Although they are distinctive instruments, Article 102 TFEU and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) commonly target undertakings with high degrees of economic power. In Article 102TFEU, market power assessment, including market definition has been considerably challenged by specific features of digital markets. With the use of thresholds-based presumptions to designate gatekeepers, the DMA thus purportedly moves away from Article 102 TFEU analytics. This article questions the extent to which market power and gatekeeper powers are substitutes, or complements, regarding the analytical tools used, and regarding the purposes to which they contribute. While market power methodology moves away from quantitative methods, for greater accuracy, the DMA reinjects a great dose of quantitative-based tools. Yet, as the DMA decisional practice shows, both analyses comprise, with varied intensity, an assessment of qualitative factors, revolving around barriers to entry. In addition, issues of boundaries’ delineation feature in both methodologies. The tools on which they rely are substitutes, but with complementary scope and outcomes. Finally, market and gatekeeper powers may be both substitutes in how they contribute to contestability of markets, albeit with a complementary twist: respectively with access to a user base for the DMA, and in a relevant market for Article 102 TFEU.
Abstract Many studies show that the employees of foreign-owned firms earn higher wages on average than their otherwise similar counterparts in domestic firms. This paper contributes to the strand of literature that compares the differences in the wage gains related to foreign acquisitions, dependent on the country of origin of the foreign direct investments (FDI). The analysis is based on Estonian matched employer-employee data for the years 2006 to 2018. Impulses from Northern and Western European FDI are compared with FDI from the rest of the World. An acquisition by a foreign firm is considered a treatment. Employees who work for four consecutive years in these firms are matched with similar counterparts based on their wages before acquisition and in terms of individual characteristics and the labour productivity of firms. We estimate the effect of foreign acquisition using difference-in-differences with matching methods based on the estimated propensity score. Firm-level effects are positive. At the worker level, we find that the average treatment effect on treated individuals is not statistically significant in firms where the new owners came from Northern and Western Europe (NWE). At the same time, acquisitions by firms from other countries (OTR) indicated a large effect on stayers. Workers in the NWE group already have rather high wages prior the acquisition and workers in the OTR group may profit from the acquisition mainly because of the phenomenon known as cherries-for-sale.
Tendo por base revisão bibliográfica e documental, o artigo foca sua análise no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, considerando sua constituição histórica, principais formas de organização e bandeiras de luta até a atualidade. Para compreender a emergência do MST, fizemos uma incursão sobre a questão agrária e da constituição do capitalismo no campo brasileiro. Discutimos a vida, a produção e a educação nos acampamentos e assentamentos, demarcando a emergência da agroecologia, da formação política e da educação neste Movimento que emergem das lutas no campo e mantém-se com vitalidade após 40 anos.
Palavras-chave: Movimento Sem Terra. Questão Agrária. Agroecologia. Educação
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Considerando a temática proposta, a partir de minha inserção acadêmica no campo de pesquisa das relações entre trabalho e educação e da atuação no movimento social, o artigo propõe contextualizar o desenvolvimento dessa práxis no âmbito das lutas do movimento popular e sindical, em São Paulo, pela efetivação do direito à educação e sua incidência na construção de políticas públicas de educação e formação profissional no país, entre os anos 1980 e 2000. O texto parte do pressuposto da indissociabilidade entre produção teórica e intervenção social, de sua unidade dialética, e tem como objetivo principal indicar a presença dos sujeitos sociais coletivos e sua atuação direta na construção histórica da educação brasileira.
Palavras chaves: trabalho e educação, educação profissional, política pública, movimentos sociais.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the use of social dialogue as a tool for solving the problems of youth employment in Ukraine in the conditions of war. The youth labor market was considered, the segment of youth employment in Ukraine was characterized, and the main indicators characterizing the state of youth employment were analyzed. The active economic behavior of young people affects almost all aspects of the country's economy, and is one of the most important sources of its development.
The article outlines the main problems of youth employment in Ukraine: low level of economic activity, unemployment, informal employment, structural imbalance between demand and supply on the labor market. Solving the problems of youth employment requires the formation of a mechanism for effective interaction and cooperation of youth (trade unions), employers, educational space and the state, which consists in coordinating efforts and joint measures aimed at improving the situation on the labor market and providing young people with affordable jobs. One of these mechanisms is social dialogue, which is able to act as a fairly effective tool for solving the problems of youth employment in Ukraine in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction. The need to establish cooperation and interaction between employers and educational institutions with the aim of achieving a balance between demand and supply in the labor market, matching the level of education with modern requirements of the labor market was emphasized.
The state should pursue an active policy to create favorable conditions for increasing the level of youth employment. The implementation of transparent and effective mechanisms to encourage employers to employ young people and provide them with decent working conditions, providing them with sufficient income and a high level of social protection, overcoming stereotyped perceptions of employers regarding the low professionalism of young people, motivating young people to work should become a priority of state policy in the near future perspective.
Efforts of the authorities should also be directed to the development of appropriate post-war employment strategies, which should take into account the employment of young people who will return from abroad, as well as demobilized military personnel.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Estamos submetidos a um modo de produção orientado a mais-valia, que continua a expropriar os conhecimentos tradicionais dos trabalhadores, inclusive as comunidades de pescadores artesanais ao longo da costa brasileira, impactadas por conflitos socioambientais que vêm se acentuando nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste texto é discutir os impactos que as expropriações possuem sobre os trabalhadores envolvidos com a pesca artesanal e a relevância e os desafios contemporâneos da formação de consciência de classe entre os pescadores artesanais. O artigo é fruto de pesquisa teórica realizada para o TCC sobre a temática.
Palavra-chave: Conflitos socioambientais; Pescadores artesanais; Precarização do trabalho.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Marcela de Marco Sobral, Mauro Guimarães Guimarães, Ana Moura Arroz Moura Arroz
A partir da crise civilizatória resultante de um modo de produção que demonstra sua insustentabilidade socioambiental, propomos refletir sobre a formação de educadores ambientais que estejam aptos a contribuir na transformação dessa realidade. Acreditamos na necessária radicalidade do ambiente educativo para a formação desse Educador, portanto, baseado na proposta formativa da “ComVivência Pedagógica”, buscamos investigar as possibilidades imersivas em comunidades intencionais (alternativas) como ambiente educativo propício.
Palavras chaves: Educação Ambiental Crítica; Formação de educadores; ComVivência Pedagógica.
Palavras Chaves: Educação Ambiental Crítica; Formação de educadores; ComVivência Pedagógica
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
Machová Veronika, Šanderová Veronika, Šuleř Petr
et al.
The topic of supply and demand for jobs is a very current and important topic, as their prediction contributes to the future operation of an organization. The base source of data is information and data obtained from online databases of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic. The aim of this work is to predict the supply and demand for jobs up to 2022, using the method of exponential alignment of time series. With the existence of natural unemployment, not all job positions will be filled. In such a situation, organizations will have to demand labor from abroad. In the event that organizations are unable to secure labor from abroad, they will have to reduce their activities and the associated volume of production they produce. Last but not least, the organization can start going bankrupt. In the forecast, we do not address the structure of unemployment by the highest attained education or by profession. We see the application benefits of the work in companies that manage human resources. At present, the prediction of future development is mostly at the national level and in the Czech Republic it is at the beginning of its journey. The developed methodology will enable organizations to monitor the current situation on the labor market and respond to changes in the short and long term.
A presente tese tem como tema central a investida do agronegócio na educação, considerando o contexto da questão agrária e a luta ampliada pela terra como componente da luta de classes no Brasil. Em face disso, procuramos compreender a consolidação do agronegócio no país, especificamente, sua inserção na educação e os impactos de sua expansão para a oferta escolar em espaços rurais e para o movimento por uma Educação do Campo (CALDART, 2016).
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
The article is aimed at examining the current trends in the formation of employment structure and the peculiarities of both the standard and the «new» models of labor to determine the risks and opportunities for using various forms of employment in Ukraine in the conditions of the crisis of instability. The factors of demand (regulation of employment, creation of conditions for the development of highly intellectual employment and individual economic activity, technological development, economic cycles, etc.) and supply (personal characteristics of employees: age, gender, education, level of qualification) are analyzed, which influence the choice of employment forms and determine their use in the national labor market. The peculiarities (employment mode, remuneration and qualifications of employed people, their socio-demographic characteristics) of certain forms of employment in Ukraine are disclosed on the basis of the analysis of microdata of a sample survey of the population on issues of economic activity. It is determined that in Ukraine the most common was a permanent form of employment, other more flexible or even precarious forms of employment developed and functioned along with it, the regularities of usnig them were determined by the interaction of factors of the labor supply and demand. The results of the research justify the existence of a link between the stability of the form of employment and the factors of the labor supply, which include age, gender and educational qualification level. It is proved that the achievement of competitiveness of the national labor market will be determined by the complex use of various forms of employment to balance the demand and supply of labor in the conditions of digitalization and globalization of the economy.
Citrus is an important agricultural product in China and globally, and citrus production in China plays a vital role in global citrus patterns; specifically, spatial changes in these patterns affect the supply of citrus in China and have an important impact on the international citrus trade. In this study, the industrial concentration, exploratory data analysis, industrial gravity model, and spatial Durbin model were used to analyze the spatial evolution characteristics of and factors driving citrus production in China. The results showed that, from 1978 to 2015, China's citrus production space showed an expanding trend, which could be divided into a rapid growth period (1978-1991), low growth period (1992-2000), and steady growth period (2001-2015). The citrus production space in China is mainly concentrated in Southwest, Central South, and East China, with a spatial structure of "cold in the north and hot in the South." Citrus production space has a significant positive spatial autocorrelation on the provincial scale, showing a significant geographical agglomeration; the agglomeration first drops sharply, following which it fluctuates and rises. Since 2000, the center of the production space has continuously moved to the Southwest; the trend of "moving to the West and expanding to the South" is evident. China's citrus production space has gradually changed from the original natural drive to the "natural society" drive. The endowment of natural resources determines the basic space of citrus production in China, where social and economic factors are important reasons for changes in citrus production space. Among the market location factors, road transportation and fruit consumption significantly affect the citrus production space positively. The increase in road network density improves the economic location of the production area, and the increase in residents' incomes expands the demand for citrus consumption; therefore, for each 1% increase in road network density and income, the citrus area increases by 0.192% and 0.107%, respectively. Among the production factors, labor input and water conservancy irrigation have positive effects on citrus production space; with a 1% increase in these factors, the citrus area increases by 0.934% and 0.094%, respectively. Regarding social and economic factors, the loss of rural labor as a result of non-agricultural employment opportunities has a strong negative effect on the production space of citrus. The citrus area is reduced by 1.365% for each 1% increase. New varieties and new technologies brought about by scientific and technological progress positively affect citrus production space, and the citrus area increases by 0.058% for every 1% increase in this factor. The direct effect of per capita grain possession is negative, and the indirect effect is positive, indicating that with regard allocating limited land resources, local land must first meet the food security and inhibit the increase in citrus area. The increase in the per capita share in neighboring areas can meet the local food security and promote the increase of citrus area through food circulation.
Luis Armona, R. Chakrabarti, Mike Lovenheim
et al.
For-profit providers have become an important fixture of U.S. higher education markets. Students who attend for-profit institutions take on more educational debt and are more likely to default on their student loans than those attending similarly selective public schools. Because for-profits tend to serve students from more disadvantaged backgrounds, it is important to isolate the causal effect of for-profit enrollment on student debt and repayment outcomes as well as the educational and labor market mechanisms that drive any such effects. We approach this problem using a novel instrument combined with comprehensive institution-level data on student debt, default, educational attainment, and labor market outcomes. Our instrument leverages the interaction between changes in the demand for college due to labor demand shocks and the baseline supply of for-profit schools. We compare how enrollment and subsequent outcomes change across areas that experience similar labor demand shocks but that have different latent supply of for-profit institutions. The first-stage estimates show that students are much more likely to enroll in a for-profit institution for a given labor demand change when there is a higher supply of such schools in the base period. Among four-year students, for-profit enrollment leads to more loans, higher loan amounts, an increased likelihood of borrowing, and an increased risk of default. Two-year for-profit students also take out more loans, originate more student debt, and have higher default rates. We present evidence that these debt and default outcomes are driven by higher for-profit tuition and a negative effect of for-profit enrollment on labor market outcomes. Our results point to high costs and low returns to for-profit enrollment that generate worse student debt and repayment outcomes. These findings have important implications for public investments in higher education as well as how students make postsecondary choices.
Abstract We examine the economic impact of the large Puerto Rican migration into Orlando following Hurricane Maria in 2017. Using a synthetic control approach, we find non‐Hispanic employment increased in Orlando and positive aggregate labor market effects for less‐educated workers. The employment effect was particularly large in the construction sector. While we find that construction earnings decreased slightly, this was balanced by earnings growth in retail and hospitality. This is consistent with immigration having small negative impacts on earnings in sectors exposed to a labor supply shock, offset by positive effects in sectors impacted by an associated positive demand shock.
O artigo analisa a concepção de diversidade humana em uma perspectiva de totalidade, elegendo o materialismo histórico como referencial teórico. Tem como objetivo realizar a crítica às perspectivas economicistas e politicistas de entendimento da diversidade e afirmar uma concepção de diversidade
como característica do processo de individuação e sua necessária relação com a sociabilidade e as determinações oriundas da luta de classes.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
We study whether Honduran municipalities exposed to a conditional cash transfer program from 2000 to 2005 experience lasting effects on human capital and labor market outcomes. The government randomly assigned three forms of delivering program benefits across targeted municipalities: demand (vouchers), supply (clinic and school subsidies), and a combination of both. This program provides an opportunity to explore if and how differential exposure to incentives produces longer term effects. Using municipal-level panel data, these effects are estimated using difference-in-differences. We find that the form of delivering cash transfers influences the degree to which these programs make progress towards their objective of reducing future poverty. Compared to municipalities receiving support from the Honduran Poverty Reduction Strategy, our study indicates that exposure to demand-side incentives individually has no lasting impact. However, joint exposure to both demand- and supply-side incentives does lead to measurable improvements in schooling and labor market participation.
Artikkelen evaluerer virkninger av vilkår knyttet til arbeid eller annen aktivitet til unge sosialhjelpsmottakere. Artikkelen
utnytter variasjon i praksis innen sosialkontor som kommer fra økt bruk av vilkår fra forskjellig tidspunkt i forskjellige
kommuner på 1990- og 2000-tallet. Hovedresultatene er at praksisendringen reduserte andelen som mottar sosialhjelp med rundt et
halvt prosentpoeng, økte sysselsettingsraten med rundt ett prosentpoeng, og hadde positive virkninger i den nedre delen av
lønnsfordelingen og ingen virkninger i den øvre delen. Virkningen på samlet inntekt er også positiv, noe som betyr at økningen i
lønnsinntekt mer enn kompenserte for nedgangen i sosialhjelpsutbetalinger som etterfulgte praksisendringen.
Abstract This paper seeks to provide a continuous measure to represent the distance between skills acquired in tertiary education and those required in an individual’s occupation. This distance measure, which is computed by combining data from the 2010 Brazilian census with information from the 2010 Brazilian classification of occupations, suggests that workers usually classified in most of the literature into a single group of mismatches are in fact quite heterogeneous in the way their occupations are associated with areas of study. Evidence also shows that, even among mismatched workers, hourly labor earnings tend to decrease as the distance measure increases. This indicates the labor earnings penalty is not the same for all mismatched workers, seemingly changing substantially depending on the level of similarity between occupation and field of study.