Hasil untuk "Environmental engineering"

Renyi Zhang, A. Khalizov, Lin Wang et al.

L. Khot, S. Sankaran, J. Maja et al.

Yifen Shang, M. Hasan, G. Ahammed et al.

In the era of climate change, global agricultural systems are facing numerous, unprecedented challenges. In order to achieve food security, advanced nano-engineering is a handy tool for boosting crop production and assuring sustainability. Nanotechnology helps to improve agricultural production by increasing the efficiency of inputs and minimizing relevant losses. Nanomaterials offer a wider specific surface area to fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, nanomaterials as unique carriers of agrochemicals facilitate the site-targeted controlled delivery of nutrients with increased crop protection. Due to their direct and intended applications in the precise management and control of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides), nanotools, such as nanobiosensors, support the development of high-tech agricultural farms. The integration of biology and nanotechnology into nonosensors has greatly increased their potential to sense and identify the environmental conditions or impairments. In this review, we summarize recent attempts at innovative uses of nanotechnologies in agriculture that may help to meet the rising demand for food and environmental sustainability.

V. Birman, G. Kardomateas

Abstract The review outlines modern trends in theoretical developments, novel designs and modern applications of sandwich structures. The most recent work published at the time of writing of this review is considered, older sources are listed only on as-needed basis. The review begins with the discussion on the analytical models and methods of analysis of sandwich structures as well as representative problems utilizing or comparing these models. Novel designs of sandwich structures is further elucidated concentrating on miscellaneous cores, introduction of nanotubes and smart materials in the elements of a sandwich structure as well as using functionally graded designs. Examples of problems experienced by developers and designers of sandwich structures, including typical damage, response under miscellaneous loads, environmental effects and fire are considered. Sample applications of sandwich structures included in the review concentrate on aerospace, civil and marine engineering, electronics and biomedical areas. Finally, the authors suggest a list of areas where they envision a pressing need in further research.

A. Luntz, B. McCloskey

Baile Wu, Jun Wan, Yanyang Zhang et al.

Eutrophication of water bodies is a serious and widespread environmental problem. Achieving low levels of phosphate concentration to prevent eutrophication is one of the important goals of the wastewater engineering and surface water management. Meeting the increasingly stringent standards is feasible in using a phosphate-selective sorption system. This critical review discusses the most fundamental aspects of selective phosphate removal processes and highlights gains from the latest developments of phosphate-selective sorbents. Selective sorption of phosphate over other competing anions can be achieved based on their differences in acid-base properties, geometric shapes, and metal complexing abilities. Correspondingly, interaction mechanisms between the phosphate and sorbent are categorized as hydrogen bonding, shape complementarity, and inner-sphere complexation, and their representative sorbents are organic-functionalized materials, molecularly imprinted polymers, and metal-based materials, respectively. Dominating factors affecting the phosphate sorption performance of these sorbents are critically examined, along with a discussion of some overlooked facts regarding the development of high-performance sorbents for selective phosphate removal from water and wastewater.

V. Hospodárová, E. Singovszka, N. Stevulova

Nowadays, the material recycling is a growing trend in development of building materials and therefore using of secondary raw materials for production new building materials is in accordance with sustainable development in civil engineering. Therefore, it is increasingly becoming crucial to accelerate the transition from application of non-renewable sources of raw materials to renewable raw materials. One fast renewable resource is natural plant fibers. The use of the cellulosic fibers as environmentally friendly material in building products contributes to the environmental protection and saves non-renewable resources of raw materials. Wood fibers and recycled cellulose fibers of waste paper appear as suited reinforcing elements for cement-based materials. In this paper, there is used application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on cellulose fibers coming from different sources. FTIR spectra of cellulose fiber samples are investigated and compared with reference sample of cellulose.

Su‐Ting Han, Haiyan Peng, Qi‐Jun Sun et al.

Qirui Wu, Jinfeng Liu, Xiaohong Wang et al.

The organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is in the list of top 10 emerging technologies and refers to a physiological organ biomimetic system built on a microfluidic chip. Through a combination of cell biology, engineering, and biomaterial technology, the microenvironment of the chip simulates that of the organ in terms of tissue interfaces and mechanical stimulation. This reflects the structural and functional characteristics of human tissue and can predict response to an array of stimuli including drug responses and environmental effects. OOAC has broad applications in precision medicine and biological defense strategies. Here, we introduce the concepts of OOAC and review its application to the construction of physiological models, drug development, and toxicology from the perspective of different organs. We further discuss existing challenges and provide future perspectives for its application.

E. Oliver, M. Burrows, M. Donat et al.

This research was supported by the Australian Research Council grants CE170100023 and FT170100106, Natural Environment Research Council International Opportunity Fund NE/N00678X/1, National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant RGPIN-2018-05255, and Brian Mason (Impacts of an unprecedented marine heatwave). This project was partially supported through funding from the Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub of the Australian Government's National Environmental Science Program.

Z. A. Raza, S. Abid, I. Banat

J. Hollender, J. Hollender, Emma L. Schymanski et al.

F. L. Matthews, R. Rawlings

P. V. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi, S. T. Ramesh

G. Stephanopoulos

Elijah N. Kissman, Max B Sosa, D. C. Millar et al.

R. Lent, Steven D. Brown, Hung-Bin Sheu et al.

Agnese Zaghini, Silke Flindt Badino, Stefanie Neun et al.

Direct air capture (DAC) has been widely advocated as a key tool in the strive towards zero emissions. Here we present the first systematic data on enzyme assisted DAC and show that CO2 absorption rate tripled upon addition of carbonic anhydrase (CA) at micromolar concentrations, reaching a capture efficiency of 60%. We found that CA promoted high absorption efficiency as the flow rate was raised and we rationalized these observations based on molecular mechanism of enzyme assisted capture. Furthermore, measurements of absorption rates in KOH and carbonate with 1 μM CA showed comparable kinetics suggesting that enzyme application could offset kinetic advantages of hydroxides. These attributes may eventually pave the way for DAC in sorbents with low regeneration energies.

María Victoria Mitre Núñez, Luis Roberto Alfaro De Arcia, Denisse Morales De León

Conocer el estado de los cuerpos de agua, tanto superficiales como subterráneos, es fundamental para la gestión adecuada de las cuencas prioritarias del país, como la del río Guararé, en Panamá. El objetivo de este proyecto fue establecer la relación entre las porquerizas, los puntos de contaminación y su posible impacto en la calidad del agua. Para ello, se realizaron muestreos en puntos específicos de la cuenca y se utilizaron herramientas de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). La investigación buscó identificar fuentes de contaminación y comprender cómo afectan al ecosistema acuático de la región. Se llevaron a cabo dos campañas de muestreo, con análisis de calidad de agua realizados en sitio y en laboratorio. Estos estudios permitieron obtener datos sobre los parámetros críticos de calidad hídrica. Posteriormente, se elaboraron mapas de contaminación con el objetivo de identificar y visualizar sitios críticos y potencialmente críticos en la subcuenca. Los resultados muestran que, aunque existe cierta correlación entre la densidad de porquerizas y algunos parámetros de calidad de agua muestreados, la contaminación hídrica parece estar más asociada a la concentración poblacional y otras actividades humanas. Estos hallazgos sirven de base para establecer estrategias de intervención, promover la gestión integrada del recurso hídrico en la región y reducir los impactos negativos sobre los cuerpos de agua.

Rayees Ahmed, Taha Shamim, Joshal Kumar Bansal et al.

Climate change poses significant challenges to the Himalayas, a region characterised by its fragile ecosystems and vulnerable communities dependent on environmental resources. Accurate climate data are crucial for understanding regional climatic variations and assessing climate change impacts, particularly in areas with limited observational networks. This study represents a pioneering effort in evaluating climatic fluctuations in the Jhelum basin, located in the North Western Himalayas, by utilising a diverse range of gridded meteorological datasets (APHRODITE, CHIRPS, CRU, and IMDAA) alongside observed climate data from the Indian Meteorological Department. The primary goal is to identify the most effective gridded climate data product for regions with limited data and to explore the potential of combining gridded data sets with observed data to understand climatic variability. Findings indicate a consistent upward trend in temperature across all datasets, with varying rates of increase. CRU records a rise of 1 °C in Tmax and 1.6 °C in Tmin, while APHRODITE shows a Tmean increase of approximately 1 °C. IMDAA reports increases in Tmax and Tmin. Observed mean annual Tmax and Tmin show net increases of 1 °C and 0.6 °C, respectively. Regarding precipitation, all datasets except IMDAA exhibit an increasing trend, contrary to observed data, which decreases from 1266 mm to 1068 mm over 40 years. CHIRPS, CRU, and APHRODITE display increasing trends, while IMDAA aligns closely with observed data but tends to overestimate precipitation by about 30%. Our research identifies IMDAA as the most suitable gridded climate data for the Jhelum basin in the North-western Himalayas. Despite some discrepancies in precipitation trends, IMDAA closely aligns with observed data, providing valuable insights for scholars and policymakers navigating climate data uncertainties in complex environments. Our findings contribute to informed decision-making and effective climate change mitigation strategies in the region.