The reign of Louis XV was characterized by an increased presence of royal princesses at the French court. Their status as filles de France gave them a special place in monarchical ceremonies and tended to make them special figures, by virtue of their unique kinship with the king, their father. In spite of being women, they took precedence over all the princes of the blood. The daughter of Louis XVI enjoyed the same recognition. Even though she was not in the line of succession, the events of the Revolution led to a rethinking of the place of princesses within the French monarchy. Theories emerged that placed birth and direct descent from the king above gender. The deaths of Louis XVI and then Louis XVII led to further questioning of this idea of legitimacy. Louis XVIII, who restored the monarchy in 1814, used his niece Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France not to place her on the throne, but to strengthen it. Her status as a fille de France and daughter of Louis XVI gave her the legitimacy of blood and misfortune, and allowed her to occupy a unique place within the restored monarchy, that of an almost queen.
Constantinos Charalambous, W. Thomas Pike, Benjamin Fernando
et al.
Abstract To date, eight meteoroid impacts have been identified in the seismic record of NASA's InSight mission on Mars, occurring either within 300 km or beyond 3,500 km. We report the association of a high‐frequency marsquake, S0794a, with a new 21.5‐m‐diameter impact crater discovered at an intermediate distance of 1,640 km in the tectonically active Cerberus‐Fossae graben system. This impact enables the direct comparison between surface and subsurface sources, as well as providing the first data point in the critical gap between previous impacts, both in distance and crater size. Additionally, the location of this event necessitates a reassessment of assumed seismic raypaths that were thought to propagate along a slow crustal waveguide. We find that the raypaths instead penetrate and travel through the faster mantle, implying numerous identified marsquake epicenters should be relocated up to two times farther from InSight, with implications for seismically derived impact rates and regional seismicity.
The history of France is consubstantial to the political project of the French far right: the past is understood as the origin of a nation’s identity, as a value in and of itself from which to draw moral principles and understand the present, as a ritual of political socialization for activists, as a mobilizing story and finally as the political horizon of a desired return to France’s mythical grandeur. In this ideological vision, the past (birth, blood) determines the identity of peoples and individuals. The weaponization of history for the purposes of glorification and national cohesion goes hand in hand with the obliteration of entire sections of French and world history, veering into negationism, and the paradoxical erasure of the origins of the National Front itself.
Following in the footsteps of others, this article focuses on the history of municipal repositories in Algeria, presenting the archives they contain and the avenues of research they open up. More generally, it follows in the footsteps of a growing body of work that closely combines archival and historical considerations. On the one hand, thinking about archives and colonial or imperial dynamics together has been the subject of particularly stimulating research, both across the board and in more specific fields. Secondly, “urban archives” are a research subject in their own right. Research into the history of Algeria in the 19th and 20th centuries is in the process of renewal. The documents on which they are based were produced by a wide variety of individuals and institutions. They are currently scattered, for the most part, between Algeria and France. However, the papers produced by the municipalities are still missing. This is why their identification, description and analysis are inseparable from a history of their archiving (Bloch, 1932). The challenge is not just to explore these collections; it is also to understand how they are preserved, destroyed and filed, so as to better define their historiographical interest.A brief history of archival culture in Algeria, from 1830 to the present day, is the first stage in these reflections. The individuals responsible for municipal papers, all of whom are still unknown to historiography, are highlighted here. The importance of their networks and training on their archival practices is examined. The same applies to the storage locations and successive moves that form the material framework for preservation. These individuals, places and practices are captured in a myriad of traces scattered between Algeria and France. The archives of the departments responsible for preserving the collections form one of the essential sources for this work. They consist of annual reports from the curators, inspection reports from their supervisors and deposit slips. All these documents provide a wealth of information for understanding the “archiving process” (Chabin, 2021). Municipal newsletters, directories and administrative reports also help us to understand the places, players and institutions involved. In addition, the press is used to shed light on various events and trajectories that are essential to understanding this history.The archives of the communes of the wilaya of Algiers are then examined in greater detail. It highlights the new regulations governing them, their conditions of access, the state of the collections and their place in a longer history. The article also reports on the results of the major archival work carried out on these collections by Aïcha Mati (2013) in Arabic, as has been the case for the most part since the 2000s. The author carried out a large number of internships, interviews and questionnaires with around fifty archive departments and the secretaries-general of the Assemblées Populaires Communales (APCs). The results of this survey show that the situations vary significantly: there are differences in the volumes conserved, in the chronological ranges covered, in the physical condition of the archives and repositories, and in the degree of progress made in filing.The third part of this study concludes with a presentation of the archive’s holdings. Their interest lies not least in helping to fill in some of the blind spots in historiography. They would enable us to undertake a history of urban property and neighbourhood social life, agricultural practices, justice, etc. Above all, the collections held by the municipalities enable us to get as close as possible to everyday life. In this respect, they provide a focus for observation that complements that provided by other, better-known or more widely-used sources (archives from the prefectural or gubernatorial administration, the writings of notables, etc.).So, from Oran to Annaba via Algiers, as well as in smaller towns, this article is an invitation to discover the municipal archives. Examined in the light of old and new questions, and provided that researchers are allowed access to them, they could well help to revitalise the writing of Algerian history.
Enrico Schifani, Antonio Alicata, Lech Borowiec
et al.
There are only two Aphaenogaster species from the subterranea group in the western Mediterranean: A. ichnusa Santschi, 1925, from south-western Europe, and A. subterranea (Latreille, 1798), also occurring in central and eastern Europe. Historically, the two species have been widely misunderstood: A. ichnusa was long considered a Sardinian endemic subspecies of A. subterranea, while its continental populations were misidentified as A. subterranea s. str. Recently, A. ichnusa was elevated to species rank and its worker caste was redescribed with that of A. subterranea, allowing for their correct identification. Yet their distribution was documented in detail only for France and Sardinia. Furthermore, no morphological characters were described to distinguish the males and queens of the two species. By investigating private and museum collections, 276 new records of A. ichnusa are provided here and 154 of A. subterranea from the western Mediterranean. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative morphological characters were combined to identify their males and queens. We present the new southernmost, easternmost, and westernmost distribution limits for A. ichnusa. Based on our results, this species is widely distributed in Italy and Catalonia (Spain), also occurring on several Mediterranean islands, avoiding areas with continental climate and high altitudes. Sicily is the only island to host the less thermophilous A. subterranea, which otherwise extends westward to Galicia (Spain). Sympatric occurrence is not rare along the contact zone. Additional natural history observations are reported regarding foraging habits, associated myrmecophiles, habitat preferences, and colony structure in the two species.
Clara Boulanger, Alfred Pawlik, Sue O’Connor
et al.
Representatives of the Diodontidae family (porcupinefish) are known to have been fished by prehistoric Indo-Pacific populations; however, the antiquity of the use of this family is thus far unknown. We report here on the presence of Diodontidae in the archaeological sites of Bubog I, II, and Bilat in Mindoro, Philippines, dating back to c. 13,000 BP (Before Present). This evidence demonstrates the early exploitation by islanders of poisonous fish. Every part of porcupinefish can be toxic, but the toxicity is mostly concentrated in some organs, while other parts are edible. The continuous presence of Diodontidae remains throughout the stratigraphic record of these Philippines shell middens suggests that porcupinefish were prepared by human inhabitants of the sites to render them safe for consumption, indicating an advanced cultural knowledge of the preparation needed to separate the toxic principle from the edible parts. This constitutes one of the rare examples of poison processing by humans, aside from the contentious wooden stick poison applicator from Border Cave (South Africa).
Through a study of the historiography of the persecution of “Nomads” in France from 1939 to 1946, this article offers a critical analysis of methodological and thematic biases present in much historical research on the topic. Historical studies on “Nomads” have significant practical implications today: this article examines how the history of French Roma and Travellers during the Second World War was written. It shows how French institutions have relied on historical work to deny the racial character of the persecution of the so-called
“Nomads”. The paper emphasizes that internment and enforced residence were not so much an absolute break but rather part of a particularly virulent moment in the long history of persecution of “Nomads” in the twentieth century in France.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, Communities. Classes. Races
The European language world is characterized by an ideology of monolingualism and national languages. This language-related world view interacts with social debates and definitions about linguistic autonomy, diversity, and variation. For the description of border minorities and their sociolinguistic situation, however, this view reaches its limits. In this article, the conceptual difficulties with a language area that crosses national borders are examined. It deals with the minority in East Lorraine (France) in particular. On the language-historical level, this minority is closely related to the language of its (big) neighbor Germany. At the same time, it looks back on a conflictive history with this country, has never filled a (subordinated) political–administrative unit, and has experienced very little public support. We want to address the questions of how speakers themselves reflect on their linguistic situation and what concepts and argumentative figures they bring up in relation to what (Germanic) variety. To this end, we look at statements from guideline-based interviews. In the paper, we present first observations gained through qualitative content analysis.
Younes Laidoudi, Domenico Otranto, Natacha Stolowy
et al.
Dirofilariasis is one of the oldest known zoonotic infections of humans mainly caused by the filarial parasites of the species <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> and <i>Dirofilaria repens</i>, which primarily infect dogs. A five-year survey (2017 to 2021) was conducted among the dog population to assess the molecular prevalence of <i>Dirofilaria</i> spp. in southeast France. Morphological and genetic analysis were performed on filaroids from dogs and one infected woman from the studied area. A total of 12 (13%) dogs scored molecularly positive for <i>Dirofilaria</i> spp. of which nine carried blood microfilariae. Ocular dirofilariasis was detected in a 79-year-old woman with no travel history. Both electron microscopy and molecular sequencing identified the worm in the human case as <i>D. repens</i>. Molecularly, <i>D. repens</i> isolates were identical in the human and dog cases, representing the only genotype reported so far in France. Despite the distribution of this genotype through all Europe, it was grouped separately with the other two European genotypes and with Asian ones. As in almost all previous human cases in France, <i>D. repens</i> parasites were mainly recovered from the ocular region of patients and were geographically concentrated in the southeastern regions. Data demonstrate the sympatric occurrence of <i>D. immitis</i> and <i>D. repens</i> with high risk of infection to human and dog populations in these investigated geographical areas, thereby underlining the urgent need to implement preventive chemoprophylactic strategies and vector control to reduce the risk of these filaroids in dog and human populations.
In the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France, since 2016, a collaborative inventory plan of the high schools’ heritage was deployed, in collaboration with the students. Thus, each year, in some volunteer schools, students studied the heritage history of their ‘bahut’ (French slang for “high school”) and shared their findings by becoming guides during the European Heritage Days. This article looks back over to the construction of this project named “Histoires de Bahuts”, “Schools’ Stories” and presents the experiences carried out in Aquitaine, in Poitou-Charentes and in Limousin regions. After several years of operation, the author suggests renewing this plan, mainly by building it on the current concepts and practices going on in the participatory science and in the field of cultural rights.
Even though the collections of the Éducation nationale (France’s Ministry of National Education) are likely to be the most appropriate to approach the question of lycées (French high schools) construction history in France, other sources held at the Archives nationales de France can also make a very useful contribution to documenting this field of study: the archives produced by the administration of the Bâtiments civils (Civil Buildings) and the administration of the École des Beaux-Arts allow to approach, from their own perspective, the question of construction, layout and decoration of high schools during the thirty years of post-war economic growth in France. A review of these collections, illustrated by two examples of high schools built during the same period, in Arcachon and in Marseilles, enables us to appreciate their historiographical interest, in terms of both their rich articulation and the new questions arising from research.
Hervé Ghesquières, Cédric Rossi, Fanny Cherblanc
et al.
Abstract Background Age-adjusted lymphoma incidence rates continue to rise in France since the early 80’s, although rates have slowed since 2010 and vary across subtypes. Recent improvements in patient survival in major lymphoma subtypes at population level raise new questions about patient outcomes (i.e. quality of life, long-term sequelae). Epidemiological studies have investigated factors related to lymphoma risk, but few have addressed the extent to which socioeconomic status, social institutional context (i.e. healthcare system), social relationships, environmental context (exposures), individual behaviours (lifestyle) or genetic determinants influence lymphoma outcomes, especially in the general population. Moreover, the knowledge of the disease behaviour mainly obtained from clinical trials data is partly biased because of patient selection. Methods The REALYSA (“REal world dAta in LYmphoma and Survival in Adults”) study is a real-life multicentric cohort set up in French areas covered by population-based cancer registries to study the prognostic value of epidemiological, clinical and biological factors with a prospective 9-year follow-up. We aim to include 6000 patients over 4 to 5 years. Adult patients without lymphoma history and newly diagnosed with one of the following 7 lymphoma subtypes (diffuse large B-cell, follicular, marginal zone, mantle cell, Burkitt, Hodgkin, mature T-cell) are invited to participate during a medical consultation with their hematologist. Exclusion criteria are: having already received anti-lymphoma treatment (except pre-phase) and having a documented HIV infection. Patients are treated according to the standard practice in their center. Clinical data, including treatment received, are extracted from patients’ medical records. Patients’ risk factors exposures and other epidemiological data are obtained at baseline by filling out a questionnaire during an interview led by a clinical research assistant. Biological samples are collected at baseline and during treatment. A virtual tumor biobank is constituted for baseline tumor samples. Follow-up data, both clinical and epidemiological, are collected every 6 months in the first 3 years and every year thereafter. Discussion This cohort constitutes an innovative platform for clinical, biological, epidemiological and socio-economic research projects and provides an opportunity to improve knowledge on factors associated to outcome of lymphoma patients in real life. Trial registration 2018-A01332–53, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03869619 .
Francesca Pilotto, Ingolf Kühn, Rita Adrian
et al.
The global biodiversity decline might conceal complex local and group-specific trends. Here the authors report a quantitative synthesis of longterm biodiversity trends across Europe, showing how, despite overall increase in biodiversity metric and stability in abundance, trends differ between regions, ecosystem types, and taxa.
The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Kazunori Akiyama, Antxon Alberdi
et al.
When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≳10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10 ^9 M _⊙ . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.
Little studied until now, many non-academic sculptors were involved in the works at Versailles under Louis XIV. Using the accounts of the Bâtiments du Roi it has been possible to quantify and define the activity of this diverse group of artists, which became gradually more significant during the seventeenth century. From the first commissions, such as the Grande Commande of 1674 to the final project of the royal chapel, they moved from marginal figures to the most important group of artists in terms of numbers. Though these sculptors worked mostly on ornaments – whereas the academicians dominated figurative sculpture in the round – some managed to sculpt figures in marble, a material guarantee of their talent. Their versatility enabled them to evolve their practice according to the needs of the time. The relationship between project managers and the sculptors was also one of the paths to prestigious royal commissions.
María García-Portela, Beatriz Reguera, Manoella Sibat
et al.
Photosynthetic species of the genus Dinophysis are obligate mixotrophs with temporary plastids (kleptoplastids) that are acquired from the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum, which feeds on cryptophytes of the Teleaulax-Plagioselmis-Geminigera clade. A metabolomic study of the three-species food chain Dinophysis-Mesodinium-Teleaulax was carried out using mass spectrometric analysis of extracts of batch-cultured cells of each level of that food chain. The main goal was to compare the metabolomic expression of Galician strains of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta that were subjected to different feeding regimes (well-fed and prey-limited) and feeding on two Mesodinium (Spanish and Danish) strains. Both Dinophysis species were able to grow while feeding on both Mesodinium strains, although differences in growth rates were observed. Toxin and metabolomic profiles of the two Dinophysis species were significantly different, and also varied between different feeding regimes and different prey organisms. Furthermore, significantly different metabolomes were expressed by a strain of D. acuminata that was feeding on different strains of the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Both species-specific metabolites and those common to D. acuminata and D. acuta were tentatively identified by screening of METLIN and Marine Natural Products Dictionary databases. This first metabolomic study applied to Dinophysis acuminata and D.acuta in culture establishes a basis for the chemical inventory of these species.
This paper examines the pedagogical strategies developed by the authors of two Norwegian thirteenth-century court books, The King’s Mirror and the Law of the Hird, in order to implement Western etiquette and rules of courtly behaviour at the court of the Norwegian kings. Inculcating new modes of behaviour, displaying self-restraint and courtesy to an aristocratic elite of a peripheral kingdom indulging in excesses of all kinds was challenging. In order to encourage Norwegian retainers to adopt new rules of speech, gestures, dress and table manners, our authors developed a threefold strategy emphasizing voluntary commitment and its beneficial character, and providing several highly practical advice easy to put into practice in many situations. The article concludes in stressing the decisive role of mediators of foreign culture into the Norse elite in underscoring their own knowledge and perception of both foreign and local cultures.
Although slavery was condemned in France, Britain, and the United States from the 1770s to the 1790s, leaders in all three countries considered that as a first step the international slave trade should be abolished. Britain was particularly active in promoting an international campaign against the trade after 1807, mainly by diplomatic means. This led to a spate of declarations and treaties in the 1810s and 1820s, and to a general agreement in Western countries on how unacceptable and criminal the importation of enslaved Africans was. However the now illegal trade picked up after 1820 due to a growing demand for labour in plantation societies in the Americas. Nationalist concerns clashed with humanitarian goals on the Atlantic, hindering real international police efforts. Most ambiguous in its commitment to ending the transatlantic slave trade was the United States : not only did it not repress the trade but American entrepreneurs were often involved in the transatlantic operations. The point of the paper is to examine this gradualist period in the history of antislavery, insisting on its international and comparative dimension, while underlying the peculiar position of the United States in the antebellum period.