Hasil untuk "Chinese language and literature"

Timothy Noel Stephens, Susan Somerville

Abstract Background Like other countries developing standardized general practice training, China faces the challenge of training vast numbers of new general practice faculty. However, little is known about these clinician-teachers’ motivations and perceived needs for faculty development. This review intended to explore available published data on Chinese general practice faculty development needs and motivation for ongoing professional development. Methods A systematic search was conducted using combinations of keyword and MeSH term searches in English in PubMed and in Chinese language CNKI and WanFang databases, followed by a qualitative narrative synthesis of relevant articles identified. Inclusion criteria: English or Chinese publications between 1990 and 2021; qualitative or quantitative research, systematic reviews, literature reviews, review or opinion articles pertaining to faculty development or professional development needs or motivations of general practice or family medicine teachers. Articles pertaining to fields outside of medicine, those with a heavy subspecialty focus or not relevant to primary care were excluded. Results A total of 88 full text articles were included in this review. Available data on Chinese general practice faculty development needs placed emphasis on fundamental general practice knowledge, principles, and clinical training needs more than teaching and assessment skills. Learning through teaching and a sense of responsibility were potential sources of intrinsic motivation for pursuing faculty development. Potential barriers to participation included busy workloads, inadequate organizational support, and limited finances. Mandatory participation, irrelevant content, lack of teaching experience, lack of motivation to teach, and overall job dissatisfaction appeared to negatively influence motivation to pursue faculty development. Conclusions Further research should explore the broader continuous professional development needs of this large population of general practice teachers. Qualitative studies are needed to clarify how individual, organizational, and contextual factors influence teachers’ motivation to pursue faculty development.

Tianyu Lei

Although the portrayal of Zhunti Daoren (Cundī Daoist 準提道人) in the <i>Canonization of the Gods</i> (Fengshen yanyi 封神演義) is relatively subdued, it has garnered considerable scholarly interest owing to the pivotal role he fulfills in advancing the narrative and the profound cultural connotations encapsulated within the character. Scholars have put forward three distinct hypotheses: “Zhunti Daoren as a Buddhist deity”, “Zhunti Daoren as a Daoist deity”, and “Zhunti Daoren as the Panchen Lama”. Based on the theory that the figures in the novels of gods and demons (Shenmo xiaoshuo 神魔小說) embody symbolic characteristics, as well as the sociocultural background of Ming–Qing times, this study uses literary image analysis to investigate these three different interpretations. A basic examination is also performed to explore the correlation between Zhunti Daoren and Jieyin Daoren (Welcoming Daoist接引道人), with the aim of illustrating the relationship between the cult of Zhunti and Pure Land Buddhism in late imperial China.

Wu Zhe

The origins of Slavistics in China can be traced back to 1708. However, Slavistics so far cannot be called a popular scientific field, which is manifested in a fairly small number of scientific achievements directly related to Slavistics, and in a small number of organizations specializing in Slavistics. In recent years, under the influence of international and domestic factors, especially due to the promotion and implementation of the “the Belt and Road Initiative” the number of researchers interested in Slavic studies has shown an increasing trend, and relevant research organizations have been established consistently. This article provides a brief overview of the development of Slavic studies in China, introduces leading scientific organizations, scientific events and publications. In addition, the author pays special attention to the directions and results of research at the Institute of Slavic Languages (the only research institute called “Slavic Languages” in China) and the Research Center for Slavic Nations at Harbin Normal University under the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, using it as a prism to reflect the current state of Slavic studies in China. The research team of the Institute and the Center conducts both traditional and innovative research on languages, education, language consciousness, literature, folklore, and art of Slavic countries. Based on their research, we attempt to get a whole picture of the current status of the Slavic studies in China. In general, focusing on high-quality training of specialists in Slavistics and the construction of the discipline “Slavistics”, Chinese Slavists make efforts and achieve success in scientific and educational fields.

Mónika Kiss

Hishida Shunsō 菱田春草 (1874–1911) a Meiji-kori nihonga festők egyik első generációjához tartozott. Ezt az „új” stílust, avagy műfajt a nyugati festészeti stílusok és technikák gyors terjedésével szemben a hagyományos japán festészetet megmentő irányzatként állították be. Bár a Shunsō művészete iránti érdeklődés az elmúlt néhány évtizedben folyamatosan nőtt Japánban, még mindig meglehetősen ismeretlen a nyugati kutatók körében, és ez különösen igaz a buddhista festményeire. A jelen tanulmányban egy ilyen buddhista témájú festményt vizsgálok meg. A festmény a Fugen Bosatsu (Samantabhadra Bodhisattva) címet viseli, és egy fiatal fiút ábrázol, aki egy elefánt tetején olvas. Maga a festmény nem közismert és a datálása is kérdéses, ezért bizonyítékokkal alátámasztva érvelek amellett, hogy 1903 előtt készült, amikor is a szintén nihonga festő és barát Yokoyama Taikannal 横山大観 (1868–1958) Indiába utazott, hogy felfedezze a kortárs indiai (vallásos) művészetet. Ez az utazás kétségkívül változást hozott a stílusában, főként, ami a buddhista témájú festményeit illeti. A tanulmány fő tézise, hogy a Fugen-festmény határvonalat jelent Shunsō vallásos festményeiben, és megállapítható, hogy stilisztikailag különbözik az indiai tartózkodás után készült festményeitől. Ezen buddhista istenség ábrázolásának számos hagyományos gyökere van, azonban itt egy ikonográfiai szempontból hibrid formával találkozunk, amelyben keverednek a zen festészetben általános Shaka-háromságok előzményei a kevésbé ismert és elterjedt Chigo Fugen (Samantabhadra fiatal fiúként ábrázolva) megjelenítésével. Shunsō szembeállította az elefánt realista ábrázolását a hagyományosan kivitelezett kontúros fiúképpel, ezért ez a festmény az egyik legjobb példa arra, hogy a nihongaművészek hogyan ötvözték keleti (jelen esetben japán) örökségüket a nyugati művészeti technikákkal és anyagokkal, amelyeket újonnan kerültek át Japánba a Meiji-korban.

Harto Juwono

This research attemps to reveal a phenomenon of legal history that has occurred so far, namely the process of achieving equal rights or internal naturalisation of the Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The time period chosen is the colonial era with the consideration that at the time this ethnicity was directly involved in the legal system. By researching it, it is hoped that it can be known where the actual aim of granting the status of subject and citizen to the Chinese people in the colonial legal system and will continue in the national legal system. Considering that the chosen period is the Dutch East-Indies era, this paper uses historical research method with an emphasis on contemporary archival sources, which are traced, critiqued, analysed, and finally reconstructed. Based on the chosen theme of legal status, the archives that are used mostly take legal history data such as colonial era regulations and testimonies of their applications or public responses in contemporaneous newspapers. As a conclusion, it can be stated that Chinese ethnic were the object of policy and were not negatively responsive but accepted it with the hope of achieving the most benefit from the policy that was applied to them.

Don Yao

The Duolingo English Test, a language proficiency test offered online, is now getting prevalent worldwide. A recap of existing literature denotes that there is an insufficient examination of the DET, particularly on its issues of fairness. Besides, empirical test fairness research had mainly focused on the objective aspect but may have overlooked the importance of its subjective aspect. Additionally, compared with in-person tests, the fairness research of at-home tests lags far behind. Therefore, the current study investigated the DET fairness from test takers' perspectives. A DET Fairness Questionnaire based on (Kunnan's AJ, 2004) Test Fairness Framework (comprising validity, absence of bias, access, administration, and social consequences) was developed. Data were collected from 1,012 Chinese university students and processed through descriptive and factor analyses. The descriptive analyses revealed that test takers perceived the DET to be fair overall. Specifically, they perceived that they had equal access to the test, but the test was invalid; the factor analyses showed that test takers' perceptions of DET fairness (especially perceived validity and access) had a significant effect on their test performance. Such findings suggest that the subjective test fairness as an essential component could not be neglected in appraising an assessment as it influences test takers' performance, and DET developers may strive harder to enhance the validity of DET to provide a fairer testing environment for test takers.

M. Repnikova

Abstract This article examines China's most controversial soft power export – the Confucius Institute initiative – through the case study of its promotion and implementation in Ethiopia. As one of China's closest partners in Africa, Ethiopia presents a path-breaking case for examining the potential and the limitations of Confucius Institutes. In contrast to the existing literature that depicts Confucius Institutes largely as contested and limited initiatives, this article shows that Confucius Institutes and Confucius Classrooms have thus far been relatively successful in Ethiopia. Specifically, China's fusion of practical or tangible benefits with language and cultural promotion – what I describe as “pragmatic enticement” – invokes support from key participants in this project, including university administrators, students and Chinese teachers. In the long term, however, even in the highly favourable context of Ethiopia, the sustainability of Confucius Institutes is questionable, as there are apparent gaps between the rising expectations of Ethiopian administrators and students, and the limited resources on the ground.

Sarah Rogers, Jie Li, K. Lo et al.

Motivation: Unlike in other places where resettlement is largely a by-product of large infrastructure projects, in China, resettlement is used as a tool for poverty alleviation. With the introduction of Xi Jinping’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation, and the goal to end absolute poverty by 2020, resettlement has become central to China’s poverty-alleviation practice. Rather than investing in dispersed, remote villages, the Chinese government prefers to bring people to development by constructing high-density resettlement sites in small towns and peri-urban areas: up to 16 million people are being resettled between 2016 and 2020. Despite the scale of these interventions, the English-language literature on poverty resettlement is limited and is yet to detail rapidly evolving policies or how these are playing out on the ground. Purpose: In this paper we examine how poverty resettlement projects are working under Targeted Poverty Alleviation, with a focus on the implementation and impacts of, as well as overlapping motives for, projects in Shaanxi and Gansu. Approach and Methods: Our analysis draws on semi-structured interviews and secondary data collected in multiple sites in two provinces. Findings: Our findings show that China’s intense focus on resettlement as a tool for poverty alleviation has resulted in reduced financial burdens on those resettled, but is also engendering new conflicts at the local level. Policy implications: Our analysis highlights the contested nature of state-driven resettlement for poverty alleviation and raises questions about the relevance of this practice for other developing countries.

WANG Xin, LU Yao, YUAN Xue, ZHAO Wanjing, CHEN Li, LIU Minjuan

[Purpose/Significance] This paper investigates the research on author name disambiguation published in recent years, and reviews the development context of relevant research from the perspective of the impact of data on author name disambiguation methods, so as to provide reference for further research. [Method/Process] The papers related to author name disambiguation were collected from English research databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Academic, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Springer Link, and Chinese research databases such as CNKI, CQVIP and WANFANG. The search results cover the relevant papers published from 1998 to 2021. On the premise of giving consideration to authority, influence and novelty, 46 publicationswere selected for review. There are many types and structures of author name disambiguation data. For example, literature feature information is generally presented in unstructured text, and the extracted features can be stored and represented in two-dimensional tables; Citation information and interpersonal relationship are network relational data, which can be stored and represented by graphs, key value pairs or two-dimensional tables. The fundamental reason for different data structures lies in their semantic differences, but the data structure itself determines its applicable algorithm. According to the structure of characteristic data used in the author name disambiguation task and the different corresponding data processing algorithms, the relevant research is divided into three categories: 1) disambiguation method based on literature characteristics, 2) disambiguation method based on social network and 3) disambiguation method by integrating external knowledge. The impact of data on the author name disambiguation method is examined from the data level. [Results/Conclusions] The analysis found that with the progress of technology, deep learning methods have been widely used. Compared with the improvement of the model, the feature learning and representation based on deep learning can significantly improve the effect of the author name disambiguation algorithm. In addition, in order to overcome the problem of insufficient data utilization by a single method and improve the utilization efficiency of data, the three methods show the trend of mutual combination and complementary gain. From the literature research results, there are few related studies on incremental author name disambiguation and multi-language author name disambiguation, which could be one of the directions for further research.

Bin Wu, Xiu-Fang Zhu, Xiao-Qiang Yang et al.

Context Cnidium monnieri Cusson (Apiaceae) has been used in traditional Asian medicine for thousands of years. Recent studies showed its active compound, osthole, had a good effect on osteoporosis. But there was no comprehensive analysis.Objective This meta-analysis evaluates the effects of osthole on osteoporotic rats and provides a basis for future clinical studies.Methods Chinese and English language databases (e.g., PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Weipu Chinese Sci-tech periodical full-text database, and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database) were searched from their establishment to February 2021. The effects of osthole on bone mineral density, osteoclast proliferation, and bone metabolism markers were compared with the effects of control treatments.Results To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to evaluate osthole for the treatment of osteoporosis in rats. We included 13 randomized controlled studies conducted on osteoporotic rats. Osthole increased bone mineral density (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 3.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.08–4.09), the subgroup analysis showed that BMD significantly increased among rats in osthole <10 mg/kg/day and duration of osthole treatment >2 months. Osthole improved histomorphometric parameters and biomechanical parameters, also inhibited osteoclast proliferation and bone metabolism.Conclusions Osthole is an effective treatment for osteoporosis. It can promote bone formation and inhibit bone absorption.

Donna Lardiere

Xie Zhu

This paper analyzes verb reduplication in Mandarin Chinese under a lexicalist framework. By adopting the Lexicalist Hypothesis proposed by Chomsky (1970), a distinction has been made between syntactic and morphological verb reduplications by means of five tests: productivity, le insertion, categorial stability, transitivity, and input/output constraints. It is found that the AA and ABAB patterns of verb reduplication have relatively high productivity and regular syntactic behaviors, whereas the AABB pattern of verb reduplication shows extremely low productivity and syntactic idiosyncrasy. Given these observations, this paper proposes that the AA and ABAB patterns should be syntactic verb reduplications derived at the syntactic level, whereas the AABB pattern should be morphological verb reduplication formed in the lexicon. The two types of verb reduplications have different generative mechanisms.

Kirill Mikhaylovich Korchagin

This paper considers the influence of the French school of phenomenology represented by Maurice Merleau-Ponty on Akradii Dragomoshchenko’s poetics. Dragomoshchenko (1946—2012) was a St Petersburg writer, an important figure of the Russian literature of the last quarter of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Dragomoshchenko’s interest in the latest European and American thought played an important role in his creative activity both as a source of quotations and allusions in his prose and poetic works written between the 1980s and 2000s and an impulse for a structural transformation of his own creative manner. Phenomenology of Perception by Maurice Merleau-Ponty was a philosophical text which played an important precedent role in the process. Its translation into English became available to the poet starting with the 1980s. A specific variant of the phenomenology of the body worked out by the French philosopher forms a conceptual apparatus in the 1990s, using which Dragomoshchenko reflects his own creative method with the help of fiction. Most comprehensively, the process is represented in Dragomoshchenko’s last major work, Chinese Sun (1997), a novel which can be considered a vivid example of interference of philosophical and poetic language. The understanding of sensory perception and its role in human subjectivity substantiated by Merleau-Ponty in Phenomenology of Perception is used to analyse how visual and kinesthetic experience influences the writer. The novel employs different stylistic means which make it possible to emphasise the phenomenological nature of the author’s approach. Also, the writer uses numerous lyrical insertions, retardations and retrospections, functionally marked use of certain grammatical forms (primarily, verbs of imperfective aspect and present tense), etc. The author of the article analyses such means to demonstrate the role played by the phenomenological perspective in Dragomoshchenko’s creative work and the evolution of his poetics between the 1980s and 2000s.

K. Zuo, Eric Fung, E. Tredget et al.

Thomas Butt, Gordon G Liu, David D Kim et al.

Introduction Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is playing an increasingly important role in informing healthcare decision-making in China. This study aims to review the published literature on CEA in mainland China and describe its characteristics and evolution. We provide recommendations on the future direction of CEA as a methodology and as a tool to support healthcare decision-making in China.Methods English-language cost-per-quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and cost-per-disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) publications relating to mainland China were reviewed using the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry and Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry through 2017. Study features were summarised using descriptive statistics. Changes in study methodology over time were analysed by trend test, and study characteristics influencing the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of cost-per-QALY studies were investigated using logistic regression.Results 170 studies were identified reporting CEA for mainland China (cost/QALY=125, cost/DALY=45) since 1998. The number and quality of studies has increased over the past two decades, with significantly more cost-per-QALY studies compared with cost-per-DALY studies (p&lt;0.0001) and more studies with authors affiliated with Chinese institutions (p=0.0002). The average quality score was 5.04 out of 7 for cost-per-QALY and 4.70 for cost-per-DALY studies based on Registry reviewers’ subjective assessment of overall quality (methods, assumptions and reporting practices). The median ICER reported for interventions for oncology patients was higher (US$26 694 per QALY) than the median ICER reported for all interventions (US$11 503 per QALY). Oncology interventions were associated with the likelihood of reporting higher ICERs than the median ICER (p=0.003).Conclusion The number of English-language published CEA studies relating to China has grown rapidly over the past 20 years. In terms of quality, the China studies compare favourably with international studies, although they remain a small proportion of studies globally.

Juanjuan Ren, Hui Li, L. Palaniyappan et al.

Lanqin Zheng, Junhui Yu

This study examined the behavioral patterns of co-regulation in a mobile computer-supported collaborative learning context. Participants in this study included 101 undergraduate students majoring in law or Chinese language and literature. Content analysis and lag sequential analysis were conducted to analyze the behavioral patterns of co-regulation for four weeks. The results indicated that the main co-regulation behaviors included establishing goals, making plans, enacting strategies, monitoring and controlling, reflecting and evaluating, and adapting metacognition. The behavioral sequences from week 1 to week 4 demonstrated different characteristics. In addition, the high-achievement groups and low-achievement groups presented distinct differences in behavioral sequences. The implications for CSCL and limitations are also discussed.

John Zemke

E. O. Kirillova

The article is devoted to the study of literature of Russian Far Eastern emigration on the example of the works by Boris Mikhaylovich Yulskiy (1911-1950?), whose life and fate were linked with the Far Eastern emigration. The relevance of the study is determined by the interest of scientists to the ancient and completely unlike Chinese culture. In 2012 in Vladivostok the only book by Yulskiy “Green Legion” was published. It is noted that the collection of stories is edition that includes the writer’s works collected on the pages of the Russian-language periodicals of China (mainly Harbin magazine “Rubezh”). It is stated that merit of Yulskiy became the work with regional material, that gave his prose “Far Eastern” flavour. The object of study in the present article is the work of art “The Way of the Dragon.” The novelty of the article is seen in the fact that the image of the dragon from this work has not been investigated before. On the example of the Chinese mythological image of the dragon-Ouroboros, the category of “Dao,” as well as the motives of non-doing, contemplation, opium smoking, hermit the reflection of the perception of the elements of Chinese culture in the work of the Russian writer is revealed. It is concluded that Yulskiy who belonged to the “younger” generation of Harbin emigrants and had being living in Harbin with parents from his boyhood, fully embraced the surrounding Chinese culture and rather originally reflected it in his “Russian” stories.

Gábor Osváth

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