В статье рассматриваются особенности конвенций и рекомендаций Международной организациитруда (МОТ), касающиеся процедуры их принятия, которая для двух данных международных актовявляется одинаковой, и вступления в силу, которая характерна только для конвенций МОТ, поскольку рекомендации МОТ по своей сути не являются международными договорами и не требуют ратификации государствами-членами данной международной организации. Отдельное внимание уделяется системе трехстороннего сотрудничества (трипартизм), предусматривающего участие по четырепредставителя от каждого государства-члена МОТ (два правительственных делегата, один представитель от работников, другой — от работодателей), функционирование которого является отличительной особенностью данной международной организации. Также в статье рассматривается вопросо моменте приобретения конвенцией МОТ статуса международного договора.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Daysy K. Pabón-Poches, Laura Barchelot-Aceros, Gonzalo Galván
et al.
Colombia es uno de los países en los cuales el conflicto armado se ha expresado desde distintas formas de violencia ocasionando en las víctimas la experimentación de múltiples situaciones traumáticas. El objetivo del presente estudio es comparar el número de situaciones traumáticas experimentadas, la presencia de síntomas de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y el deterioro del funcionamiento en víctimas del desplazamiento forzado en el marco del conflicto armado que cumplen y no cumplen los criterios diagnósticos de TEPT, mediante la aplicación del EGEP-5, un instrumento que mide la presencia de síntomas postraumáticos y criterios de TEPT. Se trata de un estudio no experimental transversal y descriptivo. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que un 45.6% de la muestra total cumple con todos los criterios de TEPT, a la vez que presenta un mayor número de situaciones traumáticas, apreciándose polivictimización en las dos muestras de estudio.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Psychology
Este artigo tem por objetivo explorar de que modo a Defensoria Pública cumpre a missão constitucional de defender os interesses dos cidadãos vulneráveis, a partir da análise dos múltiplos papéis exercidos pela instituição. Sustenta-se que, no direito brasileiro, a Defensoria Pública exerce três funções distintas: proteger os direitos dos cidadãos vulneráveis através do acompanhamento de suas ações individuais; transformar a realidade mediante o ajuizamento de ações coletivas; e emancipar o Direito do domínio exclusivo dos profissionais formados nas Faculdades de Direito. Com base em inferências de caráter indutivo, o estudo se subdivide em quatro etapas. Na primeira delas, explora-se de que modo a intervenção de defensores públicos em processos individuais viabiliza o acesso à justiça de cidadãos hipossuficientes e remedia as assimetrias econômicas e informacionais vislumbradas em litígios judiciais. Na segunda, expõe-se de que forma a Defensoria Pública pode empregar as ferramentas do processo coletivo para promover mudanças sociais amplas em prol de grupos vulneráveis. Na terceira, sugere-se que a Defensoria Pública, ao lado de outras instituições, também tem o objetivo de difundir o conhecimento jurídico perante a população, tornando-a capaz de reconhecer as lesões aos seus direitos. Por fim, na quarta etapa, serão expostas as conclusões logradas pela pesquisa.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
В настоящее время в Казахстане рост количества коррупционных уголовных преступлений, в томчисле и со стороны высоких должностных лиц, руководителей ряда казахстанских компаний, обусловлен более жесткой политической волей главы государства решительно противостоять коррупции.Такое стремление позволяет обратить внимание на уголовно-правовые нормы, которые занимаютважное место в комплексе мер борьбы с системным пороком государства, ставящим под угрозу национальную безопасность. Потенциал уголовного закона в антикоррупционной политике не исчерпан. Обсуждение антикоррупционной борьбы актуально на фоне возможной имплементации нормантикоррупционных международных стандартов в казахстанский уголовный закон, которые противоречат доктринальным положениям казахстанского уголовного права. Данное исследование посвящено оценке возможной криминализации обещания / предложения взятки и согласия на ее получениес целью усиления уголовно-правовой борьбы с коррупцией. Предлагаемые изменения, по мнению автора, не позволяют надеяться на то, что они послужат в конечном итоге реализации полезной целиказахстанской антикоррупционной политики, а также открывают площадку для обоснованной дискуссии по дальнейшей борьбе с коррупцией.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
O presente artigo se propõe a discutir a inclusão da pessoa com deficiência na sociedade brasileira, com foco no mercado de trabalho. Para o alcance desse desiderato, faz-se um breve escorço histórico sobre a evolução do paradigma de tratamento conferido à pessoa com deficiência, o qual passou de aberração decorrente de castigo divino à condição de sujeito autônomo de direitos. Com isso, pretende-se destacar que, apesar do reconhecimento formal de direitos e garantias em escala internacional e local, ainda há um déficit de concretização, acentuado pela discriminação social. Quanto ao acesso ao trabalho, apesar das ações afirmativas, decorrentes da aprovação das leis de cotas, convive-se ainda, de um lado com o baixo nível de instrução ocasionado pela denegação do direito à educação e, de outro, pela ausência de credibilidade sobre as habilidades e reais condições das pessoas com deficiência e pela falta de meios básicos para facilitar a acessibilidade. Nesse espectro, a verdadeira inclusão da pessoa com deficiência no mercado de trabalho passa pela superação de barreiras políticas, institucionais, sociais e atitudinais.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
A key problem in quantum information science is to determine optimal protocols for the interconversion of entangled states shared between remote parties. While for two parties a large number of results in this direction is available, the multipartite setting still remains a major challenge. In this article, this problem is addressed by extending the resource theory of entanglement for multipartite systems beyond the standard framework of local operations and classical communication. Specifically, we consider transformations capable of introducing a small, controllable increase of entanglement of a state, with the requirement that the increase can be made arbitrarily small. We demonstrate that in this adjusted framework, the transformation rates between multipartite states are fundamentally dictated by the bipartite entanglement entropies of the respective quantum states. Remarkably, this approach allows the reduction of tripartite entanglement to its bipartite analog, indicating that every pure tripartite state can be reversibly synthesized from a suitable number of singlets distributed between pairs of parties.
Rafael A. Inofuentes, Leticia De la Fuente, Elena Ortega
et al.
Estudios previos en menores migrantes no acompañados señalan el alto riesgo de sufrir victimización durante el proceso migratorio y las importantes consecuencias de ello, centrándose principalmente en problemas internalizantes. Esta revisión explora la relación entre victimización y problemas externalizantes y antisociales en menores extranjeros no acompañados en Europa, ámbito menos estudiado. Los resultados de los catorce estudios que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión señalan alta prevalencia de victimización, incluida la fase posmigratoria, presencia moderada de problemas externalizantes-antisociales, que tienden a cronificarse, y resultados heterogéneos en la relación global entre ambos aspectos. Las limitaciones en los procedimientos de evaluación asociados a las medidas de autoinforme, la gran diversidad de las muestras utilizadas y no diferenciar entre fases migratorias pueden influir en dicha heterogeneidad. Se discute que la victimización posmigratoria, en términos de marginación social, junto con problemas en la integración efectiva en los países de acogida, se convierten en factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de problemas externalizantes y conductas antisociales.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Psychology
Explaining the emergence of stochastic irreversible macroscopic dynamics from time-reversible deterministic microscopic dynamics is one of the key problems in philosophy of physics. The Mori-Zwanzig projection operator formalism, which is one of the most important methods of modern nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, allows for a systematic derivation of irreversible transport equations from reversible microdynamics and thus provides a useful framework for understanding this issue. However, discussions of the Mori-Zwanzig formalism in philosophy of physics tend to focus on simple variants rather than on the more sophisticated ones used in modern physical research. In this work, I will close this gap by studying the problems of probability and irreversibility using the example of Grabert's time-dependent projection operator formalism. This allows to give a more solid mathematical foundation to various concepts from the philosophical literature, in particular Wallace's simple dynamical conjecture and Robertson's theory of autonomous macrodynamics. Moreover, I will explain how the Mori-Zwanzig formalism allows to resolve the tension between epistemic and ontic approaches to probability in statistical mechanics. Finally, I argue that the debate which interventionists and coarse-grainers should really be having is related not to the question why there is equilibration at all, but why it has the quantitative form it is found to have in experiments.
Представлено обоснование и основные положения проекта федерального закона о международном научном и научно-техническом сотрудничестве. Автор отмечает отсутствие закрепления на законодательном уровне основ правого регулирования международного научного и научно-технического сотрудничества с участием Российской Федерации. Такое положение негативно сказываетсяна эффективной реализации программы развития отечественной науки и глобально конкурентоспособных инновационных секторов отечественной экономики, затрудняет решение проблем, связанных глобальными вызовами современности. Предлагается проект федерального закона о международном научном и научно-техническом сотрудничестве.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
We begin with a context more general than set theory. The basic ingredients are essentially the object and functor primitives of category theory, and the logic is weak, requiring neither the Law of Excluded Middle nor quantification. Inside this we find "relaxed" set theory, which is much easier to use with full precision than traditional axiomatic theories. There is also an implementation of the Zermillo-Fraenkel-Choice axioms that is maximal in the sense that any other implementation uniquely embeds in it.
The article seeks to substantiate the philosophical and legal approach to the law. The article deals with the problems of jurisprudence from the standpoint of the philosophy of law. The author considers historical-methods aspects of development of philosophy of law as the most important moment of formation of the European liberalism conditioned by the genesis thereof.The aim of the article is to describe the inf luence of the philosophy of law on the formation and development of a legal worldview.In the present article author researches questions of philosophy of law impact on the law. Among the philosophical and jurisprudential schools and disciplines, which significantly affected the establishment and transformation of legal philosophy the decisive role belonged to the entire philosophical system of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, including philosophy of law, history, religion, and logic. The question of what was the impact of philosophical system of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel for the formation of teaching on law is considered in the article.That is why, “Philosophy of Law” by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is of high value in the history of political and legal though, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel should take a worthy place among the patriarchs of the philosophy of law.These problems identified the subject of the study conducted in the article. The identification of certain features of succession with regard to Hegelian philosophy allowed us to indicate ways of enriching jurisprudence with the philosophy of law.The methodological basis of the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main place is occupied by the methods of historicism, comparative-legal, as well as formal-legal and systemic approach.Its provisions can be used in further studies on issues of philosophy of law and jurisprudence.
Promoting health and well-being, or planning the action and innovation of the responses that must be given to the population living in a specific area, cannot be done regardless of the capacity for action and governance that the administrations have. The framework of this article aims to repre- sent the effort that the Lazio Region has made and continues to make to ensure equity and appro- priateness in regional social policies. The regional law n. 11/2016, respecting the principle of sub- sidiarity, recognizes and facilitates the role of Third sector entities by promoting their active par- ticipation in the programming, planning and concerted implementation phases of social interven- tions, as well as in the evaluation of the quality of the services offered. The “Regional Social Plan” is the key instrument with which the Region implements these policies and in it we can find aware- ness and concreteness of action.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political theory
In the article the attention of the reader to some essential lines of crisis of modern understanding
of the right is drawn. Are distinguished from such lines: an imbalance between legal philosophy,
the theory of the right and legal practice; violation of right balance between jurisprudence and
lawmaking; wrong understanding of progressism; ideological congestion of legal concepts; an imbalance between law, history and philosophy.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Civil law
Carlo Sparaciari, Lidia del Rio, Carlo Maria Scandolo
et al.
We extend the tools of quantum resource theories to scenarios in which multiple quantities (or resources) are present, and their interplay governs the evolution of physical systems. We derive conditions for the interconversion of these resources, which generalise the first law of thermodynamics. We study reversibility conditions for multi-resource theories, and find that the relative entropy distances from the invariant sets of the theory play a fundamental role in the quantification of the resources. The first law for general multi-resource theories is a single relation which links the change in the properties of the system during a state transformation and the weighted sum of the resources exchanged. In fact, this law can be seen as relating the change in the relative entropy from different sets of states. In contrast to typical single-resource theories, the notion of free states and invariant sets of states become distinct in light of multiple constraints. Additionally, generalisations of the Helmholtz free energy, and of adiabatic and isothermal transformations, emerge. We thus have a set of laws for general quantum resource theories, which generalise the laws of thermodynamics. We first test this approach on thermodynamics with multiple conservation laws, and then apply it to the theory of local operations under energetic restrictions.
<p>El presente artículo analiza el modo en el que se han abordado o pueden abordarse, desde la óptica de la Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos, los principales problemas y dilemas que plantean y ante los que se encuentran las minorías y grupos religiosos en las sociedades contemporáneas en las que, en términos del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, varias religiones coexisten en el seno de una misma población.</p><p><strong>Publicación en línea</strong>: 11 diciembre 2017</p>
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Comparative law. International uniform law
We obtain a new class of topological black hole solutions in $(n+1)$-dimensional massive gravity in the presence of the power-Maxwell electrodynamics. We calculate the conserved and thermodynamic quantities of the system and show that the first law of thermodynamics is satisfied on the horizon. Then, we investigate the holographic conductivity for the four and five dimensional black brane solutions. For completeness, we study the holographic conductivity for both massless ($m=0$) and massive ($m \neq 0$) gravities with power-Maxwell field. The massless gravity enjoys translational symmetry whereas the massive gravity violates it. For massless gravity, we observe that the real part of conductivity, $\mathrm{Re}[σ]$, decreases as charge $q$ increases when frequency $ω$ tends to zero, while the imaginary part of conductivity, $\mathrm{Im}[σ]$, diverges as $ω\rightarrow 0$. For the massive gravity, we find that $\mathrm{Im}[σ]$ is zero at $ω=0$ and becomes larger as $q$\ increases (temperature decreases), which is in contrast to the massless gravity. Interestingly, we observe that in contrast to the massless case, $\mathrm{Re}[σ]$ has a maximum value at $ω=0$ (known as the Drude peak) for $p=\left( n+1\right) /4$ (conformally invariant electrodynamics) where $p$ is the power parameter of the power-law Maxwell field and this maximum increases with increasing $q$. Finally, we show that for high frequencies, the real part of the holographic conductivity have the power law behavior in terms of frequency, $ω^{a}$ where $a \propto (n+1-4p)$. Some similar behaviors for high frequencies in possible dual CFT systems have been reported in experimental observations.