Significant development has occurred in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. We review the most recent guidelines from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis/International Osteoporosis Foundation Guidelines.
J. Eichstaedt, G. Sherman, Salvatore Giorgi
et al.
Significance On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, an unarmed Black American male, was murdered by a White police officer in Minneapolis. Footage of his death was widely shared and caused widespread protests. Using data from Gallup before and after his death, we found an unprecedented level of anger and sadness in the population, particularly among Black Americans. Using US Census data, we found that, compared to White Americans, Black Americans reported significantly larger increases in depression and anxiety symptoms after Floyd’s death. Police brutality against Black Americans places Black Americans at disproportionate risk for reduced mental health, both reflecting and reinforcing US racial inequality. On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, an unarmed Black American male, was killed by a White police officer. Footage of the murder was widely shared. We examined the psychological impact of Floyd’s death using two population surveys that collected data before and after his death; one from Gallup (117,568 responses from n = 47,355) and one from the US Census (409,652 responses from n = 319,471). According to the Gallup data, in the week following Floyd’s death, anger and sadness increased to unprecedented levels in the US population. During this period, more than a third of the US population reported these emotions. These increases were more pronounced for Black Americans, nearly half of whom reported these emotions. According to the US Census Household Pulse data, in the week following Floyd’s death, depression and anxiety severity increased among Black Americans at significantly higher rates than that of White Americans. Our estimates suggest that this increase corresponds to an additional 900,000 Black Americans who would have screened positive for depression, associated with a burden of roughly 2.7 million to 6.3 million mentally unhealthy days.
Kyung Yun Lee, Nils Meyer-Kahlen, Vesa Välimäki
et al.
Room impulse response (RIR) estimation naturally arises as a class of inverse problems, including denoising and deconvolution. While recent approaches often rely on supervised learning or learned generative priors, such methods require large amounts of training data and may generalize poorly outside the training distribution. In this work, we present RIRFlow, a training-free Bayesian framework for RIR inverse problems using flow matching. We derive a flow-consistent analytic prior from the statistical structure of RIRs, eliminating the need for data-driven priors. Specifically, we model RIR as a Gaussian process with exponentially decaying variance, which yields a closed-form minimum mean squared error (MMSE) Wiener denoiser. This analytic denoiser is integrated as a prior in an existing flow-based inverse solver, where inverse problems are solved via guided posterior sampling. Furthermore, we extend the solver to nonlinear and non-Gaussian inverse problems via a local Gaussian approximation of the guided posterior, and empirically demonstrate that this approximation remains effective in practice. Experiments on real RIRs across different inverse problems demonstrate robust performance, highlighting the effectiveness of combining a classic RIR model with the recent flow-based generative inference.
Significance Mathematical and computational modeling approaches can be essential in providing quantitative scenarios of disease spreading, as well as projecting the impact in the population. Here we analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Zika virus epidemic in the Americas with a microsimulation approach informed by high-definition demographic, mobility, and epidemic data. The model provides probability distributions for the time and place of introduction of Zika in Brazil, the estimate of the attack rate, timing of the epidemic in the affected countries, and the projected number of newborns from women infected by Zika. These results are potentially relevant in the preparation and analysis of contingency plans aimed at Zika virus control. We use a data-driven global stochastic epidemic model to analyze the spread of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas. The model has high spatial and temporal resolution and integrates real-world demographic, human mobility, socioeconomic, temperature, and vector density data. We estimate that the first introduction of ZIKV to Brazil likely occurred between August 2013 and April 2014 (90% credible interval). We provide simulated epidemic profiles of incident ZIKV infections for several countries in the Americas through February 2017. The ZIKV epidemic is characterized by slow growth and high spatial and seasonal heterogeneity, attributable to the dynamics of the mosquito vector and to the characteristics and mobility of the human populations. We project the expected timing and number of pregnancies infected with ZIKV during the first trimester and provide estimates of microcephaly cases assuming different levels of risk as reported in empirical retrospective studies. Our approach represents a modeling effort aimed at understanding the potential magnitude and timing of the ZIKV epidemic and it can be potentially used as a template for the analysis of future mosquito-borne epidemics.
This paper assesses the global employment and trade effects of renewed tariff escalation following the reintroduction of the United States' America First strategy in 2025. Using a multiregional input-output (MRIO) framework integrated with a trade model, the analysis captures endogenous adjustments in bilateral trade shares and final demand in response to changes in prices and competitiveness. Three scenarios are simulated to reflect alternative configurations of trade policy: existing tariffs without retaliation, updated tariffs including retaliatory measures, and a potential scenario characterized by de-escalation of the trade conflict. The results indicate that tariff increases generate widespread employment and export losses, with cumulative global job declines exceeding 23 million in the most adverse scenario. Informal and low-skilled workers bear the largest burden, accounting for more than 80 percent of total employment losses, while high-income and upper middle-income countries experience significant contractions in export volumes.
IntroductionDevelopmental defects of enamel (DDE) encompass a spectrum of conditions that occur during tooth formation, including enamel fluorosis, molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH), and other forms of enamel hypoplasia. It has been proposed that DDE are associated with nutritional deficiencies as well as environmental exposures during tooth development.ObjectiveThis scoping review summarized and analyzed the evidence on the association between dietary habits, environmental exposures, medical/health-related factors, demographic factors and biological factors and DDE aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence in this area.MethodologyFollowing the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework using Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) to guide the development of the research question and eligibility. The population of interest were individuals from any age group or gender diagnosed with DDE. The eligibility concepts were factors that may contribute to DDE such as dietary and environmental exposures. The study selection followed the PRISMA guidelines. Studies published from January 1993 to December 2024 were identified through searches in Web of Science and PubMed.ResultsOur review included 125 studies from 1993 to 2024, mainly on fluorosis (105 studies), mostly cross-sectional, and conducted in Asia and North America. Fewer studies addressed MIH (5) and other non-fluorosis DDE (15), primarily in Europe, South America, and Asia, with most participants being children aged 6–12 years, and small sample sizes. The review evaluated DDE and its main subtypes, molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and enamel fluorosis across conditions, overlapping risk factors were identified, such as excessive fluoride intake, vitamin D deficiency, early childhood illnesses, and exposure to environmental contaminants. Condition-specific patterns were also noted, fluorosis being primarily associated with high fluoride exposure and early weaning, whereas MIH was more frequently linked to vitamin D deficiency and early systemicConclusionThe findings highlight that enamel fluorosis, MIH, and other enamel hypoplasias are part of a shared continuum of DDE influenced by interrelated dietary, environmental, and biological factors. These findings suggest common developmental pathways leading to enamel disruption and emphasize the need for longitudinal and mechanistic studies to clarify causal relationships and inform preventive strategies.
BackgroundInterstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis (ILD&PS) represent a group of respiratory diseases characterized by high heterogeneity and substantial burden. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of burden with ILD&PS and provided estimates for 2040.MethodsPrevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths were analyzed at global, regional, and national levels using GBD 2021 data. Subgroup analyses were performed by age and gender to assess the quantity of global burden and trends. The BAPC model was used to forecast the worldwide disease load until 2040.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, global prevalence, incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates of ILD&PS increased by 128% (1887445.26 to 4306627.72), 148% (157,441.17 to 390,267.11), 169% (1,501,028.43 to 4,042,150.49), and 242% (54,967.23 to 188,222.37), respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs) also showed an upward trend. Additionally, the burden in Australasia and Andean Latin America varied greatly at the regional level, with ASRs burden increasing highest in high sociodemographic index (SDI) region over the previous 32 years. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between ASR burden and SDI. Subgroup analysis showed a higher burden in adults over 50 and consistently greater burden in males than females.ConclusionThe overall burden of ILD&PS increased from 1990 to 2021, and by 2040, the ASRs burden were expected to progressively normalize. Policymakers should give prevention and treatment measures top priority, paying special attention to high-burden areas and populations.
Víctor Cancino Cancino, Valeria Castillo Salgado, Carlos Mellado Yáñez
et al.
El artículo presenta el proceso de validación de la Escala de Mejora Educativa, instrumento que se sustenta en el modelo teórico de mejora de la eficacia escolar, y cuyo diseño se orienta a medir en equipos directivos y docentes la percepción sobre la gestión de la mejora continua en centros educativos en Chile. La recolección de información se llevó a cabo en un proceso bietápico, aplicando la escala a una muestra inicial de 267 sujetos en 12 centros educativos y una segunda aplicación a 259 personas en 10 centros educativos en Chile. Para la validación de la escala se realizaron análisis descriptivos, exploratorios y confirmatorios, esto último aplicado a la segunda versión de la escala. Los resultados obtenidos entregan evidencia de la validez del instrumento, ya que se confirma su estructura factorial de seis dimensiones con excelentes indicadores de ajuste (CFI y TLI superiores a ,94 y RMSEA inferior a ,065). Adicionalmente, se observa una alta confiabilidad por consistencia interna con un Alfa de Cronbach superior a ,8 en todas las dimensiones. Se concluye que la escala cuenta con sustento conceptual y empírico para su utilización en centros educativos en Chile, pudiendo adaptarse para su aplicación en distintos contextos educativos en América Latina.