Graphical abstract Nanotechnology may revolutionize the food industry by providing stronger, high-barrier packaging materials, more potent antimicrobial agents, and a host of sensors which can detect trace contaminants, gasses or microbes in packaged foods. Highlights ► Focuses on the use of nanomaterials in food packaging and sensing applications. ► Polymer nanocomposites offer high gas barriers, strength, and flame retardancy. ► Silver and metal oxide nanoparticles are potent biocides. ► Nanosensors and assays detect gasses, small molecules and microorganisms. ► Economic outlook and health and safety implications are also briefly reviewed.
Given the difficulty in accurately determining the total amount of retained hydrocarbons in shale with current experimental techniques, this study aims to achieve a precise evaluation of shale oil content. Using sealed core samples from well H in the Subei Basin as the subjects, this study employed multiple experimental methods, including freeze pyrolysis, multi-temperature step pyrolysis, sealed thermal release, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) to systematically evaluate the oil content and mobility. Through comparative pyrolysis experiments at different storage times and sealed thermal release experiments, the light hydrocarbon recovery coefficient for shale oil in the second member of the Funing Formation was determined to be 1.99. Combined with the difference in pyrolysis <italic>S</italic><sub>2</sub> peak areas before and after extraction, a heavy hydrocarbon correction formula was established (0.452 6×<italic>S</italic><sub>2</sub>-0.307 9), enabling accurate calculation of the total retained hydrocarbons. Furthermore, 2D-NMR technology was used to calibrate crude oil of different qualities, and a standard curve between hydrogen nucleus signal intensity and oil mass was established, enabling non-destructive and rapid determination of oil content. By comparing NMR spectra before and after oil washing, the <italic>T</italic>₂ cutoff values for movable and adsorbed oil were identified, facilitating the calculation of free oil content and its proportion. The experimental results showed that the oil content measured by the 2D-NMR method was highly consistent with the recovered oil content, and the proportion of free oil showed a good correlation with results from multi-temperature step pyrolysis. The technical framework of “light hydrocarbon recovery-heavy hydrocarbon correction-NMR calibration-movable oil identification” established in this study offers advantages such as relative operational simplicity, a broad detection range, and non-destructiveness to samples. Overall, it significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of shale oil content and mobility evaluation, providing crucial experimental support for shale oil sweet spot identification, reserve calculation, and development potential assessment.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
Yoyon Wahyono, Nugroho Adi Sasongko, Allan Trench
et al.
The critical minerals industries in Indonesia may pose possible environmental and human health risks due to the release of pollutants into soil, water, and air, as well as the use of materials and energy. This study investigates the possible environmental and human health impacts of Indonesia's nickel, gold, copper, tin, and bauxite mining and processing industries. This study utilizes the latest version of the OpenLCA software, version 2.0, in combination with the Ecoinvent 3.8 database. To evaluate potential environmental consequences and health effects on humans, CML-IA Baseline and Environmental Priority Strategies (EPS) are employed in product development. The EPS system was developed utilizing a hierarchical methodology with the objective of furnishing the product developer with data regarding the financial impact of human health impairment resulting from a particular product development. The production of one tonne of gold, nickel, bauxite, tin, and copper results in the emission of 7.34.E+07, 4.61.E+04, 3.10.E+04, 1.02.E+04, 8.01.E+03 kg CO2 eq/t, respectively, contributing to global warming. This production is associated with asthma cases of 7.79.E+01 (gold industry), 2.21.E−03 (copper industry), 1.81.E−03 (tin industry), 9.21.E−04 (nickel industry), and 4.71.E−06 (bauxite industry) Personyears/t. Electricity consumption and the release of carbon dioxide are the main factors contributing to global warming. The primary cause of asthma cases is the utilization of fuel oil and electricity. Power plant chimneys can employ various technologies, such as cyclones, bag filters, and scrubbers, to mitigate the release of polluting gas emissions. The critical mineral industry must prioritize handling and governing of steam power facilities to minimize their negative effects on the environment and human health.
The article discusses the mid-nineteenth-century introduction of gas production technology by the Deutsche Continental-Gas-Gesellschaft to the emerging cities in the area of the former Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth, namely Warsaw, Lviv, and Kraków. During the 1870s and 1880s, the local governments of Kraków and Lviv, dominated by Polish influences, sought to portray themselves as agents of modernization. Consequently, the arrival of a German investor implementing unfamiliar gas production technology was unwelcome. This resulted in the takeover (in Lviv) or buyout (in Kraków) of the gasworks in operation. In contrast, Warsaw, under the administration of Russia, reached an agreement with the concessionaire. Modernization of the gas industry in these cities commenced in the late nineteenth century, with management falling under both municipal (Kraków and Lviv) and private (Warsaw) entities. This allowed for the expansion of the gasworks and a subsequent increase in gas consumption, as facilitated by the reduction in the product’s price. However, Kraków and Lviv managed to present themselves as the architects of this favorable situation. Meanwhile, the authorities in Warsaw permitted the Dessau company to operate within the city, which engendered discontent among the Polish intelligentsia in the early twentieth century. In Germany and the Habsburg monarchy, it was customary for cities to municipalize their gasworks, with the profits channeled back into city budgets. This aspect of urban modernity, as it was perceived at the time, was absent in Warsaw.
<p>Reducing oil and gas methane emissions is crucially important for limiting
the rate of human-induced climate warming. As the capacity of multi-scale
measurements of global oil and gas methane emissions has advanced in recent
years, including the emerging ecosystem of satellite and airborne remote
sensing platforms, a clear need for an openly accessible and regularly
updated global inventory of oil and gas infrastructure has emerged as an
important tool for characterizing and tracking methane emission sources. In
this study, we develop a spatially explicit database of global oil and gas
infrastructure, focusing on the acquisition, curation, and integration of
public-domain geospatial datasets reported by official government sources and by industry, academic research institutions, and other non-government entities. We focus on the major
oil and gas facility types that are key sources of measured methane
emissions, including production wells, offshore production platforms,
natural gas compressor stations, processing facilities, liquefied natural
gas facilities, crude oil refineries, and pipelines. The first version of
this global geospatial database (Oil and Gas Infrastructure Mapping
database, OGIM_v1) contains a total of <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 6 million features, including 2.6 million point locations of major oil and gas
facility types and over <span class="inline-formula">2.6×10<sup>6</sup></span> km of pipelines globally. For
each facility record, we include key attributes – such as facility type,
operational status, oil and gas production and capacity information,
operator names, and installation dates – which enable detailed methane
source assessment and attribution analytics. Using the OGIM database, we
demonstrate facility-level source attribution for multiple airborne remote-sensing-detected methane point sources from the Permian Basin, which is the
largest oil-producing basin in the United States. In addition to source attribution,
we present other major applications of this oil and gas infrastructure
database in relation to methane emission assessment, including the
development of an improved bottom-up methane emission inventory at high
resolution (1 km <span class="inline-formula">×</span> 1 km). We also discuss the tracking of changes in
basin-level oil and gas activity and the development of policy-relevant
analytics and insights for targeted methane mitigation. This work and the
OGIM database, which we anticipate updating on a regular cadence, help fulfill
a crucial oil and gas geospatial data need, in support of the assessment,
attribution, and mitigation of global oil and gas methane emissions at high
resolution. OGIM_v1 is publicly available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7466757">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7466757</a> (Omara et al., 2022a).</p>
The issue of coal fine production is increasingly prominent in the development of coal-bed methane. Implementing appropriate measures to control the migration and production of coal fines is crucial for achieving stable and high production of coal-bed methane wells. However, the characteristics of coal migration and production in the coal seams of Baode block remain unclear, which hinders the efficient development of coal-bed methane in some wells in this area. To address the problem of coal fine production in coal-bed methane development, core flooding experiments were conducted to investigate the migration and production characteristics of coal fines concerning influencing factors such as formation water velocity, salinity, gas-water ratio, effective stress, etc. The experimental results revealed that during the drainage stage, the amount of coal fines produced at low formation water flow is minimal, with coal fines moving within fractures and accumulating at the outlet, forming a coal powder filter cake. However, when formation water flow surpasses the critical flow, a significant amount of coal fines is produced. A substantial pressure fluctuation can flush out the coal fines obstructing the outlet. Furthermore, the salinity of the formation water plays a role in carrying coal powder, with higher salinity increasing its transport capacity. While single gas phase flow is not effective in displacing the coal fine migration and production, two-phase flow with a gas-water ratio of 50∶50 exhibits a stronger ability to carry coal powder. The concentration of coal fine in the produced liquid continued to decline with the increase of the effective stress loaded on the coal, Similarly, the holding pressure at the outlet follows a downward trend, but the displacement pressure difference increases. The research findings provide essential data and a theoretical basis for implementing on-site prevention and control of coal fine production.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
In order to promote the strategic planning for the oil import security of China, relevant influencing factors were studied by integrating document coding with the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-Interpretative Structural Modeling(DEMATELISM). The current situation and challenges of oil import of China were introduced based on the 4A definition of energy security in terms of supply, transportation and price. Meanwhile, the analytical framework of oil import security was established and coupled with document coding method to define the factors that influence the oil import security of China, thus forming the category of code statistics at different levels. Besides, the interrelation and hierarchical structure of factors were analyzed by DEMATEL-ISM, and suggestions were put forward on the policies. The results show that oil import security is influenced directly by superficial factors, including the production and transportation capacity of oil, and fundamentally by underlying factors, such as the stage of economic development and the structure of energy consumption. In addition, the shallow and deep factors, including the oil policy agreement, the import channel pattern, the import source structure and the construction of emergency system, are the critical points of oil import security. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the above-mentioned factors. Generally, the research results could provide theoretical and methodological support for the oil import of petroleum companies and governments.