Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Corentin Barloy, Michaël Cadilhac, Kyle Ockerlund

In single-core processors, when multiple processes execute concurrently, they are, in practice, intertwined by a scheduler as a single thread of execution. The language-theoretic operation that corresponds to this is the shuffle of two languages: in general, this is defined as the set of words obtained by interleaving words from the first and second language in an arbitrary fashion. It is well known that regular languages are closed under shuffles, while context-free languages (CFL) are not. Following an established line of research, this paper considers shufflings according to regular "trajectories", that is, subject to scheduling constraints expressed by an automaton. Unsurprisingly, some trajectories, such as "a word from the first language first, then a word from the second", allow for CFLs to be shuffled into CFLs, while some other trajectories do not. This paper provides a robust toolset to show that a given trajectory would always shuffle two nonregular CFLs into a nonCFL. In the case of deterministic CFLs (DCFLs), a salient trichotomy of trajectories depending on how they shuffle DCFLs is provided. These results are based on intricate expressiveness lemmas for CFLs and DCFLs of independent interest, the latter lemma relying on a recent result of Jančar and Šíma (MFCS'2021).

David van Balen, Tiziano De Matteis, Clemens Grelck et al.

Parallel functional array languages are an emerging class of programming languages that promise to combine low-effort parallel programming with good performance and performance portability. We systematically compare the designs and implementations of five different functional array languages: Accelerate, APL, DaCe, Futhark, and SaC. We demonstrate the expressiveness of functional array programming by means of four challenging benchmarks, namely N-body simulation, MultiGrid, Quickhull, and Flash Attention. These benchmarks represent a range of application domains and parallel computational models. We argue that the functional array code is much shorter and more comprehensible than the hand-optimized baseline implementations because it omits architecture-specific aspects. Instead, the language implementations generate both multicore and GPU executables from a single source code base. Hence, we further argue that functional array code could more easily be ported to, and optimized for, new parallel architectures than conventional implementations of numerical kernels. We demonstrate this potential by reporting the performance of the five parallel functional array languages on a total of 39 instances of the four benchmarks on both a 32-core AMD EPYC 7313 multicore system and on an NVIDIA A30 GPU. We explore in-depth why each language performs well or not so well on each benchmark and architecture. We argue that the results demonstrate that mature functional array languages have the potential to deliver performance competitive with the best available conventional techniques.

A. Giorgi, F. Pianesi

N. Nesterova, Evgeniya Naugolnykh

The article explores the linguistic peculiarities of the works of James Joyce, known for his passion for experimenting with the means of expressing creative intent in pursuit of the ultimate realization of the potential of his native language. It highlights the author’s creative techniques, such as musicalization, blending, interlingual puns, deconstruction of words, inten tional grammar errors, and many more. A structural analysis was employed to examine several ‘deformed’ lexical units found in Joyce’s works “Ulyss es” and “Finnegans Wake”. Despite adhering to conventional word- build ing patterns, the rich semantic complexity inherent in Joyce’s poetics poses significant challenges for interpreting these neologisms in the source language. The translations of the novel “Finnegans Wake” into German by Beck and Stündel have been analyzed. The results of the comparative analysis of English (original) lexical innovations and their equivalents in German are presented, facilitating a comparison of the lexical systems’ capabilities in both Germanic languages. It is noted that the genetic relationship between the German and English languages allows for a more pronounced demonstration of the writer’s word-formation technique in translation. This becomes particularly evident when comparing the German versions of Joyce’s works with their translations into other languages, including Russian.

Markus Lasch

O artigo aborda os dramas acerca do herói grego, herdeiro das armas de Héracles, concebidos por Sófocles e Heiner Müller. No que concerne à tragédia grega, a relação com o ritual sacrificial pelos estudos de Walter Burkert dá o ensejo a uma leitura alternativa da fala final, ex machina, de Héracles e, com isso, de término e sentido do drama. No caso de Müller, discute-se, para além de diferenças e continuidades em relação ao modelo grego, a atualidade da peça em tempos de encruzilhada.

Daniël Van Olmen

This article investigates the forms and functions of adjectival intensification in West Germanic. With corpus data from different discourse types, we challenge claims that German tends to use synthetic means and Dutch is between German and English but more like English in its preference for analytic ones. Our results show that all three languages, and Afrikaans too, favor analytic intensifiers but also that only English employs synthetic ones to a lesser extent. The other languages are found to use synthetic forms more especially in literature. The study also offers corpus-based support for an earlier hypothesis that both English and German prefer amplifying to downtoning adjectives. We show that this tendency exists more pronouncedly in Afrikaans and Dutch too and that English speech stands out with more functionally ambiguous intensifiers. The article also explores possible explanations for its findings in (dis)similarities in word formation, discourse types’ linguistic potential and politeness

Purkarthofer Judith

Aleksandra Belkind

Extraposition in OV Germanic languages is a complicated phenomenon, which has been analyzed in different ways—as a result of rightward movement, as base generation of extraposing items to the right, and as a result of raising of predicative elements. The most common type of item in extraposition is CP, but also PPs and heavy adjuncts are attested in extraposition in Modern German. Early New High German (ENHG) material adds complexity to this topic, since it shows much more widespread extraposition, allowed for arguments as well. In this article, I propose a twofold analysis of extraposition in ENHG. Based on DP-extraposition to the predicate, I argue that in certain cases extraposition can result from rightward movement of an extraposing XP, while in other cases it is raising of the particle to position adjoined to vP, which leaves XP in overt extraposition to the predicate.

S. Wurmbrand

C. Müller, Clara Ulrich Eggers

Adjuncts and relative clauses are traditionally classified as strong islands for extraction across languages. However, the Mainland Scandinavian (MSc.) languages have been reported to differ from e.g., English in allowing extraction from adjunct and relative clauses. In order to investigate the distribution of possible island extractions in these languages based on naturally produced material, we conducted two exploratory corpus studies on adjunct and relative clause extraction in Danish and in English. Results suggest that both extraction from finite adjuncts and from relative clauses appears at a non-trivial rate in naturally produced Danish, which supports the claim that these structures are not strong islands in Danish. In English, we also found a non-trivial amount of examples displaying extraction from finite adjuncts, as well as a small number of cases of relative clause extraction. This finding presents a potential challenge to the claim that English differs from MSc. in never allowing extraction from strong islands. Furthermore, our results show that both languages appear to share certain trends that can be observed in the extraction examples regarding the type of extraction dependency, the type of adjunct clause featured in adjunct clause extraction, and the type of matrix predicate featured in relative clause extraction.

Yasemin Yıldız

Viktoria Kaziaba, Tatiana Burkova

The authors conducted the present study across onomastics and social-, gender-, Internet,- and psycho-linguistics. The paper analyzes virtual anthroponyms (so-called nicknames or usernames) that are result from self-nominations by German speaking adolescent girls on the social Internet services Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Flickr, Pinterest, and TikTok. The study material covers four years (2017–2020) and examines 2,363 nicknames, as well as the accompanying personal metadata of 11–17-year-old users along with the results of online and offline interviews with informants. The paper seeks the main goal and hypothesis of t finding a correlation between the gender-age characteristics of adolescent Internet users and their linguistic embodiment in virtual communication in the form of self-nominations. The authors study and describe nicknames based on the positions of their semantic motivation and meaning, nominative potential, structural and grammatical design, and graphic organization. The linguocultural component of virtual self-nominations receives special emphasis. In addition, the authors provide the results of an experiment to determine the stability of nicknames over time. A descriptive linguistic analysis of the data reveals clear trends in the creation of self-nominations by adolescent girls. The authors discovered different specific gender and age markers through the lens of virtual anthroponyms: formation of self-concept against the background of striving for an emphasized individualization and simultaneous need for social acceptance, distinctly feminine manifestations, a tendency to positive or overestimated self-esteem, and increased interest in the pubertal phase. The users are equally inclined to deanonymize and to anonymize their personalities in the web space. However, in both cases, it is particularly important for girls to transfer their original self-nominative intentions to nicknames. The development of cognitive abilities and critical thinking by adolescent girls is manifested in linguistic creativity and involvement in the problematic or cultural context of interest.

Kartik Singhal, Kesha Hietala, Sarah Marshall et al.

Q# is a standalone domain-specific programming language from Microsoft for writing and running quantum programs. Like most industrial languages, it was designed without a formal specification, which can naturally lead to ambiguity in its interpretation. We aim to provide a formal language definition for Q#, placing the language on a solid mathematical foundation and enabling further evolution of its design and type system. This paper presents $λ$-Q#, an idealized version of Q# that illustrates how we may view Q# as a quantum Algol (algorithmic language). We show the safety properties enforced by $λ$-Q#'s type system and present its equational semantics based on a fully complete algebraic theory by Staton.

Léo Poirier, Wolfgang Steiner

A set of words, also called a language, is letter-balanced if the number of occurrences of each letter only depends on the length of the word, up to a constant. Similarly, a language is factor-balanced if the difference of the number of occurrences of any given factor in words of the same length is bounded. The most prominent example of a letter-balanced but not factor-balanced language is given by the Thue-Morse sequence. We establish connections between the two notions, in particular for languages given by substitutions and, more generally, by sequences of substitutions. We show that the two notions essentially coincide when the sequence of substitutions is proper. For the example of Thue-Morse-Sturmian languages, we give a full characterisation of factor-balancedness.

C. Bardel, Ylva Falk

Rufus H. Gouws

This article, the first in a series of three on lexicographic data boxes, focuses primarily on the occurrence of lexicographic data boxes as text constituents in dictionaries. Following a brief look at what data boxes are, the focus shifts to the different venues where these boxes can be accommodated within the central list of a dictionary. Boxes containing items and/or item texts can be positioned within articles, or article-externally as phased-in inner texts within a partial article stretch of a dictionary. Data boxes are used to convey data that need to be highlighted and are therefore often formally marked (a coloured background or within a frame) and are put in an article slot that has a position of salience. As dictionary entries they can participate in procedures of both lemmatic and non-lemmatic addressing. It is shown that a box should preferably be inserted close to its address. In articles of polysemous words, the user should unambiguously know for which sense(s) the box is relevant. As phased-in inner texts data boxes can be addressed at a lemma within the same partial article stretch but also, in the case of synopsis boxes, at lemmata in other article stretches. This demands procedures of remote addressing.

Niehr Thomas

Dave Kush, Terje Lohndal, Jon Sprouse

Abstract:Mainland Scandinavian languages have been reported to allow movement from embedded questions, relative clauses, and complex NPs—domains commonly considered to be islands crosslinguistically. Yet in formal acceptability studies Scandinavian participants often show 'island effects': they reject island-violating movement similarly to native speakers of 'island-sensitive' languages. To investigate this apparent mismatch between informal and formal judgments, we conducted two acceptability judgment experiments testing the acceptability of topicalization from various island domains in Norwegian. We were interested in determining whether we could (i) find evidence for island insensitivity and (ii) pin down the source of qualitatively different island effects. We asked whether such effects are best explained as reflecting violations of a uniform syntactic constraint or extrasyntactic factors. Our results suggest that embedded questions and relative clauses are not uniform syntactic islands for topicalization, but complex NPs are. Unexpectedly, we also found evidence suggesting that conditional adjunct clauses may not be islands.

Mikołaj Bojańczyk, Edon Kelmendi, Rafał Stefański et al.

We consider extensions of monadic second order logic over $ω$-words, which are obtained by adding one language that is not $ω$-regular. We show that if the added language $L$ has a neutral letter, then the resulting logic is necessarily undecidable. A corollary is that the $ω$-regular languages are the only decidable Boolean-closed full trio over $ω$-words.

Richard Lin, Björn Hartmann

Board-level hardware description languages (HDLs) are one approach to increasing automation and raising the level of abstraction for designing electronics. These systems borrow programming languages concepts like generators and type systems, but also must be designed with human factors in mind to serve existing hardware engineers. In this work, we look at one recent prototype system, and discuss open questions spanning from fundamental models through usable interfaces.