Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

Angélica Adverse

This article examines the work of fashion designer Zuzu Angel (1921-1976) from the perspective of mourning and collective memory during the military dictatorship in Brazil in the 1970s. To this end, we begin with a study of political conflicts in Brazil and of the forms of forgetting as a political strategy. Next, we consider how such processes ultimately originate a new language that confronts and recomposes the memorial narrative of history. Drawing on her creations in the field of fashion, fashion designer Zuzu Angel used textile allegories as a revolutionary vocabulary with the aim of establishing a memory of her mourning. Her creations highlighted the presence of violence in the public sphere, exposing the silencing tactics used by the Brazilian state. Our purpose is to present the forms of sensibilities that are transformed into synonyms of history and memory around mourning in the work of fashion designer Zuzu Angel. To this end, we will draw on authors such as Benjamin (1994), Traverso (2005) and Koselleck (2017). We hope to show how temporal experience manifests itself on the textile surface as a language that subverts mourning, proposing a new analysis of insurrection and image in the field of fashion.

Lorina Coiffard, Stéphane Rottier, Martin Smith et al.

Samuel van Willigen, Jehanne Affolter, Laure Bassin et al.

Almost 40 years after excavations at Place de la Planta, the project to build an underground warehouse for the cantonal archives in front of the former cantonal arsenal in Sion (Valais, Switzerland) provided an opportunity to gather new information about the Neolithic period in the upper Rhône valley. This article focuses on the first two stratigraphic complexes of the site, both of which yield important new insights into the earliest Neolithic settlement of Valais. The older of the two corresponds to occupations from the end of the sixth millennium (complex N1). The site then appears to have been cultivated before being used for domestic activities again at the beginning of the fifth millennium (complex N2). The pottery from the site confirms cultural links with the Po Valley, as previously suggested on the basis of the series from Sion-Place de la Planta and Sion-Plateau de Tourbillon, but also indicates contacts with the Rhine basin. This complexity is also evident in other aspects of material culture (lithic industry, adornment). The study of faunal and carpological remains shows that the economy was based on caprine husbandry and cereal cultivation at the end of the sixth millennium, with hunting and gathering only playing a marginal role. These discoveries make an important contribution to our knowledge of the early Neolithic period in Valais.

Chitja Twala, Ayanda Sphelele Ndlovu

The Bantustans in South Africa during the Apartheid era engaged in the extension of their territories, as this entailed increased revenue from the Apartheid regime. The latter aimed to concentrate African populations within these Bantustans, which effectively divided them into ‘ethnic’ groups. The Bantustan project, orchestrated by the regime, sought to implement a ‘divide-and-rule’ strategy. The regime was acutely aware that if the African population were to unite, they could pose significant political and security threats; consequently, it was imperative to maintain divisions through the establishment of ‘ethnically’ segregated Bantustans. This study interrogates how the regime enticed Bantustan leaders with territorial extensions to enforce the pseudo-independence and freedom of Africans within these ethnic enclaves, which received financial backing from the regime. As demonstrated in this study, liberation movements accused Bantustan leaders of collaborating with the regime, thereby branding them as ‘stooges’ of the latter. The Bantustan leaders were neither mere dupes nor entirely independent actors; rather, they were constrained to operate within the politically violent confines of the Apartheid system. Their apprehension towards acting against the regime was driven by self-interest. However, by demanding and accepting territorial extensions, they intensified their subordination to the regime. Utilising primary sources alongside secondary interpretations regarding the Bantustans, this study examines the advantages and disadvantages of territorial extensions. It becomes evident that such collaboration undermined the unity of the African populace in their struggle against Apartheid. This study critiques the management of territorial extensions by both the regime and the Bantustan leaders, focusing specifically on the relationships fostered by these extensions, particularly in relation to the TBVC states.

Evgeniy Pererva, Ksenia Balakhtina

This study presents comparative analysis results of medieval population series originating from the kurgan and ground burials in the Lower Volga region, categorized according to the presence or absence of unintentional artificial cranial deformation traces. A total of 753 cranial vaults were examined, of which 220 exhibited signs of unintentional artificial cradle (beshik)-type deformation. The series were divided into a nomadic group (under the kurgan and ground burials from the Khazar, Oghuz, Cuman, and Golden Horde periods) and a sedentary population group (necropolises of the Vodyanskoye, Krasnoyarskoye, and Selitrennoye settlements; burial grounds of the Tsarevskoye settlement and its suburbs; and the Shareniy Bugor cemetery). Comparative analysis evaluated 20 pathological and discrete traits of remains in adults and 8 features in immature individuals. Frequency comparisons were performed using the non-parametric Pearson’s chi-square test (ч2) for adult samples and Fisher’s exact test for children’s series, with verification using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test. The comparative analysis of the deformed and non-deformed skulls revealed no statistically significant differences between most traits across the examined series, including mixed-sex and non-adult groups. However, certain conditions were identified showing a significant variation in the compared series. The frequency of these traits was consistently higher in samples with unintentional cranial deformation. Notably, degenerative changes of the temporomandibular joint, vascular reactions, and nasal trauma were significantly more prevalent in both sedentary and nomadic populations with beshik-type deformation. The observed differences between individuals with and without traces of unintentional artificial deformation likely indicate populations that not only utilized beshik-type cradles in daily life but also adhered to traditions in family relations, diet, and lifestyle practices rooted in the nomadic cultures of ancient Central Asian peoples. The unintentional artificial deformation observed in skulls dating back to the late 7th to the 15th centuries was compatible with normal biological functioning. The pathological deviations identified in its carriers probably result from environmental and sociocultural factors affecting the human body.

Irem Islek, Sule Gunduz Oguducu

Recommendation systems can provide accurate recommendations by analyzing user shopping history. A richer user history results in more accurate recommendations. However, in real applications, users prefer e-commerce platforms where the item they seek is at the lowest price. In other words, most users shop from multiple e-commerce platforms simultaneously; different parts of the user's shopping history are shared between different e-commerce platforms. Consequently, we assume in this study that any e-commerce platform has a complete record of the user's history but can only access some parts of it. If a recommendation system is able to predict the missing parts first and enrich the user's shopping history properly, it will be possible to recommend the next item more accurately. Our recommendation system leverages user shopping history to improve prediction accuracy. The proposed approach shows significant improvements in both NDCG@10 and HR@10.

Joern Ploennigs, Markus Berger

Recent generative AI platforms are able to create texts or impressive images from simple text prompts. This makes them powerful tools for summarizing knowledge about architectural history or deriving new creative work in early design tasks like ideation, sketching and modelling. But, how good is the understanding of the generative AI models of the history of architecture? Has it learned to properly distinguish styles, or is it hallucinating information? In this chapter, we investigate this question for generative AI platforms for text and image generation for different architectural styles, to understand the capabilities and boundaries of knowledge of those tools. We also analyze how they are already being used by analyzing a data set of 101 million Midjourney queries to see if and how practitioners are already querying for specific architectural concepts.

Luis Martínez Andrade

انتصار ناجي عبد الزنكي

يعد هذا البحث كمحاولة أولية لدراسة التفاعل الحضاري والسياسي بين مصرو بلاد اليونان للفترة من (332-20ق.م) أثناء خضوع مصر للسيطرة اليونانية وقد وجدنا أن ما ميز السيطرة اليونانية على مصر بأن المصريين نظروا إلى سيطرة المقدونيين اليونانيين أنها بمثابة تحريراً لهم من السيطرة الاخمينية وان اليونانيين حاولوا كسب ود المصريين ذلك باحترام معتقداتهم الدينية ومنها بأنهم اخذوا يشبهون الآلهة المصرية بآلهتم فربطو بين الإله امون والإله (زيوس) كبير الآلهة الإغريق كما ربطوا بين باقي آلهة اليونان، كما حرص ملوك المقدونين على سياسة التقرب من قلوب المصريين ومن أبرز ملامح التفاعل الحضاري أبان السيطرة اليونانية على مصر هو ذلك التمازج الحضاري والثقافي بين الثقافة المصرية والفلسفة اليونانية والتي اطلق عليها مصطلح (الحضارة الهيلينية) والتي كانت نتاجاً مركباً من عناصر اغريقية وعناصر مصرية وشرقية إضافة إلى التفاعل الحضاري وذلك بالتأثير والتأثر بالحضارة المصرية القديمة وتجلى ذلك التأثير أو التمازج في فن النحت والعمارة وابرزها بناء الأعمدة في معابد مصر فقد كانت منها أعمدة ذات طراز مصري وأعمدة ذات طراز دوري وكورنثي... الخ.

Sonia Villar-Mañas

Tíscar se configura en época andalusí en un lugar de montaña que determina en buena medida la organización de los espacios productivos, defensivos y habitacionales. Estos espacios, aunque modificados, perviven en el paisaje. Nuestro objetivo ha sido identificarlos y entender las relaciones que se dan entre ellos. Para esta tarea se ha recurrido al reconocimiento superficial del terreno, al análisis de las fuentes escritas, islámicas y cristianas, y a la revisión de la bibliografía sobre la zona. También se han analizado los datos procedentes de las intervenciones arqueológicas previas. Posteriormente, toda la evidencia recogida se ha procesado en un SIG. El análisis del conjunto de datos se ha volcado sobre un modelo digital del terreno que nos ha permitido comprender la gestión de los recursos naturales por parte de las comunidades campesinas de Tíscar a lo largo del periodo andalusí e identificar los lugares destinados para la explotación de los mismos. Esto nos ha permitido también comprender las relaciones que se dieron entre ellos y el papel que tuvo la fortaleza de Tíscar en la organización y gestión de los diferentes espacios en un lugar de montaña.

Maryam Esmaeeldokht

Abstract Shahcheragh Shiraz, an urban space with a variety of functions such as religious, social, political, and economic in the traditional city of Shiraz, used to be the central religious-social nucleus a hundred years ago. It was a daily or weekly meeting place for people with different beliefs and convictions. With the expansion of the city of Shiraz and the changes in the physical borders of the city, the historical context around the shrine has been the target of development and conservation from the approved programs of the administrators since 1951. After the destruction of a large part of the historical context of Shiraz under the pretext of the revitalization plan, 57 hectares of textures near the Holy Shrine of Seyyed Alauddin Hossein were about to be destroyed in 2021. This plan has not been implemented until now despite the efforts of experts and knowledgeable people. Owing to people’s awareness of the performance of Astana and Shahcheragh, and their sanctity,  the question is the destruction of the boundaries of the two shrines and their connection can be done at what purpose and at what cost, by the city managers who are the trusted representatives of the people? In the belief of Muslims, religious spaces and the sanctum of religious spaces for the purification of the soul and experiencing the predominance of the spiritual atmosphere of the space. Can a place of pilgrimage be called Bayn al-Haramayn while commercial use is not in line with religious and historical context? Can officially prevent the pilgrims from soul purification and encourage them to pay attention to material things. In such an atmosphere, the audience does not seem to be a pilgrims, but a tourist buying necessities and souvenirs.

Zhuo Xu, Masayoshi Tomizuka

In this extended abstract, we investigate the design of learning representation for human intention inference. In our designed human intention prediction task, we propose a history encoding representation that is both interpretable and effective for prediction. Through extensive experiments, we show our prediction framework with a history encoding representation design is successful on the human intention prediction problem.

Mansor Sulaiman, Muhammad Saiduddin Bin Izaluddin, Mujahidul Amin Bin Roslan

Al-Quran exhibits many verses about the history of the past ummah as a lesson for mankind throughout the ages. The teachings that God presents through these stories are not just for living in this world but beyond as a guide to face the afterlife. Because of that, this writing was made to present the influence of the environment passed by the previous peoples mentioned in the Qur'an with the formation of human morals, builders of civilization according to the perspective of the Qur'an. To achieve these objectives, library research is used by referring to the Quran and writings that help the researcher to understand the content of the relevant verses of the Quran such as books of interpretation written by scholars of the past and also contemporary scholars. In addition, related writings such as writings on education, general history and language are also referred to in order to achieve the objective. This writing found that the environment greatly affects the development of human character and it is closely related to how humans interact with the environment. One more thing, the environment that people go through is not something that happens spontaneously but it is God's plan that has a great purpose and wisdom which is to bring people to worship their God.   Al-Quran banyak memaparkan ayat-ayat berkenaan sejarah umat terdahulu sebagai pengajaran kepada umat manusia sepanjang zaman. Pengajaran yang dikemukakan Allah menerusi kisah-kisah ini bukan sekadar untuk menjalani kehidupan di dunia ini sahaja tetapi menjangkaui sebagai panduan untuk menghadapi alam akhirat. Oleh kerana itu, tulisan ini dibuat bagi mengemukakan pengaruh persekitaran yang dilalui oleh umat-umat terdahulu yang disebutkan al-Quran dengan pembentukan akhlak manusia pembina tamadun menurut perspektif al-Quran. Untuk mencapai objektif tersebut, kajian perpustakaan digunakan dengan merujuk kepada al-Quran dan tulisan-tulisan yang membantu pengkaji untuk memahami isi kandungan ayat-ayat al-Quran yang berkenaan seperti kitab-kitab tafsir karangan ulama silam dan juga ulama kontemporari. Selain itu, tulisan-tulisan yang berkaitan seperti tulisan berkenaan pendidikan, sejarah umum dan bahasa juga dirujuk bagi mencapai objektif tersebut. Tulisan ini menemui bahawa persekitaran sangat memberi kesan kepada pembangunan akhlak manusia dan ia berkait-rapat dengan bagaimana cara manusia berinteraksi dengan persekitaran tersebut. Seperkara lagi, persekitaran yang dilalui manusia bukanlah suatu yang berlaku secara spontan tetapi ia adalah perencanaan Allah yang mempunyai tujuan dan hikmah yang besar iaitu untuk membawa manusia untuk beribadah kepada Tuhannya.

Raymond Scupin

Derek Ruths, Caitrin Armstrong

The use of online user traces for studies of human mobility has received significant attention in recent years. This growing body of work, and the more general importance of human migration patterns to government and industry, motivates the need for a formalized approach to the computational modeling of human mobility - in particular how and when individuals change their place of residence - from online traces. Prior work on this topic has skirted the underlying computational modeling of residence inference, focusing on migration patterns themselves. As a result, to our knowledge, all prior work has employed heuristics to compute something like residence histories. Here, we formalize the residence assignment problem, which seeks, under constraints associated with the minimum length-of-stay at a residence, the most parsimonious sequence of residence periods and places that explains the movement history of an individual. Here we provide an exact solution for this problem and establish its algorithmic complexity. Because the calculation of optimal residence histories (under the assumptions of the model) is tractable, we believe that this method will be a valuable tool for future work on this topic.

César Félix Sánchez Martínez

La biblioteca de Sabine MacCormack, legada al Instituto de Pastoral Andina, es uno de los mayores repositorios a nivel nacional tanto en la cronística indiana como en los clásicos latinos y se constituye en una suerte de testimonio vivo que explica una trayectoria intelectual sorprendente para muchos.

D. Chidester

Mariateresa Crosta

This essay demonstrates the key role of Astronomy in Botticelli's "Venus and Mars-NG915" painting, to date only very partially understood. Worthwhile coincidences among the principles of the Ficinian philosophy, the historical characters involved and the compositional elements of the painting, show how the astronomical knowledge of that time strongly influenced this masterpiece. First, Astronomy provides its precise dating since the artist used the astronomical ephemerides of his time, albeit preserving a mythological meaning, and a clue for Botticelli's signature. Second, it allows the correlation among Botticelli's creative intention, the historical facts and the astronomical phenomena such as the heliacal rising of the planet Venus in conjunction with the Aquarius constellation dating back to the earliest representations of Venus in Mesopotamian culture. This work not only bears a significant value for the history of science and art, but, in the current era of three-dimensional mapping of billion stars about to be delivered by Gaia, states the role of astronomical heritage in Western culture. Finally, following the same method, a precise astronomical dating for the famous Primavera painting is suggested.

Wei-Ming Dai, Yin-Zhe Ma, Zong-Kuan Guo et al.

We investigate the constraints on the reionization history of the Universe from a joint analysis of the cosmic microwave background and neutral hydrogen fraction data. The $\tanh$ parametrization and principal component analysis methods are applied to the reionization history respectively. The commonly used $\tanh$ parametrization is oversimplistic when the neutral hydrogen fraction data are taken into account. Using the principal component analysis method, the reconstructed reionization history is consistent with the neutral hydrogen fraction data. With the principal component analysis method, we reconstruct the neutral hydrogen fraction at $z=9.75$ as $x_{\text{HI}}=0.69^{+0.30}_{-0.32}$ for $6<z<20$ range reconstruction, and $x_{\text{HI}}=0.76^{+0.22}_{-0.27}$ for $6<z<30$ range reconstruction. These results suggest that the Universe began to reionize at redshift no later than $z=10$ at a $95\%$ confidence level.

Stefan Dohr, Michal Merta, Günther Of et al.

We describe a parallel solver for the discretized weakly singular space-time boundary integral equation of the spatially two-dimensional heat equation. The global space-time nature of the system matrices leads to improved parallel scalability in distributed memory systems in contrast to time-stepping methods where the parallelization is usually limited to spatial dimensions. We present a parallelization technique which is based on a decomposition of the input mesh into submeshes and a distribution of the corresponding blocks of the system matrices among processors. To ensure load balancing, the distribution is based on a cylic decomposition of complete graphs. In addition, the solution of the global linear system requires the use of an efficient preconditioner. We present a robust preconditioning strategy which is based on boundary integral operators of opposite order, and extend the introduced parallel solver to the preconditioned system.