1953 г. – В.А. Ильинская и А.И. Тереножкин. Общая исследованная площадь составила 366 кв.м. Особый интерес представляет комплекс жилища №1. В ходе повторной обработки коллекции был восстановлен состав находок в рамках двух скоплений в его придонной части (ниже 1 м от современной поверхности). Скопление около очага содержало фрагменты посуды, кремневые изделия, производственный инвентарь, возможно, маркирующий рабочую зону. Аналогичен состав находок в скоплении у северо-восточной стены. В заполнении котлована, выше придонного слоя, обнаружены известные литейные матрицы (два фрагмента и целая с негативами кельтов). К бондарихинскому горизонту отнесены минимум девять ям, состав находок в которых также реконструирован в ходе повторной обработки коллекции. Дискуссионна культурная атрибуция кремационного погребения 1 в раскопе 1, не содержавшего выразительный инвентарь. Дальнейшей обработки требует коллекция изделий из кремня, кости и рога. Согласно схеме Ю.В. Буйнова, поселение представляет средний этап культуры, датированный в рамках середины XI–Х вв. до н.э. По В.И. Клочко, хронология завадовской металлургической традиции, представленной типами бондарихинских кельтов, определена XII-XI вв. до н.э., что в комплексе с данными по керамике могло бы сузить дату памятника до ХI в. до н.э. В хронологической схеме В.С. Бочкарева Бондариха включена в завадовскую группу позднебелозерского времени, верхняя дата которой определена рубежом Х/XI ст. до н.э. Анализ керамики позволяет предположить раннюю позицию памятника в рамках среднего этапа культуры.

Seija Johnson

Karlo Mak

Etnički sastav stanovništva Boke kotorske moguće je pouzdanije pratiti tek od 1948. godine. Naime, prijašnjim popisima nisu se prikupljali podaci o narodnosti, tj. nacionalnoj pripadnosti. Sve što se za ranije razdoblje može razmatrati jest udio pojedine vjeroispovijesti u ukupnom broju stanovnika ili sastav stanovništva na temelju jezične odrednice. Ispravnim se čini pretpostavka da je starosjedilačko stanovništvo Boke, barem od 15. stoljeća, bilo katoličko. Osmanlijskim osvajanjima sve je više prisutno pravoslavlje, napose u geografskom zaleđu zaljeva. Pritom se mogu detektirati tri bitne opreke u odnosu katoličanstva i pravoslavlja: mletački (jugoistok) naspram osmanlijskom (sjeverozapad) teritoriju, prostor priobalja i zaleđa te odnos urbanog i ruralnog. Kontinuiran rast broja pravoslavnih, uglavnom zahvaljujući migracijama, vrlo rano je doveo do njihove apsolutne većine u zaleđu, a početkom 20. stoljeća i u priobalnim bokeljskim gradovima. Od 1948. do 1991. godine, većinsko stanovništvo Boke kotorske bili su Crnogorci. Broj Srba podložan je najizrazitijim fluktuacijama, udio Hrvata kontinuirano se smanjuje, dok se na brojnost Jugoslavena direktno odražavaju jugoslavenske svakodnevne prilike. Uslijed raspada zajedničke države, jugoslavenska je nacija izgubila najveći udio svog nacionalnog korpusa. Istovremeno, Jugoslaveni doživljavaju identitetsko nasilje kakvo nijedan Crnogorac, Hrvat ili Srbin u Jugoslaviji nisu doživjeli. Stoga, izrazito raste broj nacionalno neopredijeljenog stanovništva. U njima valja tražiti prijašnje Jugoslavene čija nacija, čini se, nakon uspostave nacionalističkih režima 1990-ih godina, gubi pravo na postojanje. Konačno, etnički sastav Boke kotorske bio je podložan velikim fluktuacijama uslijed promjena upravne vlasti, migracija, ratova itd. Posljedično, danas je Zaljev etnički izrazito heterogen prostor i to ne samo zaljev u cjelini, već i svaka njegova općina ponaosob.

A. Klein, S. Lindström, Julie B. Mendelsohn et al.

Purpose We developed an absolute risk model to identify individuals in the general population at elevated risk of pancreatic cancer. Patients and Methods Using data on 3,349 cases and 3,654 controls from the PanScan Consortium, we developed a relative risk model for men and women of European ancestry based on non-genetic and genetic risk factors for pancreatic cancer. We estimated absolute risks based on these relative risks and population incidence rates. Results Our risk model included current smoking (multivariable adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval: 2.20 [1.84–2.62]), heavy alcohol use (>3 drinks/day) (OR: 1.45 [1.19–1.76]), obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m2) (OR: 1.26 [1.09–1.45]), diabetes >3 years (nested case-control OR: 1.57 [1.13–2.18], case-control OR: 1.80 [1.40–2.32]), family history of pancreatic cancer (OR: 1.60 [1.20–2.12]), non-O ABO genotype (AO vs. OO genotype) (OR: 1.23 [1.10–1.37]) to (BB vs. OO genotype) (OR 1.58 [0.97–2.59]), rs3790844(chr1q32.1) (OR: 1.29 [1.19–1.40]), rs401681(5p15.33) (OR: 1.18 [1.10–1.26]) and rs9543325(13q22.1) (OR: 1.27 [1.18–1.36]). The areas under the ROC curve for risk models including only non-genetic factors, only genetic factors, and both non-genetic and genetic factors were 58%, 57% and 61%, respectively. We estimate that fewer than 3/1,000 U.S. non-Hispanic whites have more than a 5% predicted lifetime absolute risk. Conclusion Although absolute risk modeling using established risk factors may help to identify a group of individuals at higher than average risk of pancreatic cancer, the immediate clinical utility of our model is limited. However, a risk model can increase awareness of the various risk factors for pancreatic cancer, including modifiable behaviors.