DOAJ Open Access 2019

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Keiichi Asada +344 lainnya

Abstrak

When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≳10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10 ^9 M _⊙ . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.

Topik & Kata Kunci

Astrophysics

Penulis (349)

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration

Kazunori Akiyama

Antxon Alberdi

Walter Alef

Keiichi Asada

Rebecca Azulay

Anne-Kathrin Baczko

David Ball

Mislav Baloković

John Barrett

Dan Bintley

Lindy Blackburn

Wilfred Boland

Katherine L. Bouman

Geoffrey C. Bower

Michael Bremer

Christiaan D. Brinkerink

Roger Brissenden

Silke Britzen

Avery E. Broderick

Dominique Broguiere

Thomas Bronzwaer

Do-Young Byun

John E. Carlstrom

Andrew Chael

Chi-kwan Chan

Shami Chatterjee

Koushik Chatterjee

Ming-Tang Chen

Yongjun Chen

Ilje Cho

Pierre Christian

John E. Conway

James M. Cordes

Geoffrey B. Crew

Yuzhu Cui

Jordy Davelaar

Mariafelicia De Laurentis

Roger Deane

Jessica Dempsey

Gregory Desvignes

Jason Dexter

Sheperd S. Doeleman

Ralph P. Eatough

Heino Falcke

Vincent L. Fish

Ed Fomalont

Raquel Fraga-Encinas

William T. Freeman

Per Friberg

Christian M. Fromm

José L. Gómez

Peter Galison

Charles F. Gammie

Roberto García

Olivier Gentaz

Boris Georgiev

Ciriaco Goddi

Roman Gold

Minfeng Gu

Mark Gurwell

Kazuhiro Hada

Michael H. Hecht

Ronald Hesper

Luis C. Ho

Paul Ho

Mareki Honma

Chih-Wei L. Huang

Lei Huang

David H. Hughes

Shiro Ikeda

Makoto Inoue

Sara Issaoun

David J. James

Buell T. Jannuzi

Michael Janssen

Britton Jeter

Wu Jiang

Michael D. Johnson

Svetlana Jorstad

Taehyun Jung

Mansour Karami

Ramesh Karuppusamy

Tomohisa Kawashima

Garrett K. Keating

Mark Kettenis

Jae-Young Kim

Junhan Kim

Jongsoo Kim

Motoki Kino

Jun Yi Koay

Patrick M. Koch

Shoko Koyama

Michael Kramer

Carsten Kramer

Thomas P. Krichbaum

Cheng-Yu Kuo

Tod R. Lauer

Sang-Sung Lee

Yan-Rong Li

Zhiyuan Li

Michael Lindqvist

Kuo Liu

Elisabetta Liuzzo

Wen-Ping Lo

Andrei P. Lobanov

Laurent Loinard

Colin Lonsdale

Ru-Sen Lu

Nicholas R. MacDonald

Jirong Mao

Sera Markoff

Daniel P. Marrone

Alan P. Marscher

Iván Martí-Vidal

Satoki Matsushita

Lynn D. Matthews

Lia Medeiros

Karl M. Menten

Yosuke Mizuno

Izumi Mizuno

James M. Moran

Kotaro Moriyama

Monika Moscibrodzka

Cornelia Müller

Hiroshi Nagai

Neil M. Nagar

Masanori Nakamura

Ramesh Narayan

Gopal Narayanan

Iniyan Natarajan

Roberto Neri

Chunchong Ni

Aristeidis Noutsos

Hiroki Okino

Héctor Olivares

Gisela N. Ortiz-León

Tomoaki Oyama

Feryal Özel

Daniel C. M. Palumbo

Nimesh Patel

Ue-Li Pen

Dominic W. Pesce

Vincent Piétu

Richard Plambeck

Aleksandar PopStefanija

Oliver Porth

Ben Prather

Jorge A. Preciado-López

Dimitrios Psaltis

Hung-Yi Pu

Venkatessh Ramakrishnan

Ramprasad Rao

Mark G. Rawlings

Alexander W. Raymond

Luciano Rezzolla

Bart Ripperda

Freek Roelofs

Alan Rogers

Eduardo Ros

Mel Rose

Arash Roshanineshat

Helge Rottmann

Alan L. Roy

Chet Ruszczyk

Benjamin R. Ryan

Kazi L. J. Rygl

Salvador Sánchez

David Sánchez-Arguelles

Mahito Sasada

Tuomas Savolainen

F. Peter Schloerb

Karl-Friedrich Schuster

Lijing Shao

Zhiqiang Shen

Des Small

Bong Won Sohn

Jason SooHoo

Fumie Tazaki

Paul Tiede

Remo P. J. Tilanus

Michael Titus

Kenji Toma

Pablo Torne

Tyler Trent

Sascha Trippe

Shuichiro Tsuda

Ilse van Bemmel

Huib Jan van Langevelde

Daniel R. van Rossum

Jan Wagner

John Wardle

Jonathan Weintroub

Norbert Wex

Robert Wharton

Maciek Wielgus

George N. Wong

Qingwen Wu

Ken Young

André Young

Ziri Younsi

Feng Yuan

Ye-Fei Yuan

J. Anton Zensus

Guangyao Zhao

Shan-Shan Zhao

Ziyan Zhu

Juan-Carlos Algaba

Alexander Allardi

Rodrigo Amestica

Jadyn Anczarski

Uwe Bach

Frederick K. Baganoff

Christopher Beaudoin

Bradford A. Benson

Ryan Berthold

Jay M. Blanchard

Ray Blundell

Sandra Bustamente

Roger Cappallo

Edgar Castillo-Domínguez

Chih-Cheng Chang

Shu-Hao Chang

Song-Chu Chang

Chung-Chen Chen

Ryan Chilson

Tim C. Chuter

Rodrigo Córdova Rosado

Iain M. Coulson

Thomas M. Crawford

Joseph Crowley

John David

Mark Derome

Matthew Dexter

Sven Dornbusch

Kevin A. Dudevoir

Sergio A. Dzib

Andreas Eckart

Chris Eckert

Neal R. Erickson

Wendeline B. Everett

Aaron Faber

Joseph R. Farah

Vernon Fath

Thomas W. Folkers

David C. Forbes

Robert Freund

Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz

David M. Gale

Feng Gao

Gertie Geertsema

David A. Graham

Christopher H. Greer

Ronald Grosslein

Frédéric Gueth

Daryl Haggard

Nils W. Halverson

Chih-Chiang Han

Kuo-Chang Han

Jinchi Hao

Yutaka Hasegawa

Jason W. Henning

Antonio Hernández-Gómez

Rubén Herrero-Illana

Stefan Heyminck

Akihiko Hirota

James Hoge

Yau-De Huang

C. M. Violette Impellizzeri

Homin Jiang

Atish Kamble

Ryan Keisler

Kimihiro Kimura

Yusuke Kono

Derek Kubo

John Kuroda

Richard Lacasse

Robert A. Laing

Erik M. Leitch

Chao-Te Li

Lupin C.-C. Lin

Ching-Tang Liu

Kuan-Yu Liu

Li-Ming Lu

Ralph G. Marson

Pierre L. Martin-Cocher

Kyle D. Massingill

Callie Matulonis

Martin P. McColl

Stephen R. McWhirter

Hugo Messias

Zheng Meyer-Zhao

Daniel Michalik

Alfredo Montaña

William Montgomerie

Matias Mora-Klein

Dirk Muders

Andrew Nadolski

Santiago Navarro

Joseph Neilsen

Chi H. Nguyen

Hiroaki Nishioka

Timothy Norton

Michael A. Nowak

George Nystrom

Hideo Ogawa

Peter Oshiro

Tomoaki Oyama

Harriet Parsons

Scott N. Paine

Juan Peñalver

Neil M. Phillips

Michael Poirier

Nicolas Pradel

Rurik A. Primiani

Philippe A. Raffin

Alexandra S. Rahlin

George Reiland

Christopher Risacher

Ignacio Ruiz

Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín

Remi Sassella

Pim Schellart

Paul Shaw

Kevin M. Silva

Hotaka Shiokawa

David R. Smith

William Snow

Kamal Souccar

Don Sousa

T. K. Sridharan

Ranjani Srinivasan

William Stahm

Anthony A. Stark

Kyle Story

Sjoerd T. Timmer

Laura Vertatschitsch

Craig Walther

Ta-Shun Wei

Nathan Whitehorn

Alan R. Whitney

David P. Woody

Jan G. A. Wouterloot

Melvin Wright

Paul Yamaguchi

Chen-Yu Yu

Milagros Zeballos

Shuo Zhang

Lucy Ziurys

Format Sitasi

APA MLA BibTeX

Collaboration, T.E.H.T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R. et al. (2019). First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7

@article{collaboration2019, author = {The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration and Kazunori Akiyama and Antxon Alberdi and Walter Alef and Keiichi Asada and Rebecca Azulay and Anne-Kathrin Baczko and David Ball and Mislav Baloković and John Barrett and Dan Bintley and Lindy Blackburn and Wilfred Boland and Katherine L. Bouman and Geoffrey C. Bower and Michael Bremer and Christiaan D. Brinkerink and Roger Brissenden and Silke Britzen and Avery E. Broderick and Dominique Broguiere and Thomas Bronzwaer and Do-Young Byun and John E. Carlstrom and Andrew Chael and Chi-kwan Chan and Shami Chatterjee and Koushik Chatterjee and Ming-Tang Chen and Yongjun Chen and Ilje Cho and Pierre Christian and John E. Conway and James M. Cordes and Geoffrey B. Crew and Yuzhu Cui and Jordy Davelaar and Mariafelicia De Laurentis and Roger Deane and Jessica Dempsey and Gregory Desvignes and Jason Dexter and Sheperd S. Doeleman and Ralph P. Eatough and Heino Falcke and Vincent L. Fish and Ed Fomalont and Raquel Fraga-Encinas and William T. Freeman and Per Friberg and Christian M. Fromm and José L. Gómez and Peter Galison and Charles F. Gammie and Roberto García and Olivier Gentaz and Boris Georgiev and Ciriaco Goddi and Roman Gold and Minfeng Gu and Mark Gurwell and Kazuhiro Hada and Michael H. Hecht and Ronald Hesper and Luis C. Ho and Paul Ho and Mareki Honma and Chih-Wei L. Huang and Lei Huang and David H. Hughes and Shiro Ikeda and Makoto Inoue and Sara Issaoun and David J. James and Buell T. Jannuzi and Michael Janssen and Britton Jeter and Wu Jiang and Michael D. Johnson and Svetlana Jorstad and Taehyun Jung and Mansour Karami and Ramesh Karuppusamy and Tomohisa Kawashima and Garrett K. Keating and Mark Kettenis and Jae-Young Kim and Junhan Kim and Jongsoo Kim and Motoki Kino and Jun Yi Koay and Patrick M. Koch and Shoko Koyama and Michael Kramer and Carsten Kramer and Thomas P. Krichbaum and Cheng-Yu Kuo and Tod R. Lauer and Sang-Sung Lee and Yan-Rong Li and Zhiyuan Li and Michael Lindqvist and Kuo Liu and Elisabetta Liuzzo and Wen-Ping Lo and Andrei P. Lobanov and Laurent Loinard and Colin Lonsdale and Ru-Sen Lu and Nicholas R. MacDonald and Jirong Mao and Sera Markoff and Daniel P. Marrone and Alan P. Marscher and Iván Martí-Vidal and Satoki Matsushita and Lynn D. Matthews and Lia Medeiros and Karl M. Menten and Yosuke Mizuno and Izumi Mizuno and James M. Moran and Kotaro Moriyama and Monika Moscibrodzka and Cornelia Müller and Hiroshi Nagai and Neil M. Nagar and Masanori Nakamura and Ramesh Narayan and Gopal Narayanan and Iniyan Natarajan and Roberto Neri and Chunchong Ni and Aristeidis Noutsos and Hiroki Okino and Héctor Olivares and Gisela N. Ortiz-León and Tomoaki Oyama and Feryal Özel and Daniel C. M. Palumbo and Nimesh Patel and Ue-Li Pen and Dominic W. Pesce and Vincent Piétu and Richard Plambeck and Aleksandar PopStefanija and Oliver Porth and Ben Prather and Jorge A. Preciado-López and Dimitrios Psaltis and Hung-Yi Pu and Venkatessh Ramakrishnan and Ramprasad Rao and Mark G. Rawlings and Alexander W. Raymond and Luciano Rezzolla and Bart Ripperda and Freek Roelofs and Alan Rogers and Eduardo Ros and Mel Rose and Arash Roshanineshat and Helge Rottmann and Alan L. Roy and Chet Ruszczyk and Benjamin R. Ryan and Kazi L. J. Rygl and Salvador Sánchez and David Sánchez-Arguelles and Mahito Sasada and Tuomas Savolainen and F. Peter Schloerb and Karl-Friedrich Schuster and Lijing Shao and Zhiqiang Shen and Des Small and Bong Won Sohn and Jason SooHoo and Fumie Tazaki and Paul Tiede and Remo P. J. Tilanus and Michael Titus and Kenji Toma and Pablo Torne and Tyler Trent and Sascha Trippe and Shuichiro Tsuda and Ilse van Bemmel and Huib Jan van Langevelde and Daniel R. van Rossum and Jan Wagner and John Wardle and Jonathan Weintroub and Norbert Wex and Robert Wharton and Maciek Wielgus and George N. Wong and Qingwen Wu and Ken Young and André Young and Ziri Younsi and Feng Yuan and Ye-Fei Yuan and J. Anton Zensus and Guangyao Zhao and Shan-Shan Zhao and Ziyan Zhu and Juan-Carlos Algaba and Alexander Allardi and Rodrigo Amestica and Jadyn Anczarski and Uwe Bach and Frederick K. Baganoff and Christopher Beaudoin and Bradford A. Benson and Ryan Berthold and Jay M. Blanchard and Ray Blundell and Sandra Bustamente and Roger Cappallo and Edgar Castillo-Domínguez and Chih-Cheng Chang and Shu-Hao Chang and Song-Chu Chang and Chung-Chen Chen and Ryan Chilson and Tim C. Chuter and Rodrigo Córdova Rosado and Iain M. Coulson and Thomas M. Crawford and Joseph Crowley and John David and Mark Derome and Matthew Dexter and Sven Dornbusch and Kevin A. Dudevoir and Sergio A. Dzib and Andreas Eckart and Chris Eckert and Neal R. Erickson and Wendeline B. Everett and Aaron Faber and Joseph R. Farah and Vernon Fath and Thomas W. Folkers and David C. Forbes and Robert Freund and Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz and David M. Gale and Feng Gao and Gertie Geertsema and David A. Graham and Christopher H. Greer and Ronald Grosslein and Frédéric Gueth and Daryl Haggard and Nils W. Halverson and Chih-Chiang Han and Kuo-Chang Han and Jinchi Hao and Yutaka Hasegawa and Jason W. Henning and Antonio Hernández-Gómez and Rubén Herrero-Illana and Stefan Heyminck and Akihiko Hirota and James Hoge and Yau-De Huang and C. M. Violette Impellizzeri and Homin Jiang and Atish Kamble and Ryan Keisler and Kimihiro Kimura and Yusuke Kono and Derek Kubo and John Kuroda and Richard Lacasse and Robert A. Laing and Erik M. Leitch and Chao-Te Li and Lupin C.-C. Lin and Ching-Tang Liu and Kuan-Yu Liu and Li-Ming Lu and Ralph G. Marson and Pierre L. Martin-Cocher and Kyle D. Massingill and Callie Matulonis and Martin P. McColl and Stephen R. McWhirter and Hugo Messias and Zheng Meyer-Zhao and Daniel Michalik and Alfredo Montaña and William Montgomerie and Matias Mora-Klein and Dirk Muders and Andrew Nadolski and Santiago Navarro and Joseph Neilsen and Chi H. Nguyen and Hiroaki Nishioka and Timothy Norton and Michael A. Nowak and George Nystrom and Hideo Ogawa and Peter Oshiro and Tomoaki Oyama and Harriet Parsons and Scott N. Paine and Juan Peñalver and Neil M. Phillips and Michael Poirier and Nicolas Pradel and Rurik A. Primiani and Philippe A. Raffin and Alexandra S. Rahlin and George Reiland and Christopher Risacher and Ignacio Ruiz and Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín and Remi Sassella and Pim Schellart and Paul Shaw and Kevin M. Silva and Hotaka Shiokawa and David R. Smith and William Snow and Kamal Souccar and Don Sousa and T. K. Sridharan and Ranjani Srinivasan and William Stahm and Anthony A. Stark and Kyle Story and Sjoerd T. Timmer and Laura Vertatschitsch and Craig Walther and Ta-Shun Wei and Nathan Whitehorn and Alan R. Whitney and David P. Woody and Jan G. A. Wouterloot and Melvin Wright and Paul Yamaguchi and Chen-Yu Yu and Milagros Zeballos and Shuo Zhang and Lucy Ziurys}, title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole}, year = {2019}, journal = {DOAJ}, doi = {10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7}, }

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Informasi Jurnal

Tahun Terbit: 2019
Sumber Database: DOAJ
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7
Akses: Open Access ✓