Globalisation and rapid technological expansion continue to reshape linguistic structures, identities, and communicative functions across Romance and Germanic languages. These processes intensify multilingual interaction, alter digital visibility, and transform the relationship between demographic prominence and technological representation. The present study aims to examine how linguistic identity, digital inclusion, and structural resilience evolve under these global dynamics, with particular emphasis on the changing position of European languages in the digital environment. This research is designed as a systematic review following PRISMA principles, supplemented by secondary statistical analysis. While global indicators are used to position Romance and Germanic languages within the broader digital hierarchy, the analytical focus centres primarily on the European linguistic context. Therefore, the distinction between global and Europe-specific datasets is explicitly maintained throughout the study to ensure scope consistency and interpretive clarity. The review covers publications from 2018 to 2025 and draws on databases including Scopus, Web of Science, LLBA, and ERIC. It incorporates transparent inclusion and exclusion criteria, multi-stage screening, and a coding protocol grounded in linguistic, sociocultural, and technological indicators. Statistical data were retrieved from UNESCO UIS, W3Techs, Eurostat, and Ethnologue, with validation conducted in January–February 2025. The results show that while English maintains disproportionate dominance in digital spaces, Romance and Germanic languages demonstrate strong adaptive capacity through structural stability, hybridisation practices, and expanding digital resources. The synthesis highlights enduring grammatical resilience, uneven digital representation, and the importance of multilingual educational ecosystems. These findings indicate that sustainable linguistic development depends on inclusive digital infrastructures and equitable technological support that preserve linguistic diversity while enabling global participation.
Nshindi-Germain Mulamba, Francis Ngoyi Crequi Tshimanga
Non-sexism is one of the outstanding and obvious proofs of how social and cultural changes are taken into account in the English language. However, it is still a usage problem for natives and learners alike. This paper uses the degendering of phoric elements as an illustration of efforts in the 9th edition of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (OALD9) to capture and express social and cultural changes in the English language. It also attempts to point out some mismatches between rules and actual practice in this enterprise. Finally, it intends to show how the dictionary may act as an ideological tool, imposing, sustaining, highlighting, and perpetuating some points of view to the detriment of others. In practice, the use of more than one structure to achieve non-sexism makes fluency difficult and writing cumbersome.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Most work in NLP makes the assumption that it is desirable to develop solutions in the native language in question. There is consequently a strong trend towards building native language models even for low-resource languages. This paper questions this development, and explores the idea of simply translating the data into English, thereby enabling the use of pretrained, and large-scale, English language models. We demonstrate empirically that a large English language model coupled with modern machine translation outperforms native language models in most Scandinavian languages. The exception to this is Finnish, which we assume is due to inferior translation quality. Our results suggest that machine translation is a mature technology, which raises a serious counter-argument for training native language models for low-resource languages. This paper therefore strives to make a provocative but important point. As English language models are improving at an unprecedented pace, which in turn improves machine translation, it is from an empirical and environmental stand-point more effective to translate data from low-resource languages into English, than to build language models for such languages.
This article critically evaluates the ChiNdau–English and English–ChiNdau Vocabulary: With Grammatical Notes, a bilingual dictionary published in 1915 by the American Board Mission (Rhodesian Branch), with a view of determining its suitability for use as a point of departure for modern Ndau lexicography. More than a century after its publication, it remains the only dictionary in the language. The language has been treated as a dialect of Shona for close to a century, until its emergence as one of the country's sixteen officially-recognized languages in the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe. This landmark development requires practical work that can transform Ndau into a fully-fledged and intellectualized language. Lexicography is one of the key intellectual enterprises that can contribute in this regard. It is therefore the contention of this article that the existing dictionary be considered as a vital point of reference for future lexicographic work in Ndau. An analysis of various aspects of the dictionary indicate that, notwithstanding some limitations, this dictionary indeed managed to set some standards that may be incorporated in current and future lexicographic works in this less documented language.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
This paper, 'On the Transcription of Dutch Proper Names in Bulgarian' aims at providing general rules and guidelines to be applied in a new model for the transcription of Dutch proper names in Bulgarian. The fundamental principles of translation, transliteration and transcription have been considered as the most common methods for rendering proper names from a source language into a target language with a different writing system. It is crucial that the rendering of proper names be based on the authentic articulation of the Dutch name, avoiding the imitation of its true pronunciation. The written form of the name should also be taken into account as a lasting means of communication which can affect spoken language. Such traditional versions often occurred in the past as a result of lexical translations of parts of the name or of the whole name, as well as of morphological and/or phonological adaptations. The paper shows that when rendering Dutch names into Bulgarian priority should be given to transcription over transliteration. However, the latter can be used when a sound has no equivalent in Bulgarian or when it is necessary for a name to be easily and accurately retranscribed.
Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages, History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia
Blanche Nyangone Assam, Hugues Steve Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, Virginie Ompoussa
This paper is a response to Mavoungou (2013a) who has pleaded for the production of a dictionary of Gabonese French as variant B of the French language. The paper intends to comprehend the concept of "Gabonese French". It gives an outline of the situation of French within the language diversity of Gabon as a contribution to the theoretical perspective toward the inception of Gabonese French lexicography. Answers are given to the following questions: What French is described in existing Gabonese French studies? What French is and should be presented in Gabonese French dictionary production?
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Walter Benjamin geralmente é considerado como um autor "difícil", uma vez que não trabalha com conceitos anteriormente definidos e universalmente válidos, mas confere a conceitos existentes, tais como a moderna "vivência" individual ou a coletiva "experiência" pré-moderna, um significado específico. Mas isso só é possível mediante a inserção desses "conceitos individuais" em determinados contextos. A repetição desses conceitos na superfície do texto faz com que contextos, tidos como estranhos entre si, entrem numa relação inesperada, encontrando-se, de maneira semelhante à teoria da história, numa "imagem dialética".
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages