Globalisation, Technology, and Linguistic Identity in the Development of Romance and Germanic Languages

Globalisation and rapid technological expansion continue to reshape linguistic structures, identities, and communicative functions across Romance and Germanic languages. These processes intensify multilingual interaction, alter digital visibility, and transform the relationship between demographic prominence and technological representation. The present study aims to examine how linguistic identity, digital inclusion, and structural resilience evolve under these global dynamics, with particular emphasis on the changing position of European languages in the digital environment. This research is designed as a systematic review following PRISMA principles, supplemented by secondary statistical analysis. While global indicators are used to position Romance and Germanic languages within the broader digital hierarchy, the analytical focus centres primarily on the European linguistic context. Therefore, the distinction between global and Europe-specific datasets is explicitly maintained throughout the study to ensure scope consistency and interpretive clarity. The review covers publications from 2018 to 2025 and draws on databases including Scopus, Web of Science, LLBA, and ERIC. It incorporates transparent inclusion and exclusion criteria, multi-stage screening, and a coding protocol grounded in linguistic, sociocultural, and technological indicators. Statistical data were retrieved from UNESCO UIS, W3Techs, Eurostat, and Ethnologue, with validation conducted in January–February 2025. The results show that while English maintains disproportionate dominance in digital spaces, Romance and Germanic languages demonstrate strong adaptive capacity through structural stability, hybridisation practices, and expanding digital resources. The synthesis highlights enduring grammatical resilience, uneven digital representation, and the importance of multilingual educational ecosystems. These findings indicate that sustainable linguistic development depends on inclusive digital infrastructures and equitable technological support that preserve linguistic diversity while enabling global participation.