Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

M. Daly, J. Rioux, S. Schaffner et al.

Abdullah M Khayat, Balsam Ghazi Alshareef, Sara F Alharbi et al.

Consanguineous marriages, where spouses are related by blood, have been a longstanding practice in human history. The primary medical concern with consanguineous marriages is the increased risk of genetic disorders. When closely related individuals reproduce, there is a higher probability that both parents carry the same genetic mutation. In Arab countries, especially Saudi Arabia, the rate of consanguineous marriage is high compared with Western European and Asian countries. This high rate is directly proportionate with elevated risk of genetic disorders, including congenital heart diseases, renal diseases, and rare blood disorders. Additionally, it was noted that the rate of negative postnatal outcomes is higher in consanguineous marriages compared with the general population. These observations indicate the necessity of tackling this area and highlighting the consequences of this practice. In this review, we aim to discuss the current evidence regarding the association between consanguineous marriages and genetic disorders in Saudi Arabia.

B. Schöttker, R. Jorde, A. Peasey et al.

Objective To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) and mortality in a large consortium of cohort studies paying particular attention to potential age, sex, season, and country differences. Design Meta-analysis of individual participant data of eight prospective cohort studies from Europe and the US. Setting General population. Participants 26 018 men and women aged 50-79 years Main outcome measures All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. Results 25(OH)D concentrations varied strongly by season (higher in summer), country (higher in US and northern Europe) and sex (higher in men), but no consistent trend with age was observed. During follow-up, 6695 study participants died, among whom 2624 died of cardiovascular diseases and 2227 died of cancer. For each cohort and analysis, 25(OH)D quintiles were defined with cohort and subgroup specific cut-off values. Comparing bottom versus top quintiles resulted in a pooled risk ratio of 1.57 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.81) for all-cause mortality. Risk ratios for cardiovascular mortality were similar in magnitude to that for all-cause mortality in subjects both with and without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline. With respect to cancer mortality, an association was only observed among subjects with a history of cancer (risk ratio, 1.70 (1.00 to 2.88)). Analyses using all quintiles suggest curvilinear, inverse, dose-response curves for the aforementioned relationships. No strong age, sex, season, or country specific differences were detected. Heterogeneity was low in most meta-analyses. Conclusions Despite levels of 25(OH)D strongly varying with country, sex, and season, the association between 25(OH)D level and all-cause and cause-specific mortality was remarkably consistent. Results from a long term randomised controlled trial addressing longevity are being awaited before vitamin D supplementation can be recommended in most individuals with low 25(OH)D levels.

Basarudin, Suparman Jayadi

Just like in Java there is Kiai, in Sunda there is ajengan, in Sumatra there is buya, in Aceh there is teungku, in Madura there is bindara, and in the Nusa Tenggara region there is Tuan Guru Besar, abbreviated as TGB. He has contributions and thoughts in the educational aspect to guide the elderly and children. This article aims to find out the contributions and thoughts of TGH Muhammad Najmuddin Makmun. This research uses historical research methods which have four stages, namely, heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. In this research, the results can be obtained that, TGH Muhammad Najmuddin Makmun was a scholar who was born in 1920 M and had studied in Mecca for several years with teachers there. In terms of his leadership, he is wise, charismatic, simple and does not differentiate between the social strata of society and the students he teaches, prioritizing equality. TGH Muhammad Najmuddin Makmun educational thought is to improve and increase the existence of Islamic teachings, by referring to the teachings of monotheism education so that it can be used as a process of formation or guidance based on the Islamic religion, so that students are able to carry out their humanitarian duties as well as possible and adhere firmly to strong faith and intentions. In his contribution, he put it into educating the community, both children and the elderly. Through thoriqot establishments to educate the elderly, as well as Islamic boarding schools to educate children.

Maximiliano Camarda

La provincia de Entre Ríos se encuentra en un espacio con características insulares dentro del territorio argentino, y en su interior contiene cientos de arroyos y bosque nativo. El transporte vial en ese contexto estuvo marcado por la necesidad de la construcción de puentes y caminos. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las políticas públicas provinciales en infraestructura vial en Entre Ríos durante el periodo radical, de 1914 a 1943. Con ese fin se trabajó con los Mensajes de los Gobernadores, los cuales consistían en informes que describían las obras del año anterior y proyectaban lo planificado para el año entrante. También se analizaron las Memorias de Gobierno y Obra pública. Finalmente, se complejizó la mirada con los Diarios de Sesiones de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Provincia de Entre Ríos.

G. Boriani, Marco Proietti, C. Laroche et al.

P. Almeida, Hiroaki Arakawa, Kimmo K. Aronsuu et al.

Abstract Three anadromous lamprey species support important commercial fisheries in the northern hemisphere, sea lamprey in the Iberian Peninsula and France, European river lamprey in the Baltic Sea countries and Russia, and Arctic lamprey in Russia. Pacific lamprey, Caspian lamprey, Korean lamprey and pouched lamprey are harvested for subsistence and local commerce on the Pacific coast of North America, and in Russia, China and Oceania, respectively. Habitat loss caused by human activities in rivers have reduced lamprey populations and collapsed most commercial fisheries worldwide. Overfishing is a concern because traditional fishing gears (e.g., pots, fyke nets) target lampreys during their upstream migration, usually in physical bottlenecks, which can result in exceedingly high fishing mortality. The reduction in catches has inflated lamprey prices and encouraged illegal fishing in certain countries (e.g., Portugal, Russia). The success of management actions for lamprey fisheries could be at risk due to knowledge gaps that still exist regarding stock structure, estimates of stage-specific mortality, distribution at sea, preferred hosts, and climate change impacts to the distribution and availability of adequate hosts. There is an urgent need for good-quality data from reported commercial landings and also from monitoring studies regarding the efficacy of mitigation and restoration efforts (e.g., habitat restoration, fishing regulations, artificial rearing and stocking). Involving the general public and stakeholders in the management and conservation of lampreys through outreach actions is crucial to promote the protection of the ecological and cultural values of lampreys and the understanding of their vulnerability.

Federico Martocci

Pese a que la historiografía argentina se ocupó en las últimas décadas de revisar con renovada atención las agencias, burocracias y saberes de Estado, aún se observan vacíos significativos en ciertas áreas, como la que se vincula con la generación de conocimientos especializados y el despliegue de políticas públicas para el sector agrario. Para aportar a dicha línea de análisis, aquí proponemos focalizar en un tópico clave respecto del accionar estatal, durante el período estudiado, en una región que comprendía el oeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, el sur de Córdoba, el este de La Pampa y una parte de San Luis. Dicho tópico era el proceso erosivo, que acarreó como consecuencia la pérdida de la fertilidad del suelo en espacios donde la producción primaria era una actividad económica importante. El artículo se concentra en la etapa que se inicia a fines de los años treinta, un momento signado por la extrema sequía, la creación de dependencias estatales y el comienzo de estudios sobre esa problemática, y culmina al promediar la década del sesenta, cuando el tema continuaba muy vigente en la agenda oficial e incluso había adquirido mayor trascendencia internacional.

Christopher Storrs

Sascha O. Becker, Jared Rubin, Ludger Woessmann

Abstract This chapter surveys the recent social science literature on religion in economic history, covering both socioeconomic causes and consequences of religion. Following the rapidly growing literature, it focuses on the three main monotheisms—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—and on the period up to WWII. Works on Judaism address Jewish occupational specialization, human capital, emancipation, and the causes and consequences of Jewish persecution. One set of papers on Christianity studies the role of the Catholic Church in European economic history since the medieval period. Taking advantage of newly digitized data and advanced econometric techniques, the voluminous literature on the Protestant Reformation studies its socioeconomic causes as well as its consequences for human capital, secularization, political change, technology diffusion, and social outcomes. Works on missionaries show that early access to Christian missions still has political, educational, and economic consequences in present-day Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Much of the economics of Islam focuses on the role that Islam and Islamic institutions played in political-economy outcomes and in the “long divergence” between the Middle East and Western Europe. Finally, cross-country analyses seek to understand the broader determinants of religious practice and its various effects across the world. We highlight three general insights that emerge from this literature. First, the monotheistic character of the Abrahamic religions facilitated a close historical interconnection of religion with political power and conflict. Second, human capital often played a leading role in the interconnection between religion and economic history. Third, many socioeconomic factors matter in the historical development of religions.

S. Licher, M. Leening, P. Yilmaz et al.

OBJECTIVE: Identification of individuals at high risk of dementia is essential for development of prevention strategies, but reliable tools are lacking for risk stratification in the population. The authors developed and validated a prediction model to calculate the 10-year absolute risk of developing dementia in an aging population. METHODS: In a large, prospective population-based cohort, data were collected on demographic, clinical, neuropsychological, genetic, and neuroimaging parameters from 2,710 nondemented individuals age 60 or older, examined between 1995 and 2011. A basic and an extended model were derived to predict 10-year risk of dementia while taking into account competing risks from death due to other causes. Model performance was assessed using optimism-corrected C-statistics and calibration plots, and the models were externally validated in the Dutch population-based Epidemiological Prevention Study of Zoetermeer and in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort 1 (ADNI-1). RESULTS: During a follow-up of 20,324 person-years, 181 participants developed dementia. A basic dementia risk model using age, history of stroke, subjective memory decline, and need for assistance with finances or medication yielded a C-statistic of 0.78 (95% CI=0.75, 0.81). Subsequently, an extended model incorporating the basic model and additional cognitive, genetic, and imaging predictors yielded a C-statistic of 0.86 (95% CI=0.83, 0.88). The models performed well in external validation cohorts from Europe and the United States. CONCLUSIONS: In community-dwelling individuals, 10-year dementia risk can be accurately predicted by combining information on readily available predictors in the primary care setting. Dementia prediction can be further improved by using data on cognitive performance, genotyping, and brain imaging. These models can be used to identify individuals at high risk of dementia in the population and are able to inform trial design.

Chingis Ts. Tsyrenov

Introduction. The southern Chinese empire of Eastern Jin, which lost its northern lands in 316, did not lose hope of reclaiming its territories. The East Jin commander Huan Wen undertook three military expeditions to Northern China: the first campaign of 354 (against the northwestern “barbarian” kingdom of the Di clan — Former Qin), the second campaign of 356 (against the rebellious Northern Chinese barbarian general Yao Xiang), and the third campaign of 368 (against the Xianbei kingdom of Former Yan). The purpose of the article was to give a general overview and a brief analysis of the events associated with the three campaigns, as well as to identify the causes and consequences of the victories and defeats of the Chinese side. Materials and methods. The main research methods were historical-genetic, historical-biographical, and historical-geographical analysis of relevant events and personalities. The major source of information about the events associated with Huan Wen’s three campaigns to the North is the official dynastic history “History of the Jin [Dynasty]” (“Jin Shu”), namely the Zaiji section and the Liezhuan biographical section. Results. The unsuccessful outcome of the initially successful campaigns of Huan Wen may be explained by the factional struggle between the capital (Yangzhou) and regional (Jingzhou) groupings of the ruling elite of the Eastern Jin state, as well as the general degradation of the central government apparatus. The crushing defeat of the third northern campaign led to the loss of the territories in Central China previously conquered by the Jin army and the decline of the court career of Huan Wen himself. But his clan remained an influential power in the Jingzhou region.

Ioan Carol Opris

Our paper aims at bringing more facts to light over one of the Lower Danube forts – i.e. <em>Cius</em> (Gârliciu), by using all available data, including cartographic information, archive mentions by Pamfil Polonic, other epigraphic and numismatic elements, or aero-photogrammetric high-resolution imagery. In early 3^rd century AD it was mentioned in <em>Itinerarium Antonini Augusti</em> 224.5, at a distance of 10000 steps from <em>Carsium </em>(Hârșova)<em> </em>and another 14000 steps from <em>Beroe</em> (Piatra Frecăței). Both forts identified at <em>Cius</em> are situated on Hissarlık Hill, at the end of a 1.5 km long narrow peninsula mentioned by Themistius in the 4^th century AD, almost surrounded by water and wetland. In ancient times, it must have had direct contact to the river and very likely had its own port. Nobody knows anything on the earlier 2^nd-3^rd century <em>castellum</em> and if it stood on the same plateau or if it exploited some other vantage point in the area. On the contrary, Late Roman <em>Cius</em> (120 : 120 m) was built, as most of the fortifications along the Lower Danube frontier, in the last decades of the 3^rd – early decades of the 4^th century. Equipped with U-shaped towers and possibly with a splayed fan-shaped or rectangular (?) corner-tower projecting outward, the larger fortification presents typical Tetrarchic/ Constantinian characteristics, revealed by interpreting recent aerial photos. A second, smaller fort (85 : 60 m) has been identified at the end of the peninsula towards the Hasarlâc Lake. With its <em>Bauinschrift </em>dated 369 AD found somewhere in the middle of its northern side, the latter must be the one explicitly mentioned by Themistius in his <em>On the Peace</em> – 10^th Oration, as being built on a personal initiative of Emperor Valens, during its Gothic war against Athanaric.

Renaud Bécot

Fernando Ariza González

Review

J. Hagenblad, Jennifer Hülskötter, K. Acharya et al.

BackgroundInvasive species can be a major threat to native biodiversity and the number of invasive plant species is increasing across the globe. Population genetic studies of invasive species can provide key insights into their invasion history and ensuing evolution, but also for their control. Here we genetically characterise populations of Impatiens glandulifera, an invasive plant in Europe that can have a major impact on native plant communities. We compared populations from the species’ native range in Kashmir, India, to those in its invaded range, along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. For comparison, the results from 39 other studies of genetic diversity in invasive species were collated.ResultsOur results suggest that I. glandulifera was established in the wild in Europe at least twice, from an area outside of our Kashmir study area. Our results further revealed that the genetic diversity in invasive populations of I. glandulifera is unusually low compared to native populations, in particular when compared to other invasive species. Genetic drift rather than mutation seems to have played a role in differentiating populations in Europe. We find evidence of limitations to local gene flow after introduction to Europe, but somewhat less restrictions in the native range. I. glandulifera populations with significant inbreeding were only found in the species’ native range and invasive species in general showed no increase in inbreeding upon leaving their native ranges. In Europe we detect cases of migration between distantly located populations. Human activities therefore seem to, at least partially, have facilitated not only introductions, but also further spread of I. glandulifera across Europe.ConclusionsAlthough multiple introductions will facilitate the retention of genetic diversity in invasive ranges, widespread invasive species can remain genetically relatively invariant also after multiple introductions. Phenotypic plasticity may therefore be an important component of the successful spread of Impatiens glandulifera across Europe.

M. Pifferi

This article discusses the implications for comparative legal history of Nicola Lacey’s In Search of Criminal Responsibility. I emphasize the importance of both diachronic comparison and comparison between different legal systems to analyze the changing patterns of responsibility- attribution, focusing on four themes: (1) the rationalization of a general part of criminal law by late-medieval European doctrine; (2) the growth of regulatory offenses and the changing boundaries of criminal law in the nineteenth century; (3) the role of character in sentencing and the creation of security measures under the influence of scientific criminology; and (4) the political meaning of capacity-based responsibility and the underlying idea of individual freedom in authoritarian penal systems.

Alex Fernandes Borges

O presente artigo visa analisar teoricamente a possibilidade de se qualificar o historiador, tomando por base uma tipologia ideal extraída da teoria da história de Jörn Rüsen, como um intelectual mediador, notadamente com base no conceito proposto a partir dos estudos de mediação cultural desenvolvido por Jesús Martín-Barbero e recentemente sistematizado no país por Ângela de Castro Gomes e Patrícia Hansen. Diante disso, articulou-se as hipóteses em três eixos: caracterização do intelectual mediador da cultura como uma categoria de análise compreensiva; instituição de um tipo ideal de historiador nos moldes weberianos e; a subsunção deste àquela.

Anna Wereszczuk, Raphaël Leblois, Andrzej Zalewski

Abstract Background Population genetic diversity and structure are determined by past and current evolutionary processes, among which spatially limited dispersal, genetic drift, and shifts in species distribution boundaries have major effects. In most wildlife species, environmental modifications by humans often lead to contraction of species’ ranges and/or limit their dispersal by acting as environmental barriers. However, in species well adapted to anthropogenic habitat or open landscapes, human induced environmental changes may facilitate dispersal and range expansions. In this study, we analysed whether isolation by distance and deforestation, among other environmental features, promotes or restricts dispersal and expansion in stone marten (Martes foina) populations. Results We genotyped 298 martens from eight sites at twenty-two microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic variability, population structure and demographic history of stone martens in Poland. At the landscape scale, limited genetic differentiation between sites in a mosaic of urban, rural and forest habitats was mostly influenced by isolation by distance. Statistical clustering and multivariate analyses showed weak genetic structuring with two to four clusters and a high rate of gene flow between them. Stronger genetic differentiation was detected for one stone marten population (NE1) located inside a large forest complex. Genetic differentiation between this site and all others was 20% higher than between other sites separated by similar distances. The genetic uniqueness index of NE1 was also twofold higher than in other sites. Past demographic history analyses showed recent expansion of this species in north-eastern Poland. A decrease in genetic diversity from south to north, and MIGRAINE analyses indicated the direction of expansion of stone marten. Conclusions Our results showed that two processes, changes in species distribution boundaries and limited dispersal associated with landscape barriers, affect genetic diversity and structure in stone marten. Analysis of local barriers that reduced dispersal and large scale analyses of genetic structure and demographic history highlight the importance of isolation by distance and forest cover for the past colonization of central Europe by stone marten. This confirmed the hypothesis that human-landscape changes (deforestation) accelerated stone marten expansion, to which climate warming probably has also been contributing over the last few decades.

D. Papanikolaou