Ziba Mosadegh Mehrjardi, Azizallah Tavakoli kafi Abad, Hadi Heydari Niya
Skilled poets employ a range of linguistic and rhetorical techniques to persuasively engage their audience and harness the expressive power of language in artistic and literary ways. Effective writers strategically use various sentence types—interrogative, imperative, prohibitive, exclamatory, and emphatic—to bridge grammatical forms with semantic meaning and communicate complex ideas. For instance, rhetorical questions serve not only to convey meaning but also to broaden the interpretive scope of the text, allowing the poet to suggest multiple layers of intention and stimulate reflection in the reader. The dynamic interplay between speaker and audience is essential to achieving effective verbal communication. Rumi, a masterful poet and mystic, is renowned for using poetic composition to convey profound spiritual and didactic insights. In the Masnavi-ye Ma’navi, the frequent use of interrogative forms directed at the reader creates a continuous flow of thought, guiding the audience through layered philosophical and mystical concepts.IntroductionThe rhetorical functions of questioning, particularly those involving denial, play a crucial role in this work. This article explores the rhetorical theme of denial and its artistic implications, including eternal negation, exclusion, bowing, contempt, praise, rejection, despair, mockery, support, regret, and more. It emphasizes the significance of employing questioning techniques to generate aesthetic motivation, highlights the distinctiveness of “negation” in questioning, and offers a “prescription” for its use.The spiritual Masnavi contains numerous rhetorical interrogative sentences, which can be broadly categorized into two groups. The second book of the Masnavi-ye Ma’navi primarily focuses on the first category: negative interrogative statements. Below, these interrogative sentences are listed in order of their frequency, each serving a unique rhetorical purpose:Eternal negation: This interrogative form emphasizes the perpetual exclusion or denial of a subject.Insult: A question that intentionally includes denial to embarrass or criticize the listener, another person, or a concept.Exclusion: The speaker uses this type of interrogative to stress the improbability of a situation by posing a question that implies negation.Disability statement: This form often involves expressing reverence and admiration for the subject or individual under discussion.Ignorance: Refers to a state free from attachment or sensual cravings; the role of this interrogative is conceptual or virtual.Hasr wa Qasr: This involves examining or attributing a unique characteristic to a specific attribute.Despair and disappointment: The speaker expresses disillusionment or rejection of a subject explicitly through denial.Tahweel and scare: A rhetorical style intended to frighten or intimidate the audience.Facilitating and easy to say: This style highlights the relative simplicity of performing an action that may seem difficult for the audience.Bragging: This form employs rhetorical questioning to emphasize the speaker’s pride and self-promotion regarding a topic, effectively conveying the essence of the argument.This book may also include other subdivisions, such as those found in colloquial language. Molana’s primary objective in this didactic collection is clearly to advise and guide the audience, a goal he achieves through the strategic use of questions fulfilling various rhetorical roles.Literature ReviewPrimary references on this subject include classical Arabic texts such as Miftah al-Uloom (Sakkaki, 1407: 350), Al-Aydhah (Qazvini, n.d.: 55), Motuwal (Taftazani, 1416: 237), Mughni al-Labib (Ansari, 1406: 26), and Khatshar al-Ma’ani. These seminal works provide a foundational basis for scholarly discussion, as highlighted by Irfan (1372: 320), which marks the beginning of an important chapter inviting academics to engage deeply with the vast knowledge of meanings derived from the miraculous source of the Holy Quran.Persian rhetorical scholars have further developed this field by drawing upon these Arabic sources, while also integrating Qur’anic examples and the rhetorical richness found in vernacular language traditions. Among these influential works is Jawahar al-Balagha, a collection that encompasses key texts such as Mukhtasar al-Ma’ani, Muftah al-Uloom, Darr al-Adab, Hanjar-e-Giftar, Taraz-e-Sukhan, and Rite of Rhetoric, among others.Research MethodologyThis study employs an analytical-descriptive approach, relying primarily on library research as its methodology. The report offers a comprehensive analysis of the findings, including detailed statistics, the purpose behind each rhetorical method, and the classification of virtual meanings. Furthermore, it provides examples for each category and offers thorough explanations of the verses containing these rhetorical sentences.The author strategically employs various rhetorical techniques throughout the presentation. Each section begins with a relevant passage from the Holy Quran that illustrates the targeted rhetorical style. This is followed by examples drawn from classical language resources as well as colloquial expressions to enhance clarity and relevance. Finally, the author presents a verse from the second book of Masnavi-ye Ma’navi that exemplifies the particular rhetorical form under discussion.DiscussionArticles like this serve as valuable resources for students of Persian literature and others interested in the study of semantics. This article, in particular, focuses on the compositional effects of words within the field of semantics. Through detailed explanations, it aims to help readers understand why writers often express broader concepts than those typically encountered in conventional usage.We anticipate that the author will continue to produce papers exploring the various rhetorical functions of compositional phrases, such as commands, restrictions, calls, and desires. Students interested in Persian literature now have an enhanced opportunity to appreciate the elegance of this field, along with the artistry of communication and originality. They are encouraged to engage deeply with the works of poets and writers who exhibit a distinctive approach to rhetoric and semantics.For a comprehensive understanding of rhetorical connotations, it is advisable to analyze Quranic interrogatives, colloquial expressions, and the literary works of eloquent authors. Unfortunately, much of the existing literature on rhetorical sciences lacks a thorough and all-encompassing treatment of this important subject.ConclusionRhetoricians widely recognize the concept of the "negative question," with its various artistic interpretations, as a crucial and frequently discussed topic. Its importance has prompted many writers to explore this subject extensively. Rumi’s style of expression, drawing on the language of the Holy Quran, effectively conveys mystical concepts to his readers through poetic composition. The foundational principle of the educational framework in the spiritual Masnavi is to guide the audience toward the recognition of ultimate truth and the negation of falsehoods, including the rejection of superficial or worldly attachments.In the second book of the Masnavi, 59.5% of rhetorical questions are negative interrogatives. Among these, 66.4% serve the artistic function of "eternal negation." This high frequency reflects Rumi’s profound stance on the rejection of pleasure and transient desires.
Although wine culture is still a new phenomenon in Poland, a specific wine-related language is rapidly emerging. The aim of the article is to study the various types of wine metaphors in Polish, examining both lexicalized terminology with metaphorical or metonymical origins and more complex, elaborated metaphors that require a deeper analysis. The paper explores the role of metaphor in the creation of terminology related to winemaking and examines preferences in the selection of perceptual and non-perceptual source frames. Furthermore, I provide a detailed analysis of creative metaphors (layered metaphors, mixed metaphors, and narrative metaphors) originated form the lexicalized terms.
The crisis faced by societies of truly established racial segregation deserves particular attention in the literaryspace, and its writing requires in-depth analysis within the field of criticism. This article explores Joseph Ngoué’s La Croix du Sud to examine how racism is represented and staged. Assuming that this social scourge manifests itself through a set of codes – be they linguistics, objects, thoughts or facts – that hark back to the history of the societies affected by this issue, we draw on Edgar Morin’s (1976) work on the crisis to highlight the antagonistic poles of racism, as well as the conflicts that arise from it, and the various existential postures that seek to transcend racial hierarchization. In this way, the writing project of the work under study is enriched by the author’s desire to shed light on the paths to freedom for people who are still oppressed.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
Бланка Клімова, Катаріна Замборова, Катерина Фронкова
Purpose. This study investigated the levels of three different strategies of metacognitive awareness: global reading strategy, problem-solving strategy, and support reading strategy among university students in a Business English class during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods. The methodology is based on a survey, which was conducted among 192 freshman university students in their specialized courses of Business English as a foreign language. The research instrument was a metacognitive reading strategies awareness (MARSI) questionnaire.
Results. The findings reveal that the students used problem-solving strategies the most, followed by global and support reading strategies the least. The results also indicate a difference between male and female students at individual levels of reading strategies.
Conclusions. The study proposes a set of recommendations with an alliance of COVID-19 learning environment based on the results such as taking notes while reading and highlighting the most important information with an emphasis on details or showing the importance of previewing the text, asking questions/making predictions about the text, and most importantly paying attention to self-regulation practices in a new school environment.
This contribution focuses on the teaching of Italian as a foreign language in Chinese universities and colleges. The work begins by providing an overview of higher education in the People’s Republic of China, the university enrolment system and the methodologies used for teaching foreign languages in China. This is followed by a description of the state of the art of teaching the Italian language at an academic level. The third part includes a qualitative research carried out at Chinese universities that offer Italian language courses. In the conclusion, suggestions based on the findings are provided on teaching the Italian language in the Chinese context.
The anthropocentric nature of modern linguistics has led to the need to study not only the regularities of human communication but also the ways of their use in various communicative situations.
The main communicative strategies and the specifics of the DEBTOR's language means were characterized in this article. The article discusses the effectiveness of the chosen tactics in the communication process. The paper readdresses the phenomenon of a communicative strategy and tackles the ways the chosen strategies control the communicative process aimed at achieving communicative goals and the selection of speech techniques that allow achieving the set goals in a specific situation. Special attention is paid to the analysis of behavioral activities and verbal means used by a DEBTOR in Sophie Kinsella's novel "Confessions of a Shopaholic".
The paper argues that DEBTOR’s communicative strategies depend on the specific situation and psychological characteristics of the addressee.
The material of the study is presented in the form of the types of speech strategies in the framework of the communication process in Sophie Kinsella's novel "Confessions of a Shopaholic". The objects of analysis are communicative strategies as a set of speech actions.
The relevance of the study is determined by the need to establish an inventory of communicative strategies for successful communication as the main component of the debtor, the importance of identifying the most productive strategy, and the formation of positive behavior during communication.
The article highlights the following strategies that are productive in DEBTOR’S speech: Termination, Topic Control, Topic Shifting, and Repair Strategy. Such strategies as Nomination, Restriction, and Turn Taking belong to the least productive ones.
The result of the study is the matrix of 7 types of communicative strategies from the most frequent to the least used in DEBTOR's speech.
From the perspective of research, there may be the establishment of communicative strategies in political discourse, politicians' speeches, and thematic webinars to discuss various aspects of the problem.
Discourse analysis, Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
En los meses previos a diciembre de 2001 y aún con más fuerza en los años posteriores, un notorio interés por la exclusión social parece acrecentarse y copar micros periodísticos, series y programas documentales de la televisión argentina. Al mismo tiempo, distintas manifestaciones culturales, como el cine y la cumbia, asumen también la tarea de contar la rutina de aquellos que viven en la periferia urbana. El fenómeno tiene su réplica en la ficción literaria y, así, muchos escritores de las nuevas promociones comienzan a referir la emergencia social en sus relatos y centran su atención en el espacio de la villa miseria. Entre estos textos se ubican Cuando me muera quiero que me toquen cumbia. Vida de pibes Chorros (2003), de Cristian Alarcón,
Santería (2008) y Sacrificio (2010), de Leonardo Oyola, y La virgen cabeza (2009), de Gabriela Cabezón Cámara. Más cerca de la fascinación que de la denuncia política, la literatura va a oscilar entre la estetización de la delincuencia desesperada y la celebración bizarra de la marginalidad. Tales opciones acercan bastante la narrativa al show que montan programas televisivos como Policías en acción o los informes de
Crónica TV.
Taboo words are words that are strictly prohibited to be used due to the fact that they may cause misunderstanding or conflict and are not appropriate. Therefore, it is important to understand taboo words in order to avoid using inappropriate words.This studyexamines the use of taboo words by the characters in Dallas Buyers Club movie. It focuses on the types of taboo words and reasons that influence the characters to use taboo words in the movie. This study used content analysis method as the research method. The sources of data were the movie and its transcription. The researchers obtained the data from the characters’ utterances. This study finds there are five types of taboo words, namely cursing, profanity, obscenity, epithet and sexual harassment. Cursing is the most frequently taboo word used by the characters in the movie. The researchers also find that he reasons for using the taboo words are humor, psychological condition, ethnic group identity and social class. Psychological condition is the dominant reason for the characters’ use of taboo words. The result of this study provides an in-depth understanding of the usage of English taboo words in movies that might influence young English learners.
Special aspects of education, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
Chad S. Rogers, Michael S. Jones, Sarah McConkey
et al.
AbstractUnderstanding spoken words requires the rapid matching of a complex acoustic stimulus with stored lexical representations. The degree to which brain networks supporting spoken word recognition are affected by adult aging remains poorly understood. In the current study we used fMRI to measure the brain responses to spoken words in two conditions: an attentive listening condition, in which no response was required, and a repetition task. Listeners were 29 young adults (aged 19–30 years) and 32 older adults (aged 65–81 years) without self-reported hearing difficulty. We found largely similar patterns of activity during word perception for both young and older adults, centered on the bilateral superior temporal gyrus. As expected, the repetition condition resulted in significantly more activity in areas related to motor planning and execution (including the premotor cortex and supplemental motor area) compared to the attentive listening condition. Importantly, however, older adults showed significantly less activity in probabilistically defined auditory cortex than young adults when listening to individual words in both the attentive listening and repetition tasks. Age differences in auditory cortex activity were seen selectively for words (no age differences were present for 1-channel vocoded speech, used as a control condition), and could not be easily explained by accuracy on the task, movement in the scanner, or hearing sensitivity (available on a subset of participants). These findings indicate largely similar patterns of brain activity for young and older adults when listening to words in quiet, but suggest less recruitment of auditory cortex by the older adults.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology
Educational linguistics is a dyadic science. The noun, linguistics, is a broad term which includes neuro-, psycho-, socio-, pragma-, ethno-linguistics and communication studies: areas where national ‘schools’ non longer exist. Educational, on the contrary, is a culture-bound term: language teaching is carried out according to laws which concern syllabi, exams and certifications, the language(s) of instruction, the teaching of the host language to migrant students, teacher training programmes etc. These juridical and administrative acts are meant for the local educational systems. We propose that it is possible to find a number of principles and models (we call them “hypotheses”) which can be accepted by culture-bound educational decision-makers, thus increasing consistency within language teaching and research throughout the world.
The problem of relevance, at individual agent scale – or how we decide what is adequate for our interpretation of the signs we encounter in the world – is a question that keeps reappearing in semiotics and other disciplines concerned with meaning. In this article I propose an approximation on relevance that conceives meaning as a trajectory across a cognitive landscape. Unlike conventional accounts on relevance, which presuppose mental processes built on feature-based representations, my proposal suggests conceiving cognition as a fluid and emergent field of attractors basins that become specified and modified when experiences appear, and conceiving meaning as a trajectory across the cognitive field. Consequently, I suggest that when cognitive landscapes better fit world experience, agents’ categorizations will be more relevant. My proposal is mainly supported by two approaches: the enactivist notion of structural coupling and the theories of dynamic neural populations of Walter Freeman III.
Zgniłe or zgnite jabłko? Or about a Certain Derivational Tendency in Polish Dialects and Its Consequences
The author presents and analyses the consequences of a characteristic for Polish dialects appearance of verbal adjectives which are the continuation of former gerunds ending in ‑ły. They occur very often in Polish dialects. The author pays attention to lexical and morphological consequences of this phenomenon. They consist in separation of a formant -ły that can create words from a great number of derivatives of an adjectival meaning not only on a verbal basis (e.g. przeszpiegły, wartły). Finally they also consist in the appearance of derivational synonymy. Functional character of adjectives ending in -ły enables their interchangeable action with other adverbial words ending in -ny, -ony, -any, ‑ty of resultant effect.
Jemina Napier, Katherine Lloyd, Robert Skinner
et al.
For many deaf signers, a signed language is their first or preferred language; spoken or written languages are often second languages and literacy levels among deaf signers vary. Historically, surveys carried out with deaf signers have been in written form, which means that findings of such studies may be problematic in terms of whether participants are a representative sample (as only those with higher levels of literacy may respond) and in terms of the integrity of the responses (if respondents did not fully understand questions). This paper therefore discusses issues faced in conducting survey research with deaf signers, given that they may face challenges in accessing questionnaires in written form. The paper also discusses how to conduct a multi-country study with deaf signers when they do not have a common sign language by designing a questionnaire using International Sign. We present a case study of the Insign project, which employed an online survey methodology that allowed 84 deaf respondents from 22 different countries to view questions in International Sign about their experiences with existing communication technologies and their expectations of service provision to access European Institutions. We explore the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach in relation to the use of International Sign, challenges in recruiting enough respondents, the time needed to create a signed questionnaire instrument, and how to enable deaf participants to respond in sign language. We conclude with recommendations for social science researchers to consider when administering surveys with deaf signing communities.
Medical translation in the United States has received increasing attention in recent years. This can be observed in the passing of legislation that supports equal access to healthcare regardless of language, in the development of training programs in educational institutions, and in the emergence of private initiatives in this field (Gonzalez Darriba, 2014). In this context, this paper aims to describe a genre with a very large volume of translation within medical practices, the Patient’s Personal and Medical Information Form (PPMIF), a questionnaire that gathers the relevant information needed for a successful first encounter between a patient and a medical practitioner. This description may serve as a basis for future reference when tackling the translation of PPMIF, as well as a tool for translation training and quality assessment. The analysis employed stems from a genre approach based on English for Special Purposes and Discourse Analysis applied to Translation (Gamero, 2001; García Izquierdo, 2009). Methodologically, it uses a corpus-based approach to compile and describe a parallel corpus of 100 English-language Patient’s Personal and Medical Information Forms (PPMIF) and their translations into Spanish. Subsequently, in order to provide a description for the PPMIF as a genre, a genre-based approach is applied to outline its five main components, following Gamero’s Genre Characterization Model and Jiménez-Crespo’s (2010) work on forms.
La poesia di Caproni, dopo un secondo tempo (rappresentato dai due libri 'familiari' Il seme del piangere e Congedo del viaggiatore cerimonioso), avvia nel 1975, con Il muro della terra, una terza maniera contrassegnata dall'afasia, da paesaggi vuoti, da interrogativi esistenziali. Una delle prime poesie di quella raccolta, Il vetrone, presenta non pochi problemi interpretativi, che vengono adesso almeno in parte risolti grazie a documenti epistolari inediti (una lettera di Caproni al grande traduttore Francesco Tentori). Il saggio ne ricostruisce il contesto e il significato, ricostruendo anche (tramite altri pezzi epistolari inediti) l'amicizia tra i due poeti.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
This paper provides a detailed representational analysis of the morpho-prosodic system of underived nouns in a dialect of Swedish. It shows that the morphology, stress and tonal patterns are not as complex as they first appear once the data are looked at in sufficient detail. Further, it shows that the renowned Swedish "lexical pitch accent" is not the result of lexical tones/tonemes. Rather, Swedish is like all other languages and uses tones to mark the edges of prosodic constituents on the surface. "Accent 2" occurs when tones mark the edge of a structural uneven trochee (i.e. recursive foot) and "accent 1" occurs elsewhere. This analysis is counter all other treatments of North Germanic tones and denies the almost unquestioned assumption that there is an underlying tone specification on roots and/or affixes in many North Germanic varieties. At the same time, it unifies the intuitions behind the three previous approaches found in the literature.
Abstract
Our work bases on the hypothesis of an existing interconnection between the symbolic and the metaphoric elements of the text responding to a series of mind patterns compressing perception and experience through the emerging process of conceptual blending triggering the semantic process during the creative act of poiesis. This enquiry focuses on the use of a peculiar rhetorical figure in an exemplar literary text of the famous German poet Goethe. We will try to point out the allegorical function of the scene dedicated to the «Mothers’ Kingdom», in his Faust II as a powerful poetical meta-reflection on imagination, cognition and poetics itself.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Style. Composition. Rhetoric