Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration (General)"

E. Mussinelli

In the Italian context, the first law directly affecting the urban planning and building sector dates back to approximately 160 years ago, precisely Law 2248/1865. It established the administrative unification of the Kingdom of Italy, empowering municipal councils to deliberate on ‘hygiene, building and local police regulations’, and was followed a few months later by Law 2359/1865 on expropriations for public purpose. By contrast, the first regulations for the protection of artistic, historical, archaeological and ethnographic heritage (1089/1938), and natural beauty (1497/1939), are just over 80 years old. From that time onwards, the rules governing planning and design actions have been considerably enriched and developed. Hence, it is worth reflecting on the effectiveness and efficiency of a regulatory framework that has been governing territorial, urban and building transformations in an increasingly articulated and specialised manner with a view to improving the quality and sustainability of natural and anthropic habitats. Moreover, its ability to govern the ways, times and cultural and technical contents of the project production process to carry out high quality creations is worthy of consideration. Perhaps the issue of standardisation has never been the centre of attention in all sectors of civil life as today: in public administration and scientific research, among economic operators, planners, and citizens themselves. Regulatory systems are increasingly pervasive in regulating design activity and the characteristics of works in response to a general «increase in the variety and complexity of public interests that appear worthy of protection, such as the quality of the environment, the safeguarding of the natural and historical-artistic heritage, the protection of health, the safety of persons, and security […]» (Bassanini et al., 2005). Changing interests require frequent updates to adapt regulations to rapid socio-economic, cultural, and technological changes. The centres of regulatory production have also multiplied, breaking up into different levels and sectors of regulation, namely with multi-level (international, EU, national, regional, local), sectoral (economy, environment, territory, landscape, infrastructure, cultural heritage, health, etc.) and institutional governance structures, with corresponding different interests (public/private, collective/individual) and complicated relationships of interconnection, conditionality and/or competition (Raveraira, 2009). The scenario is even more complex, if we broaden the scope to include, in addition to prescriptive and binding rules, the vast universe of guiding principles, voluntary standards, guidelines, best practices, etc. Moreover, also due to the nature of the legal system model of reference (civil law derived from Roman law, as opposed to the common law of English-speaking countries, founded on the binding force of practice and judgements), Italian legislation has been stratified by an anomalous number of rules, which are often not mutually coordinated, sometimes contradictory or bearing inconsistent definitions. They are either incapable of producing the desired results, or are not the cause of effects even diametrically opposed to those expected. The attempt to solve every problem through a special regulation results in limiting the free and responsible action of citizens (and planners). Indeed, as Marco Romano points out, «to reduce people’s desires to rights codified in the doctrine of planning, imposed by enlightened and pedagogical governments on rebellious citizens unaware of their own good, is to erase what makes them citizens: the diversity of their individual life projects» (Romano, 2013). On the other hand, the discrepancy between this regulatory approach and the reality that surrounds us is evident. On Alessandro Pizzorno’s death, Fabrizio Schiaffonati recalled how, back in the 1960s, the doyen of Italian political sociology had already warned that in Italy «everything must be regulated so that everything can be conceded», pointing out that «this is still the case nowadays, more than half a century later, with good peace for the quality of the project, which is overwhelmed by constraints and contradictory procedures that are obstructive to a necessary qualitative transformation of the anthropic environment within proper time and costs» (Schiaffonati, 2019). This hypertrophic growth of laws and regulations (a true ‘legislative inflation’ or ‘regulatory pollution’) is accompanied by their rapid variability over time, so much so that a building intervention begun within a given legislative framework risks being completed in the presence of a different regulatory framework, which would not have allowed its execution, and vice versa. Not to mention the «badly written, lengthy regulations that are difficult to read and even more difficult to apply, (which) now represent a constant factor with which even the most prepared and motivated operator must come to terms» (Gorlani, 2022), which lead to confusion and interpretative doubts. This makes bureaucratic formalities unnecessarily complex, overloads administrative action, and increases the regulatory and management costs for citizens, businesses and the public institutions themselves, including those dedicated to monitoring and control actions (which, in a context of shrinking public resources, are often the first to be lacking…). Legal uncertainty leads to opaque, if not arbitrary decisions, facilitates corruption, increases discrimination and social conflict, and limits economic development, sometimes to the point of inhibiting it (Bassanini et al., 2005). A vulnus with dramatic effects, if it is true that certainty does not have to be of the law, but: «certainty is law, just as, vice versa, law is certainty, if it is true that law […], is constituted for the specific purpose of giving certainty, or rather: certainties» (emphasis added; Ruggeri, 2005). The body of urban planning legislation has expanded considerably, imposing on city and regional planning new objectives and constraints aimed at protecting and improving the quality of the environment and landscape. Strategic environmental and impact assessments, regulations to limit land consumption, to increase climate resilience and to regenerate the built environment have been in use for many years now, with their rich set of analyses and tools to manage knowledge, build scenarios, compare alternatives, and quantify their effects through indicators (environmental, socioeconomic, etc.). And yet, all this does not seem to have produced the expected effects, as witnessed by the continuing degradation of urban suburbs, the continuous increase in soil erosion by new urbanisations and infrastructures, the abandonment of ‘inland areas’, and the hydrogeological instability of the most ‘fragile’ territories. Instead, by moving more and more on the level of so-called policies, planning seems to have lost its technical capacity to conform the quality of spaces, even in their cultural value and use, in a sort of throwback of illiteracy forgetting the grammatical and syntactical rules of construction of the European city. The disciplinary crisis of the plan is evident, incapable of governing land uses and built forms, as well as the quality of public space, relying, instead, on the abstraction of ‘tactical squares’ and social streets totally inadequate to determine an organic configuration of the urban structure. There is no large city that does not have a plan for climate resilience or sustainable mobility, nor is there a major project that cannot boast top-level environmental and/or energy performance, duly certified even when it plans to replace a tree-lined park of more than 50,000 square metres with green roofs on a shopping centre (for example, San Siro in Milan). Greenwashing operations often characterise the private actions of real estate operators, in the absence of checks and controls by the public authorities. The public works sector has long been searching for a better balance of time, cost and quality of works. «A long journey, which has allowed for advances […] and regulatory innovations during the Nineties» (Schiaffonati, 2006) and which, after thirty years of conjunctural measures (suspensions, temporary derogations, emergency decrees, special procedures and competences, variations of thresholds, etc.1) has led to the new Procurement Code (legislative decree no. 36/2023). It features a text of more than 150,000 words, to which the regulatory and procedural innovations introduced by the PNRR must be added, with the related set of regulations, guidelines, explanatory circulars, protocols and technical instructions2. It is a seemingly unstoppable process of continuous correction and integration to reform the reform, in the absence of the indispensable monitoring activity that should, instead, verify and assess the effects of the application of the regulation to correctly finalise its amendment. Nevertheless, there has been no lack of significant precedents in this regard, as in the case of the French experimentation of the Spinetta Law on construction insurance systems3. If we apply to the standard the historical notion of “quality as fitness for intended use” (Juran, 1951), or to the more recent notion of «the set of properties and characteristics of a product or service that provide the capacity to satisfy expressed or implicit needs» (UNI EN ISO 8402:1995), it clearly appears that the challenge to be faced concerns not so much or only regulatory and administrative simplification, or the replacement of redundant, obsolete or unjustified regulations, but precisely the “quality of regulation”. A direction undertaken since 2001 by OECD and Apec countries with a Regulatory Reform (reference criteria to ensure quality and transparency in regulatory activity), in line with the obligation to formulate rules that are conceptually and sema

Ionut-Gabriel Dulcinatu

Transitional justice, which today has become a widespread and very useful concept, which allows the transition from an authoritarian system to the rule of law, which aims to establish a democratic regime that respects human rights - and what is important not at the level of declarations and applicable methods, but, first of all, this must become the philosophical basis of his daily life. The purpose of transitional justice is to restore the dignity of the victims, to establish mutual trust between the antagonistic groups, to favor the institutional exchange necessary for a new relationship within the population that will allow the establishment of a state of law, including through an effective control of the practice of total or partial impunity. The various constitutive elements of transitional justice generally combine reparative measures of restorative justice (Truth and Reconciliation Commissions), meanwhile establishing parallel mechanisms of punitive justice (especially in relation to the main responsible or direct executors of the most serious crimes).2 On the other hand, transitional justice claims to reform the institutional system, restoring the primacy of law and ensuring the functioning of judicial institutions for the future, fighting in the meantime against impunity for the crimes committed during the previous period. In this sense, transitional justice pursues a multiple goal within the framework of an end to a conflict, in which other imperatives are imposed on government officials - the disarmament of combatant forces, the restoration of citizens' security, the compensation of victims and the restoration of the economy of devastated societies. After being neglected for a long time, the victim is at the center of current political concerns and is the object of a constantly growing interest, mainly in the criminal field and not in social discourses.3 But this phenomenon, positive from some aspects, is not without problems and arouses controversial debates among researchers and actors of the criminal world. This imposition of the victim seems to exist not only in the criminal system, but also in the current socio-political terrain. This predominance is observed in many Western states, lately becoming dominant to some extent both in international criminal law and in international humanitarian law, being taken into consideration the burden of victims in the status granted to them in armed conflicts. The participation of victims in the criminal procedure is generally a recent phenomenon, which seems to be far from being accepted. Victims played and play a secondary role in the tribunals previously established by the International Criminal Court (ICC).4 They were considered only as a means in the de facto absence of a participation or compensation system. Under the influence of strong pressures, the tendency to take into account the opinions and concerns of the victims, including admission in the criminal procedure, became visible in national and international law, and with the involvement of non-governmental organizations and states, the basis of a system was laid that provides for a relatively broad participation of victims in ICC trials. Even if its modalities are still the subject of harsh discussions, it is generally recognized that it is an important and useful tool that would allow victims of serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law to be heard and to hope for possible reconciliation.5 The evolution of the process of increasing interest in victims is the result of political, social and legal tensions that started in the 1960s, with the implementation of state policies regarding victim compensation and the development of victim defense associations, being influenced by the social movement that opted for civil and women's rights. We find that taking the victim into consideration in social and penal policies has progressed in a meteorological manner. National and international investigations allowed taking into account the victims' dissatisfaction with the criminal system, which led to a genuine experience of secondary victimization, which has as a general consequence the tendency of a weak denunciation of the criminal acts to which they were subjected. They also emphasized the diversity and extent of trauma suffered by some victims, especially after going through interpersonal violence, such as rape or family violence. In addition, towards 1950, a new discipline had developed, a component of criminology, but which very quickly became autonomous - victimology. This field of research focuses on the study of the victim, on his psychological and physical reactions to the sustained achievement, but also on his experience of relying on the act of justice and society in general. These various findings gave rise to state structures to help victims, which have spread throughout the world. The victim thus became a political stake.

Karina Elizabeth Sánchez-Moreno

Para lograr la objetividad en los procesos de consultoría, es importante que el deoísta (persona que practica el desarrollo organizacional) identifique y desarrolle una serie de competencias, entendiéndose como las actuaciones, que realiza el ser humano para resolver los problemas y que tienen relación su contexto, conocimientos y habilidades. Para este artículo, se considera el concepto de competencia desde un enfoque socioformativo, integrando por tres saberes: el ser (actitudes y valores), el hacer (habilidades procedimentales y técnicas) y el conocer (conceptos y teorías) en una perspectiva de mejora continua. Se invita al lector, a realizar una reflexionar sobre sus posibles áreas de mejora, y estrategias a desarrollar para su crecimiento como consultor.

Mandzhikova Larisa B.

Introduction. The article discusses the history of the creation and organization of the activities of the Council of Kalmyk Administration, which carried out the administrative management of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province in the period from 1836 to 1848. The Kalmyk Administration Council was guided in its work by the “Regulations on the Administration of the Kalmyk People” dated November 24, 1834, which regulated the structure of the governing body and the procedure for organizing work with documents. Studying the composition and content of documents created during the activities of the Council and stored in the archival fund I-3 “Council of the Astrakhan Kalmyk Administration” of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmyk will allow for analysis and determination of the directions of its activities. The purpose of the article is to study the archival documents of the I-3 Foundation “Council of Kalmyk Administration” and to identify their source potential for studying the organization of activities of the body for governing the Kalmyk people, especially in the management of office work and document flow in pre-revolutionary Kalmykia. The purpose of the article is to study the archival documents of the I-3 Foundation “Council of Kalmyk Administration” and to identify their source potential for studying the organization of activities of the body for governing the Kalmyk people, especially in the management of office work and document flow in pre-revolutionary Kalmykia. Results. The documents created during the activities of the Kalmyk Administration Council are unique written sources for the study of the life of the Kalmyk people in pre-revolutionary Russia. In addition, these studies will allow us to study the procedure for organizing work with documents in Kalmykia and identify their compliance with all-Russian regulatory requirements in the field of office work and document management.

C. Ungureanu, G. Nemtoi

Coming into practical contact with any social-political and social-economic phenomenon, the issue of civil society is present in almost all areas of society’s activity, having a tangent with all spheres of social life - philosophical, social, economic, political, legal, etc. “Civil society is one of the three pillars (economic opportunities - civil society - political freedom), on which democratic society is based and can effectively solve many problems” (Darendorf, 1996, p. 229). Of course, such a wish is also current for the new democracies. Civil society was disputed in the past and continues to be disputed today. On the one hand, this moment demonstrates the heuristic potential of the phenomenon, and on the other hand, it is possible that the “idea of civil society” and the search for ways to achieve it have not been conceptually developed sufficiently [Grajdanscoe, p. 8]. The genesis of civil society is one of the most complicated problems. The topicality of its investigation is determined by the fact that it can become the necessary foundation for the deep study of the interaction of state power with social institutions, currently in full transformation process. On the other hand, we must specify that for our scientific approach, the issue of civil society is more important under its aspect of general framework, a determining phenomenon of the existence and activity of NGOs. Or, in other words, the impossibility of the existence of NGOs in the absence of civil society and vice versa, leads us to enter the sphere of close ties between these two phenomena, in order to elucidate their particularities and the legalities that maintain them.

Marcelino Sánchez-Rivero, Mª Cristina Rodríguez-Rangel, Paloma García Cerro et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the consumption habits of tourists to benefit sustainable destinations that are not overcrowded, such as rural tourism destinations. However, the periods of compulsory lockdown have had devastating effects on tourism businesses operating in rural areas and have even jeopardised their economic viability. The aim of this article is to quantify in relative terms the effects that the period of compulsory lockdown in a markedly tourist country, such as Spain, between March and May 2020 has had on rural accommodation in one of the most rural provinces of Spain (Cáceres). Based on a random sample of 225 rural accommodation establishments and the consideration of various factors, statistical techniques of comparison of means and proportions were used to detect differences in the intensity of the effects of the compulsory lockdown on the economic-financial management, bookings, facilities, and input of rural accommodation establishments in the province. The results obtained show that the economic, labour, and management effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism businesses in the province of Cáceres have been very substantial. In particular, the businesses with the highest level of tourist services on supply, i.e., those that, in addition to accommodation, also offer other tourist activities, have been the most affected. In view of this situation, urgent emergency measures have been put in place at a provincial level to alleviate the economic loss and the destruction of jobs caused by this pandemic.

N. Parkhomenko

The article describes the improvement of current legislation of Ukraine through introducing amendments and additions, along with enactment of a new law framework, regarding the need of organization of state machinery and legal order under martial law. The operation of state machinery, the interaction between the state and institutions of civil society, guaranteeing and protecting the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of natural and legal person depend on the legislative compliance with the real social, political, economic and military challenges. In such circumstances, legal support of reform of political system of Ukraine under martial law is the primary objective for law-making actors in Ukraine. The problem mentioned didn’t receive a thorough research and monitoring. In general, law-making process under martial law has proceed in accordance with constitutionally defined organizational and legal basis, meanwhile having some specifics. Among these are: the improvement of legislation system was carried out mainly not through enactment of primary laws, but through introducing amendments and additions to the legislation in all legal fields; the legal acts of military command and military administration that received relevant authority to make laws, were disseminated; there was a revitalization of legislative development in the military sphere; certain provisions of current legislation continued to operate on the temporary occupied territories; the restrictions on certain rights and freedoms of citizens were introduced in accordance with provisions of Constitution of Ukraine etc. Due to the adoption of extraordinary legal acts, the legal arrangements for legal order and rule of law were created; public relations were stabilized. Key words: law-making, authority, emergency, directive, order, martial law, command, legislation.

Nataliia Ridei, N. Tytova, V. Tymoshenko et al.

The article is devoted to the problems of improving methodological approaches to determining the directions of financial security of Ukraine in the modern conditions of globalization and the hidden of the financial sector of the economy. It has been found that people's interests and public institutions, which are not reflected in official regulatory documents and acts, often have a decisive impact on the economy. There were generalized studies of economists regarding the interpretation of the category “financial security”. Under these interpretations, main components of the financial security of the state are identified. Relevance of this study in the analysis of the tense and unstable political and socio-economic situation in the country and development of theoretical, methodological, and practical proposals for improving methodological approaches in various areas of ensuring the financial security of Ukraine in the modern conditions of globalization of the economic sector. The author's definition of the category “financial security” in the context of research problems was provided. The theoretical and methodological content of the concept of financial security of Ukraine has been developed and it has been proved that the content of such a document should not be dogma, but should be constantly and systematically updated. A universal and effective institutional and legal mechanism has been established for the monetary policy of ensuring the financial security of the state, aimed at developing an effective system of public administration bodies with the involvement of central entities for the formation of financial security territorial communities. An organizational and economic mechanism has been developed for a monetary policy to ensure the financial security of Ukraine, the key element of which is the implementation of strategic goals and directions for the development of this policy. Methodological approaches have been improved in the sectoral areas of financial security of Ukraine, namely, the banking system, financial and credit infrastructure; non-bank financial and credit organizational and legal institutions. It was concluded that the implementation of the presented theoretical and methodological measures will strengthen the financial security of Ukraine in various sectoral areas, reduce the level of hidden of the monetary sector, eliminate the threat of a decrease in the potential of the country's general financial system and introduce modern mechanisms for managing financial security at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels.

Mauricio Moltó

La idea de que la sociedad argentina se encuentra atravesando un proceso de creciente polarización política está presente en numerosos trabajos académicos. El fenómeno de la polarización, traducido en el lenguaje de los medios de comunicación como "la grieta", es interpretado como un conflicto entre una sociedad partida en dos grupos mutuamente excluyentes que interpretan la realidad social, política y económica de forma tal que la contraparte es siempre responsable de los problemas que aquejan al país. Independientemente desde que lado de "la grieta" se realice la observación, son las consecuencias prácticas de la degradación moral de los "otros" lo que impide al "nosotros" poder superar las dificultades del presente para construir una sociedad mejor. Esta dinámica es la expresión de una frustración en donde se ve al otro como el culpable de un estado de cosas insatisfactorio e injusto. El incremento de la polarización suele presentarse como un fenómeno relativamente reciente, que emana desde la esfera política y fluye a través de los medios de comunicación y las redes sociales hasta impregnar gran parte de las esferas de la vida social. Sin embargo, la conflictividad política en Argentina dista de ser una novedad. Por esta razón, creemos que es necesario realizar una mirada de más largo plazo para, en todo caso, poder captar los rasgos distintivos del fenómeno en el presente. Teniendo en cuenta lo dicho hasta aquí, proponemos observar la polarización en la dinámica de los debates parlamentarios. Consideramos que el período que va desde 1983 hasta el presente constituye un intervalo temporal relativamente largo. De este modo, en esta primera aproximación, realizamos un análisis exploratorio intentando identificar en los debates sobre el presupuesto nacional elementos que nos permitan caracterizar la polarización desde el retorno de la democracia hasta nuestros días y esbozamos una propuesta para continuar con la indagación. Consideramos que la discusión sobre el presupuesto es un referente empírico efectivo, ya que éste es un tema que se trata todos los años y permite evitar los potenciales sesgos que podrían introducir las temáticas de políticas públicas específicas.

Beatriz Pereira de Souza Rosa, Antonio José Domingos Dantas, Carolina Bonance dos Santos et al.

Brazil is a country characterized by a long history of conflict between the public and the private, the patrimonialist practice rooted in politics, and consequently the state and municipal institutions, is extremely harmful to the socioeconomic development of the country. Administrative influence is everything that the executive and the administrative bodies of the other powers exert on their own activities, aiming to keep them within the law, according to the needs of the service and the technical requirements of its realization, so it is a control of legality, convenience and efficiency. The methodology used proposes that, in order to add the proposed objective of analyzing and describing basic principles of public administration in Brazil; under these three aspects, administrative control can and must be operated, so that public activity achieves its purpose efficiently, which is the complete fulfillment of collective interests by the administration in general.

Олександр Конотопенко, Сергій Лапшин

In the article on the basis of the analysis of normative-legal base, practical experience the peculiarities of introduction and functioning of the state-public model of education management in Ukraine are analyzed. The research of problems of the state-public model in the field of education in Ukraine by domestic and foreign scientists is analyzed. However, issues of education management on a public basis are unexplored and need attention: there is no comprehensive and in-depth study of the features of the state-public model of education management. The relevance of the study is based on the fact that the transformation processes taking place in the socio-political, economic, spiritual, educational spheres of Ukraine involve the expansion of the powers and influence of civil society institutions. The historical basis of the state-public model of public administration of the education system is given. The concept of «state-public model» is formulated, the models of state-public management in the field of education are characterized. The peculiarities of the implementation of state and public administration in the Municipal Institution «General School of I-III degrees № 19 Vinnytsia City Council» are analyzed. The competence and features of functioning of institutes of civil structure of  management of school are characterized: 1) general meeting; 2) the board of trustees; 3) school board; 4) student government. The priority directions of public administration reform in the education system of Ukraine are determined.

O. Serniak

Problem setting. One of the cross-cutting lines of the current stage of public administration reform is the creation of a professional, efficient, effective, transparent and flexible system of executive authorities, which will be a prerequisite for the development of good governance in Ukraine. To do this, it is important to make the institutional capacity building (ICB) of such organizations. Institutional capacity is the ability of executive authorities to effectively achieve its goals, to maintain sustainable operation in the long run, to make high-quality public administration decisions with the broad involvement of beneficiaries and stakeholders.Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of the institutional capacity of public institutions have been the subject of domestic research by L. Kulish, O. Naumov, S. Brekhov, L. Naumova, O. Chemerys, M. Voinovskyi, N. Kolisnychenko, O. Ros, H. Shchedrova, K. Petrenko.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite a significant number of publications, the issue of the institutional capacity of the executive authorities still remains poorly explored in the science of public administration. Institutional capacity building instruments, one of which is an institutional audit, in particular, need to be further studied. The usage of institutional audit not only strengthens the institutional capacity of the executive authorities, but also forms the basis for the implementation of good governance approaches in the system of public administration. That is why the selected area of research is extremely important in modern conditions of public administration reform in Ukraine.Paper main body. The concept of audit at the present stage is no longer limited to financial control. The general audit methodology, which includes external assessment or self-assessment in accordance with established standards, establishing a certain current state of affairs, identifying opportunities for development and making recommendations, allows it to be adapted to all procedures, processes, operations and systems of any organization. But the purpose of the audit remains the same – to make sure that the functioning of the institution is carried out within a certain budget, goals, requirements or rules.The need to separate institutional audit from audit in public sector is due to current trends of the institutional capacity building of public institutions.To assist the executive authorities in the institutional capacity building, we use the institutional audit mechanism, by which we mean the instrument of public monitoring and control of institutional capacity of public institutions as the ability of these organizations to effectively achieve its mission and maintain long-term sustainability and quality of public services as a result of public administration functions performed by public institutions. And although the institutional audit is essentially part of the public administration function of monitoring and control, it is focused not on identifying violations and further application of sanctions to responsible persons, but on finding potential for institutional development of executive authorities, effective and efficient performance of its functions.The institutional capacity building of executive authorities involves increasing its capacity for sustainable, consistent and reliable implementation of goals and objectives. In practice, it means improving the organization’s management system, including decision-making, financial management, human resource management processes, establishing effective internal and external communication, and so on.An important component of institutional audit is the actual assessment of institutional capacity, which aims to outline the organizational and behavioral aspects of the system that contribute to its efficiency. Through evaluation, the executive authorities receive a diagnosis of the internal environment, processes and goals, as well as a better understanding of the role of all stakeholders. The results of the assessment are the answer to the question “What are the shortcomings in the planning, implementation and effectiveness of a particular executive authorities?”. And every shortcoming identified today is a potential opportunity for development tomorrow.The efficiency of the institutional capacity assessment process and institutional audit in general depends on many factors, which can be divided into internal and external. Internal factors, as a rule, relate to the transparency of the executive authority, in particular the interest and willingness of its management to communicate with auditors, the presence of the request of the institution itself to undergo an institutional audit. Instead, external factors in the efficiency of institutional audit are more concerned with involving stakeholders in this process. Moreover, researchers and experts consider the involvement of stakeholders not only as subjects of the audit process, but also as drivers for the implementation of measures to increase the institutional capacity of the executive authority.In this context, we consider it appropriate to involve the public in the face of non-government organizations (NGOs) as independent institutional auditors. In particular, these may be organizations or coalitions of organizations operating in a field similar to a public institution. For example, NGOs working with people with disabilities could conduct institutional audits for social policy departments of local government administrations.The process of the institutional capacity building of executive authorities doesn’t give immediate results, because it is accompanied by changes within the organization, which always, despite the positive or negative, cause resistance from personnel. Add to this the over-bureaucratized structures and processes of public administration decision-making, the prevalence of political expediency over economy, efficiency and effectiveness, and the lack of a strategy, but also a clearly defined mission, in most executive authorities, we will be given an incredibly difficult task for an institutional audit. However, without overcoming these obstacles and ensuring sustainable institutional development of public institutions, it is impossible to form an effective system of public administration or build a democratic, social and legal state.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The institutional capacity building of the executive authorities is an important step towards implementing the concept of good governance in Ukraine and bringing public institutions to a qualitatively new level of functioning. Harmonization of such key components of a public institution as mission and vision, management system, corporate culture, organizational structure, communication within the organization and with the external environment, staff training and motivation system, work practices and procedures, will allow executive authorities to implement its tasks and achieve the objectives. And the continuous connection with the beneficiaries and stakeholders present in the institutional audit will increase the transparency and parity of the government’s interaction with the public, which is the key to the democratization of public relations in the state.However, in the domestic realities, institutional audit does not have sufficient methodological and regulatory support, and what is available is scattered between different laws, regulations and even types of audit. Systematization of legal bases of institutional audit and strengthening of methodological basis of its carrying out is a key direction of further scientific studies.

Olha Popelo, Nataliia Ivanovа

The article analyzes the current trends of anti-corruption policy of Ukraine. The essence of the concept of "corruption" from the point of view of social, political-economic, criminal-legal and criminological dimensions is analyzed. It is deter-mined that, depending on methodological approaches, corruption in the narrow sense means the possibility of obtaining one's own benefit in the sphere of administrative activity, in the broad sense - the general result of deformation manifestations in the sphere of public administration. Factors that cause corruption risks are analyzed. It is substantiated that in the process of assessing the formation and implementation of national anti-corruption policy it is necessary to apply a number of methods: institutional method, system approach, morphological, phenomenological, comparative-historical, comparative, empirical methods. A number of anti-corruption measures in the context of ensuring the economic security of the statehave been identified in the following areas: preventive, legal, socio-economic, organizational and managerial, adaptive, and transparency and transparency. The tendencies of change of the Corruption Perceptions Index in Ukraine and the rating of foreign countries according to this index are analyzed. Priorities for combating corruption in Ukraine to ensure economic security have been identified, in particular: prevention of corruption through the use of preventive measures, intensification of civil society institutions, functioning of an effective legal mechanism, continuous monitoring of corruption factors to in-crease the effectiveness of state measures to prevent and combat corruption.Prospects for further research determine the analysis of the implementation of the basic principles of anti-corruption policy in foreign countries.

O. Obolenskyi, R. Shchokin, Y. Romanenko et al.

The determination of relevant trends in economic and organizational aspects of public management of society is conditioned by the global character of economic, social, and cultural changes, the spread of new technologies during the IV international revolution, the crises associated with the pandemic of coronavirus, hybrid wars, trade wars, leadership struggle in the global and local scale and other problems of the world and local sort. The article uses the review of publications devoted to the further development of society to actualize the utilization of approaches to the progressive capitalism outlined by J. Stiglitz and the solidary civilization as the purposeful tendencies for the economic and organizational principles of the system of public management. The article ascertains that management of the further development of society requires a modern scientific argumentation and scientific support with the help of the development of the special scientific theory – the theory of public management. The directions of public management in the economic, institutional, social, cultural, and political spheres are proposed considering the stated tendencies in the formation of modern civilization. It is proved that finding an effective consensus between public authorities, entrepreneurs and the general public occupies a special place for economic development and implies that: - all types of public activity must be consistent with the peculiarities of modern civilizational development of the country; - economic interests of society should be an unconditional value in the search and implementation of management decisions that are formed in the constantly updated conditions of the country’s development. In today’s world, social transformation processes in the field of public administration require active theoretical argumentation and appropriate scientific support in order to make and implement socially important decisions on economic, social and cultural issues.

Тetiana Sokolska, V. Panasiuk, S. Polishchuk et al.

The article considers the issue of public policy formation in terms of state private partnership development as the most efficient form of interaction between public authorities, private business and science implemented on the principles of equality.The study defines the essence of the concept of ‘state private partnership (SPP), its purpose, forms, areas of implementation and characteristics from the standpoint of institutional theory and identifies the benefits of state private partnership. The partnership comprises the possibility of attracting additional financial resources that can be used for community development, the possibility to restore infrastructure, to receive quality services and socio-economic benefits and additional jobs; business and the state share the risks.The study investigates the state of public and private partnership realization in Ukraine and the leading countries and defines risks for public authorities and the private investor as well as factors constraining this process in Ukraine. These include imperfect regulatory and institutional support, lack of political will; lack of standard, simple and transparent tender procedures for SPP projects and defined priority areas for their implementation, unstable legislation on attracting foreign direct investment.The study examines the current state of legal regulation state private partnership in Ukraine and justifies the need to improve the institutional support of this process in terms of forming public policy to involve regional higher education institutions into examination of innovative projects and the staff training.The expediency of introduction of state private partnership relations as a form of cooperation between public administration bodies and private economic entities for the purpose of sustainable rural development in the conditions of decentralization of power is substantiated. In order to ensure the effective implementation of state private partnership projects, public authorities should pay attention to creating a number of mandatory general prerequisites and ensure a proper examination of documents provided by potential private partners to make sure they show the real situation through involving scientists in this process.

Gergely Géczi

A szerző áttekintést nyújt az informatikai projektmenedzsment eszközökről és módszerekről a Magyar Nemzetbiztonsági Szakszolgálat gyakorlatában.

Linda Silka

Іван Кліпа

Зроблено спробу постановки і вирішення таких питань: який характер взаємозв’язку між накопиченням і споживанням на довгостроковий період; який досвід інших держав? У результаті аналізу виявлено, що в кожний період часу існує певний зв’язок між споживанням і накопиченням: високі темпи економічного зростання можливі за порівняно низьких темпів зростання споживання, але знижуються, коли споживання зростає швидше від економіки; у періоди економічного спаду кореляція між споживанням і економічним зростанням посилюється, підйому — зменшується.

Vladimir Vasilyevich Pylin

In article the problems of legal regulation of change of borders and transformation of municipalities generating collisions and breaking independence of the decision the population of questions of local value, and a way of their decision are considered.

Andrew T. Parasiliti, Kathleen Reedy, Becca Wasser

T he situation in Syria following the siege and battle for Aleppo remains “catastrophic,” according to the United Nations (UN), and the UN General Assembly in December 2016 empowered a new, independent panel to investigate and prosecute possible war crimes.1 While the international community has lamented the human costs of the war, a political solution to its end has been elusive. U.S. priorities in the war have included the departure of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and, more pressingly, the defeat of the Islamic State and al Qaeda and its affiliates.2 The Obama administration has also sought to put in place “basic requirements” for a postconflict transition, including preservation of state institutions.3 This Perspective asks how U.S. policies can create the best possible conditions for a postconflict transition in Syria that would defeat terrorist groups and preserve Syrian state institutions, especially in the absence of a regional consensus to end the war. Our assessment suggests that these objectives are best served by partnering with Russia, working through the UN Security Council, and undertaking postconflict stabilization policies that support centralized Syrian state institutions. Lessons from recent conflicts, including U.S. interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan, suggest that postconflict security, governance, and reconstruction in Syria will require centralized state authority. A collapsed or fractured state would contribute to further instability and radicalization in Syria, its neighbors, and the wider region.4 The longer the war goes on, the higher the probability of state collapse, fragmentation, endemic terrorism, and continued refugee flows. The methodology of this Perspective is informed by an extensive review of literature by the RAND Corporation and other organizations about civil wars, insurgencies, interventions, and postconflict reconstruction, with references to historical trends and lessons learned from these cases for comparison with Syria; primary, secondary, and public sources on Syria, including UN and U.S. govPreventing State Collapse in Syria